Ambiente educacional y bienestar mental de los residentes de posgrados médicos y quirúrgicos en Medellín, Colombia

Introducción: Uno de los momentos más importantes en la vida de un médico ocurre cuando realiza la especialización médica. Este periodo impone estrés y exigencias académicas, lo cual, junto con el ambiente educacional, permite un mayor o menor bienestar mental. El objetivo del estudio es determinar cómo se relacionan el ambiente educacional y el bienestar mental de los residentes de Medicina. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en residentes de especialidades clínico-quirúrgicas. El ambiente educacional se evaluó mediante la escala Postgraduate Hospital Educational Envioro-ment Meassure (PHEEM) y el bienestar mental, con la escala de Warwick-Edinburgh (EBMWE). Se determinó la correlación lineal de Pearson. Se tomó el consentimiento informado y se obtuvo la aprobación del comité de ética universitario. Resultados: Integraron la población de estudio 131 estudiantes, el 43,8% varones, con una mediana de edad de 28 [intervalo intercuartílico, 4] arios. El 87,9% de los residentes respondieron a la encuesta. Hubo un 65,9% de posgrados médicos y un 34,1% de quirúrgicos. La puntuación media en la PHEEM fue de 107,96 ± 18,88; en la subescala de emociones positivas, 29,32 ± 5,18 y en funcionamiento positivo, 23,61 ± 3,57, con una media total de bienestar mental de 52,96 ± 8,44. Se encontró una moderada correlación positiva entre puntuación total de la PHEEM y cada una de las 2 subescalas de bienestar mental (p <0,001). Conclusiones: Se encontró una correlación positiva entre una mejor percepción del ambiente educacional y el bienestar mental de los residentes de especialidades clínicas-quirúrgicas con mayor bienestar mental

Introduction: One of the most important moments in a doctor's life occurs when they do a medical residency. This period imposes stress and academic demands, which, together with the educational environment, allows for greater or lesser mental wellbeing. The objective of this study was to determine how the educational environment and mental wellbeing of medical residents are related. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, in residents of clinical-surgical specialties. The educational environment was assessed using the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM), and mental wellbeing was assessed with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). Pearson's linear correlation was determined. Informed consent and approval by the university ethics committee were obtained. Results:The study population comprised 131 students, 43.8% male, with a median age of 28 years (interquartile range 4). In total, 87.9% of residents answered the survey. Of these, 65.9% were doing medical residencies and 34.1% surgical residencies. The mean PHEEM score was 107.96 ± 18.88, the positive emotions subscale was 29.32 ± 5.18 and positive functioning 23.61 ± 3.57, with a mean total mental wellbeing of 52.96 ± 8.44. A positive and moderate correlation was found between the total PHEEM score and each of the two mental wellbeing subscales (p < 0.001). Conclusions: A positive correlation was found between a better perception of the educational environment and mental wellbeing by residents of clinical and surgical specialties with greater mental wellbeing.

A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR AXILLARY LYMPH NODE PATHOLOGIC COMPLETE RESPONSE IN PREMENOPAUSAL BREAST CANCER PATIENTS AFTER NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN A L ATIN-AMERICAN POPULATION / Um modelo preditivo para a resposta patológica completa axilar em pacientes com câncer de mama premenopausal após quimioterapia adjuvante: estudo transversal em uma população latino-americana

Introduction: A large group of lymph node-positive breast cancer patients receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and subsequently undergo axillary lymph node dissection. It has been previously proposed that axillary lymph node dissection may be avoided ­ and it's associated reduced morbidity ­ in patients showing pathologic complete response. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a nomogram to predict axillary node pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients in order to guide the surgical treatment decision-making process for this group of patients. Methods: A cross-sectional, secondary data study was carried out between 2013-2016 on 222 lymph node-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by locoregional management, including axillary lymph node dissection. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of the axillary pathologic complete response with the different clinical and pathological variables. Variables found to be statistically significantly associated with axillary pCR (pathologic complete response) were used to create the logistic regression model and the nomogram in pre-menopausal patients. Axillary pCR was defined as absence of residual disease in the breast and of micro-metastasis in axillary lymph nodes. Samples with isolated tumor cells were considered as positive for residual disease. Results: a total of 222 patients were included, of which 131 were premenopausal at the time of diagnosis. Axillary pathologic complete response was observed in 55.7% (73 of 131) of patients, and was significantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumors (OR 2.59, 95%CI 1.21-5.53), progesterone receptor (PR) negative tumors (OR 2.63, 95%CI 1.28-5.38), and Her2 positive tumors (OR 0.40, 95%CI 0.19-0.84), for which a significant correlation with increased probability of achieving axillary pathologic complete response was evidenced. Conclusion: The performance of this model to predict axillary pCR in pre-menopausal patients was weak, and therefore the decision to avoid surgical axillary dissection should not be based solely on the developed nomogram. However, further studies may lead to validation of this model

