RESUMO
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 DM. Oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) play an important role in regulating raised blood glucose levels and compliance to treatment. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate cost variations of different brands of drug formulations in the management of DM. Materials and Methods: This study was an analytical study. Costs of various OADs were obtained from January to March 2022 edition of current index of medical specialties India. The cost ratio and percentage of variation among different drugs in the treatment of DM available in Indian Market and Manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies were analyzed. Results: The percentage variation in cost among commonly prescribed single OADs was found to be highest for sulfonylurea group of dugs Glimepiride 1 mg tablet (1.366%), followed by Biguanides, Metformin 500 mg tablet (809%), ?-Glucosidase inhibitors, and Voglibose 0.3 mg tablet (571%), while it was lowest for Glibenclamide 5 mg tablet (36%) and Acarbose 25 mg tablet (36%) of sulfonylurea drugs and ?-Glucosidase inhibitors group of drugs, respectively. In combination drug therapy, Glibenclamide and Metformin combination (1.25 + 250 mg tablet) shows maximum variation (132%). Conclusion: There is a wide difference existing in the cost of various oral anti-diabetics available in Indian Market by different brands. The physicians must be aware of these variations and prescribe medicines accordingly, while considering the financial status of patient and also to promote adherence to treatment.
RESUMO
Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de diferentes fontes energéticas na dieta de vacas leiteiras, durante o período de transição, sobre a primeira onda folicular e o intervalo parto-primeira ovulação. Foram utilizadas 40 vacas primíparas da raça Holandesa, no período de 28 dias antes da data prevista do parto até o 46º dia pós-parto. As vacas foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos (grupos) durante o período de transição: grupo-controle e grupos tratados com, Megalac-E (sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos da soja), soja tostada ou propileno-glicol. Avaliações ultrassonográficas foram realizadas do 10º ao 46º dia pós-parto, com a classificação dos folículos ovarianos em quatro classes (I, II, III e IV) de tamanho e do registro do volume do tecido luteal. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 10, 17, 24, 31, 38 e 45 após o parto para análise de progesterona. O padrão de crescimento folicular mais eficiente foi apresentado pelos animais dos grupos Megalac-E e propileno-glicol, que foram caracterizados pela redução no número de folículos de classes I e II e aumento no número de folículos de classes III e IV. Os intervalos entre o parto e a primeira ovulação dos grupos controle, Megalac-E, soja tostada e propileno-glicol foram de 29, 23, 30 e 37 dias, respectivamente (P<0,05).
The effects of different energy sources added to the diet on the first postpartum ovarian follicle wave and first postpartum ovulation were evaluated. Forty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were used from 28 days before the expected calving date until 46 days postpartum. Cows were randomly allotted to the following groups: control, Megalac-E calcium salts of soybean fatty acid), toasted soybean and propylene glycol. Ovarian structures were scanned using ultrasound from 10 to 46 days postpartum. Follicles were classified according to the diameter in classes I, II, III, and IV and the luteal tissue volume was registered when present. Blood samples for progesterone dosage were colleted on days 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 45 post-partum. Follicular growth from groups of salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and propylene glycol showed to be the most efficient and were characterized by a reduction in the number of classes I and II follicles and an increase in classes III and IV follicles. The first postpartum ovulation after calving for control, salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, toasted soybean and propylene glycol animal groups occurred at 29, 23, 30, and 37 days, respectively (P<0.05).