Dental Considerations of Hereditary Bleeding Disorders in Children: An Overview

Introduction: Hereditary bleeding disorders are the diverse group of disorders that happen due to the inherent abnormalities in the blood vasculature preventing the blood clotting process and leading to delayed bleeding. Objectives: To review this heterogenous group of disorders and update the clinicians about their oral manifestations and dental management to prevent the onset of any complications in dental settings. Materials and Methods: Review papers, original studies, case reports published in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, as well as numerous publications, were used to compile the data by four reviewers. Result and Conclusion: This review article explains the existing paradigm. Children with various hereditary bleeding disorders are a significant challenge for clinicians. Many authors have emphasized that patients with bleeding disorders can be managed safely in a dental setting if specific recommendations are followed.

Expressions of CD 138 and CD43 in Oral Leukoplakia

Introduction: Oral Leukoplakia is the second most common oral potentially malignant disorder encountered in day-to-day clinical practice, with an overall global prevalence of 4.11%. The rate of its malignant transformation varies worldwide. Aims & Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess CD 138 and CD43 immunoreactivity in oral epithelial dysplasia. Materials & Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on fifteen formalin-fixed oral epithelial dysplasia tissues for CD 43 (n=15) and CD 138 (n=15) which were obtained from archives at Oral cancer research and coordinating centre, Malaysia. Results: The expression of CD 43 in non-hematopoietic tissues was negative in all cases, but epithelium with dysplastic alterations had low or weak CD 138 expression between dysplastic tissue and non-dysplastic epithelium, there was a substantial difference in staining intensity. Conclusion: Oral carcinogenesis is a multistep process, and cancer driver genes have been shown to have vastly diverse effects in various tissues. CD 138 expression was shown to be lower in tissues undergoing dysplastic alterations, which could be a sign of oral epithelial dysplasia with a high risk of malignancy.

Post operative analgesia using Modified PEC 2 Block in patient posted for Modified Radical Mastectomy - A Case Series

Patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM) experience lot of pain and require higher doses of analgesics. The modified pectoral nerves (m-PEC 2) block for post-operative analgesia for patients undergoing MRM has proven highly efficacious and best alternative to avoid high dose opioid induced side effects. The m -PEC 2 block was given to 5 patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for post operative analgesia, decrease in the VAS score was noted and decrease need of rescue analgesia was seen

Genome sequencing of four strains of Phylotype I, II and IV of Ralstonia solanacearum that cause potato bacterial wilt in India

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum is a heterogeneous species complex causing bacterial wilts in more than 450 plant species distributed in 54 families. The complexity of the genome and the wide diversity existing within the species has led to the concept of R. solanacearum species complex (RsSC). Here we report the genome sequence of the four strains (RS2, RS25, RS48 and RS75) belonging to three of the four phylotypes of R. solanacearum that cause potato bacterial wilt in India. The genome sequence data would be a valuable resource for the evolutionary, epidemiological studies and quarantine of this phytopathogen.

Premolar cystic ameloblastoma in a child

Mandibular swellings may occur as a result of many benign lesions of odontogenic or non-odontogenic origin. Ameloblastomas are benign tumours of odontogenic origin, whose importance lies in its potential to grow into enormous size with resulting bone deformity, it is a slow-growing, persistent, and locally aggressive neoplasm. The unicystic ameloblastoma [UA] represents an ameloblastoma variant, presenting as a cyst clinically and radiographically, but showing typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining histologically. It commonly occurs in second and third decades of life and is rare in children under 12 years of age, and better response to conservative treatment. It shares many clinical and radiographic features with odontogenic cysts/tumours and/or periapical disease of endodontic origin. Reported here is an unusual case of unicystic ameloblastoma involving the crown of an unerupted mandibular first premolar in a 9-year boy in an uncommon location, which was misdiagnosed as periapical lesion of inflammatory origin clinically, and as a dentigerous cyst radiographically. This highlights the importance to routinely submit the removed surgical specimen for histopathological examination

The Perception Of MBBS Interns Towards Biochemistry Curriculum In A South Indian Medical College.

Introduction: The concepts taught in pre-clinical sciences serve as a backbone to understand the clinical sciences. The system of teaching basic science subjects through didactic lectures followed in most of the medical colleges is more of a teacher centered. The medical educators are concerned about the learning outcomes of the traditional programs of teaching. Usually feedback on curriculum is obtained by subject experts from other universities. There is an unmet need to obtain the perceptions of graduates as they represent one of the important stakeholders of curriculum. Objective: To collect the interns perception about the content, need and application of biochemistry knowledge during their internship using a pre-designed and pre validated questionnaire. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study done on interns who were asked to give feedback on biochemistry curriculum using the questionnaire. All the opinions were rated using 5- point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Results: 72.9% of interns were in favor of integrating basic science subjects with clinical sciences . Around 74.5 % (2/3rd) expressed that adopting interactive teaching strategies and problem based learning helped them in better understanding of the subject. Conclusion: The final goal of teaching in a medical sector includes attainment of knowledge, skills, attitudes and morals required to perform professional tasks safely and competently. In order to achieve this interactive, practical/case oriented and integrated teaching should be promoted.