Introdução: Um grande grupo de pacientes com câncer de mama linfonodo-positivo recebe quimioterapia neoadjuvante, que subsequentemente são submetidos a dissecção de linfonodos axilares. Foi proposto anteriormente que a dissecção de linfonodos axilares pode ser evitada ­ assim como a redução de sua morbidade - em pacientes que apresentam resposta patológica completa. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um nomograma para prever a resposta patológica do linfonodo axilar à quimioterapia neoadjuvante em pacientes com câncer de mama, a fim de orientar o processo de decisão do tratamento cirúrgico para este grupo de pacientes. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de dados secundários, entre os anos de 2013-2016 em 222 pacientes com câncer de mama linfonodo-positivo, que receberam quimioterapia neoadjuvante seguida de tratamento locorregional, incluindo dissecção de linfonodos axilares. A análise de regressão logística foi realizada para determinar a associação da resposta completa patológica axilar com as diferentes variáveis clínicas e patológicas. Variáveis estatisticamente associadas à pCR axilar (resposta completa patológica) foram usadas para criar o modelo de regressão logística e nomograma em pacientes na pré-menopausa. A pCR axilar foi definida como ausência de doença residual na mama e de micro-metástase nos linfonodos axilares. Amostras com células tumorais isoladas foram consideradas positivas para doença residual. Resultados: foram incluídos 222 pacientes, dos quais 131 estavam na prémenopausa no momento do diagnóstico. A resposta patológica axilar completa foi observada em 55,7% (73 de 131) dos pacientes, e foi significativamente associada a tumores negativos para receptores de estrogênio(RE) (OR 2,59; IC 95% 1,21-5,53) e negativos para receptores de progesterona (RP) (OR 2.63, IC 95% 1.28-5.38), e Her2 positivos (OR 0.40, IC 95% 0.19-0.84), para o qual foi evidenciada uma correlação significativa com o aumento da probabilidade de atingir resposta completa patológica axilar. Conclusão: O desempenho deste modelo para prever a pCR axilar em pacientes na pré-menopausa era fraco e, portanto, a decisão de evitar a dissecção axilar cirúrgica não deve ser baseada apenas no nomograma desenvolvido. No entanto, estudos posteriores podem levar à validação desse modelo

Association of epicardial adipose tissue with incidence, severity and recurrences of atrial fibrillation: results of a systematic review / Asociación del tejido adiposo epicárdico con la incidencia, la gravedad y las recurrencias de la fibrilación auricular: resultados de una revisión sistemática

Abstract: Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent arrhythmia in clinical practice. Evidence has recently shown a relationship between epicardial adipose tissue and atrial fibrillation, which may be stronger than that for traditional obesity markers. Objective: To analyse the available evidence associating adipose epicardial tissue with incidence, severity and recurrences of atrial fibrillation. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane, SciELO and LILACS databases for observational studies published in the last 10 years, evaluating the association between atrial fibrillation and epicardial adipose tissue was undertaken. All articles were evaluated by two authors and differences were solved by consensus. Results: After having screened and evaluated articles for quality, 15 were selected for the qualitative synthesis. All studies reported a statistically significant association between total fat and periatrial epicardial adipose tissue and the presence of atrial fibrillation, which persisted after adjustment of covariates. The evidence was not uniform regarding arrhythmia severity. Periatrial epicardial fat was significantly higher in patients who had a recurrent disease. Conclusion: the presence of epicardial adipose tissue (total and periatrial) is significantly associated with atrial fibrillation and arrhythmia recurrence.(AU)

Resumen: Introducción: La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia más prevalente en la práctica clínica. Recientemente se ha demostrado una relación entre el tejido adiposo epicárdico y la fibrilación auricular, que puede ser más fuerte que la de los marcadores de obesidad tradicionales. Objetivo: Analizar las pruebas disponibles que asocian el tejido epicárdico adiposo con la incidencia, gravedad y recurrencia de la fibrilación auricular. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane, SciELO y LILACS de estudios observacionales publicados en los últimos 10 años, evaluando la asociación entre la fibrilación auricular y el tejido adiposo epicárdico. Dos autores evaluaron todos los artículos y las diferencias se resolvieron por consenso. Resultados: Después de haber examinado y evaluado la calidad de los artículos, se seleccionaron 15 para la síntesis cualitativa. Todos los estudios informaron una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la grasa total y el tejido adiposo epicárdico periatrial y la presencia de fibrilación auricular, que persistió después del ajuste de las covariables. Las evidencias no fueron uniformes con respecto a la gravedad de la arritmia. La grasa epicárdica periatrial fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes que tuvieron una enfermedad recurrente. Conclusión: La presencia de tejido adiposo epicárdico (total y periatrial) se asocia significativamente con fibrilación auricular y recurrencia de arritmia.(AU)

Caracterización de las gestantes tamizadas para Streptococcus agalactiae y su relación con sepsis neonatal temprana, en la Clínica del Prado de Medellín (Colombia), año 2010 / Characterization of pregnant women screened for Streptococcus agalactiae and its relationship with early neonatal sepsis, at the Clínica del Prado de Medellín (Colombia), 2010

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) es el principal microorganismo causante de sepsis neonatal temprana (SNT) en el mundo. La profilaxis basada en la tamización rectovaginal de las gestantes es una estrategia eficaz para prevenir la SNT. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de colonización rectovaginal por S. agalactiae en gestantes tamizadas en la Clínica del Prado de Medellín durante 2010 y establecer la relación entre colonización materna y SNT. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal, para determinar la prevalencia de colonización rectovaginal por S. agalactiae , mediante revisión de historias clínicas y resultados de laboratorio. Se incluyó aleatoriamente a 182 gestantes de 540 tamizadas. Resultados: La prevalencia de colonización rectovaginal por S. agalactiae determinada fue de 17,6%. La edad promedio de las gestantes fue 25 años (14-44), la edad gestacional promedio fue 35,4 semanas. Se suministró profilaxis con penicilina cristalina en 21,4% de las mujeres tamizadas y en 44% de las colonizadas, entre las que el 17% tuvieron el parto por cesárea y recibieron profilaxis con cefazolina. En el 48,9% no se suministró profilaxis. Ninguno de los hijos de las madres incluidas desarrolló SNT. Entre los nacidos en 2010 la prevalencia de esta entidad fue 0,14%. No se encontró asociación estadística (p = 0,062) entre el tamización rectovaginal y la administración de profilaxis antibiótica. Conclusión: La prevalencia de colonización rectovaginal por S. agalactiae hallada apoya la recomendación de adoptar la tamización sistemática de las gestantes para conocer su estado de portador y tomar medidas oportunas que disminuyan la incidencia de SNT.

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) is the main worldwide cause of early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS). Antibiotic prophylaxis based on vaginal-rectum screening of pregnant women is an effective strategy to prevent EONS. Objective: To describe the prevalence of vaginal-rectum S. agalactiae colonization in pregnant women screened at the Clinica del Prado in Medellin during 2010 and to establish a relationship between maternal colonization and EONS. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive and, cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of vaginal-rectum colonization by S. agalactiae , through a review of medical records and laboratory test results. A total of 182 pregnant women out of 540 screened were randomly included. Results: The prevalence of vaginal-rectum S. agalactiae colonization was 17.6%. The average age of the women was 25 years (14-44 range); the mean gestational age was 35.4 weeks. Prophylaxis with crystalline penicillin was given to 21.4% of the screened women and to 44% of those colonized. A total of 17% had cesarean deliveries and cephazolin prophylaxis was given. A total of 48.9% did not receive prophylaxis. None of the children of mothers included in the treatment developed EONS. The prevalence of EONS among the children born in 2010 was 0.14%. There was no statistical association (P =0,062) between vaginal-rectum screening and antibiotic prophylaxis. Conclusions: The prevalence of vaginal-rectum S. agalactiae colonization found supports a universal screening strategy in pregnant women, to know their carrier status and to take appropriate actions to minimize the incidence of EONS.

Clasificación de los hogares según su perfil de salud, para la focalización de recursos destinados a prevención, promoción y recuperación, Medellín, 2004 / Classification of homes according to health profile for the purpose of prevention, promotion and recovery resource focus, Medellin, 2004

Objetivo: obtener un constructo de salud para clasificar hogares de la ciudad de Medellín según sus condiciones de vida y salud. Materiales y métodos: para la creación del constructo de salud, se partió de los datos obtenidos en la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida, Medellín, 2004, de donde se seleccionaron las variables referentes a condiciones de vida y determinantes de la salud. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para escoger aquellos que explicaban la mayor variabilidad de los hogares; posteriormente se hizo el análisis de conglomerados en dos pasos para agrupar los hogares según sus condiciones de vida y salud. Resultados: las correlaciones observadas estaban en la dirección prevista. Doce componentes principales explican el 69% de la variabilidad de los datos, aportando una mayor proporción de variabilidad las variables de las condiciones de vida. En Medellín se identificaron cinco tipologías de hogares que comparten las mismas condiciones de vida y salud. Conclusión: las técnicas multivariantes permiten concluir que la clasificación de los hogares de Medellín en cinco tipologías con respecto a los determinantes de la salud ofrece oportunidades para la formulación de programas de intervención a escala poblacional.

Objective: to obtain a health profile to classify homes of Medellín city, according to similarities due to life and health conditions. Materials and methods: for the creation of a health profile, information was taken from the data collected in the Quality of Life Survey, Medellín, 2004, where variables referring to life conditions and health determinants were selected. An analysis of mean components was made to choose those that explained the greater variability among homes, then a cluster analysis in 2 steps was performed to group the homes according to their life and health conditions. Results: the observed correlations appeared in the expected directions. A total of 12 components explain 69% of the variability of the data, contributing to a greater proportion of variability the variables of life conditions. In Medellín, 5 types of homes were identified sharing the same conditions of life and health. Conclusion: multivariant techniques allow to conclude that Medellín’s home classification into 5 types regarding their determinants of health provides opportunities to make formulation of intervention programs at the population level possible.