The comparative evaluation of fracture resistance and microleakage in bonded amalgam, amalgam, and composite resins in primary molars.

Background: The intense development of adhesive restorative materials and parents’ preferences for esthetic restorations prompt clinicians to use alternative restorative materials for primary molars. Amalgam, however, is the choice of material when it comes to occlusal stress bearing areas, either in primary or permanent molars. To overcome the drawbacks of amalgam and restorative adhesive materials, the bonded amalgam technique is employed. Aims: To evaluate microleakage and fracture resistance of bonded amalgam in primary molars, and compare it with the microleakage and fracture resistance of high‑copper amalgam and composite resin materials. Settings and Design: An in vitro study and 60 caries‑free primary molars were used. Subjects and Methods: A total of 60 samples were randomly divided into two equal groups for the evaluation of microleakage and fracture resistance. Class V cavities for microleakage study prepared on 30 samples and Class II mesio‑occluso‑distal cavities for fracture resistance study on other 30 samples were prepared and randomly divided into three equal groups. Group I received amalgam, Group II received bonded amalgam, and Group III received composite resins. The microleakage was viewed under a stereomicroscope. The fracture resistance was evaluated using a universal testing machine. Results: Bonded amalgam exhibited minimum microleakage, when compared to amalgam and composite resin and was found to be statistically insignificant (P = 0.203), while amalgam showed better fracture resistance compared to bonded amalgam and composite resin. It was found to be statistically insignificant (P = 0.144). Conclusions: Bonded amalgam appears to be comparable to amalgam when microleakage is considered and to composite resin when fracture resistance is considered; hence, bonded amalgam can also be an alternative material to amalgam in primary molars.

Perceptions Of Interns And Faculty Regarding Undergraduate Clinical Pharmacology Teaching On Rationale Prescription Of Drugs.

Abstracts: Background: Interns being the most junior doctors involved in prescription of drugs in hospitals, there is a unmet need to obtain perceptions regarding undergraduate clinical pharmacology teaching on rationale prescription of drugs and level of retention of knowledge on clinical pharmacology .Hence this study was planned to assess the perceptions of Interns and faculty regarding undergraduate clinical pharmacology teaching on rationale prescription of drugs. Methodology: 58 internees and 52 faculties of JN medical college were administered with a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire sought information about demographics, undergraduate clinical pharmacology teaching, confidence in rationale drug prescription and experiences of adverse drug reactions. Results: Among 58 internees recruited, 26(44.8%) disagreed that training in clinical pharmacology has equipped them to prescribe rationally and 30(51.7%) Internees expressed lack of confidence while prescribing rationally. Out of 52 faculties recruited, it was observed that 20(38.5%) faculty disagreed that undergraduate training in clinical pharmacology has equipped interns to prescribe rationally and 29(55.8%) of faculty agrees that interns are not confident enough to prescribe rationally. Conclusion: The present study showed that interns are not adequately equipped to prescribe rationally and confidently based on undergraduate clinical pharmacology teaching. Hence there is a need of vigorous training in clinical pharmacology during their graduation. [

Assessment of Tumor Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Carbol Chromotrope Stain / Evaluación de la Eosinofilia Tisular Asociada al Tumor (TATE) en el Carcinoma Oral de Células Escamosas Mediante la Tinción de Carbol Cromótropo

Tumor related tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is a known phenomenon but its role in prognostics and correlation with size of the primary tumor is still controversial. Using a stain, like Carbol chromotrope, that targets eosinophils exclusively and vividly, offers an advantage over haematoxylin and eosin, which was used in most of the studies. Forty-nine cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma, where the TNM staging has been recorded in their history, was taken and stained with Lendrum's carbol chromotrope. Significant difference in the eosinophil count with varying size of the tumor and a parallel increase in the number noted, with increase in size. There is a corresponding increase in the number of eosinophils infiltrating the tumor with increase in size of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

La eosinofilia tisular asociada a tumores (TATE) es un fenómeno conocido, sin embargo su pronóstico y correlación con el tamaño del tumor primario aún es tema de controversia. El uso de cromotropo como tinción dirigida exclusivamente a los eosinófilos, ofrece una ventaja sobre la hematoxilina-eosina, que ha sido utilizada en la mayoría de los estudios. Se estudiaron células escamosas en 49 casos de carcinoma oral, con registro del estadio TNM. Las células fueron teñidas con carbol cromotropo de Lendrum. Se observó una diferencia significativa en el recuento de eosinófilos con el tamaño del tumor y un aumento paralelo en número, con el aumento de tamaño. Hay un aumento correspondiente en el número de eosinófilos que infiltran el tumor con aumento en el tamaño de carcinoma de células escamosas orales.

Techniques Used For Isolation And Identification of Candida From The Oral Cavity.

Mycotic infections have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in clinically debilitated or immunocompromised patients. The co-existence of Candida species within humans either as commensals or pathogens has been subject of interest. The genus candida includes several species,C. albicans is by farthe most common species causing infections in humans. The emergence of non-albicans Candida species as significant pathogens has however been well recognized during the past decade. Although they are closely related they differ from each other with respect to epidemiology, virulence characteristics, and antifungal susceptibility. This review provides an overview of the reliable methods forcandidal isolation and identification of isolates from the oral cavity.

A descriptive study to determine the knowledge and practices related to tobacco cessation among clinicians attached to dental colleges in Bangalore City, India / Estudo descritivo sobre conhecimentos e práticas relacionados à cessação do tabaco entre os clínicos das faculdades deodontologia de Bangalore City, Índia

Objective: Tobacco use cessation is critical in reducing the effect of a major factor for both oral & systemic diseases. Its use continues to be the leading cause of preventable death worldwide with India accounting for probably a large chunk of these, due to its acceptance, both culturally and traditionally. Smoke and smokeless form of tobacco has become steady companion of today’s youth in India. Aim of the study: Dentists play an important role in educating and motivating public in cessation of tobacco hence this study aimed to assess the tobacco counseling related knowledge and practices of dentists attached to dental colleges in Bangalore city. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices related to tobacco cessation among practicing dentists, with sample size of 366 dentists attached to various dental colleges in Bangalore city, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Comparison of knowledge and practice among qualifications revealed that the knowledge score was greater among the MDS professionals with a mean value of 78.3±7.9 and the practice score was also higher among the same with a mean value of 33.3±9. Comparison based on duration of practice revealed that the knowledge score was higher in dentists with experience of 0-5 years by a mean value of 78.4±7.5 and a higher practice score was found in dentists with an experience of 6-8 years with a mean value of 33.5±8.4. Conclusion: Physicians and health care providers in association with their national medical and health professional associations must play a leading role in advocating for the implementation of a comprehensive tobacco control policy and implementation of tobacco cessation methods should be included in the dental curriculum...

Objetivo: A cessação do uso de tabaco é fundamental na redução do efeito deste fator para doenças bucais e sistêmicas. Seu uso continua a ser a principal causa de morte evitável em todo mundo; e a Índia representa grande parte deste panorama, devido à tradição e cultura. O uso de tabaco, com ou sem fumaça, é frequente em jovens na Índia. Dentistas desempenham um papel importante na educação e motivação do público na cessação do tabagismo, assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar conhecimentos e práticas de dentistas de Faculdades de Odontologia da cidade de Bangaloresobre o aconselhamento do tabagismo. Material e Métodos: Este estudo descritivo transversal foi realizado para avaliar os conhecimentos e práticas relacionadas com a cessação do tabaco entre os dentistas ligados a várias faculdades na cidade de Bangalore. Uma amostra com 366 dentistas, de acordo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foi avaliada. Resultados: A comparação dos conhecimentos e práticas entre diferentes qualificações profissionais revelou maior escore de conhecimento e prática entre os profissionais com pós-graduação, com valores médios de 78,3 ± 7,9 e 33,3 ± 9, respectivamente.O escore da prática foi altopara dentistas com experiência de 0-5 anos, valor médio de 78,4 ± 7,5, e maior para dentistas com uma experiência de 6-8 anos, valor médio de 33,5 ± 8,4. Conclusão: Os médicos e profissionais de saúde, aliados a suas associações profissionais, devem desempenhar um papel de liderança para a implementação de uma política global de luta antitabaco e a implementação de métodos de cessação do tabaco deve ser incluído no currículo Odontológico...

Compound Odontome Associated With Impacted Mandibular Canine.

Odontomas are considered to be hamartomas rather than a true neoplasm. They consist chiefly of enamel and dentin, with variable amount of pulp and cementum when fully developed. They are generally asymptomatic and are included under the benign calcified odontogenic tumors. Here is a case presentation of compound odontome with impacted permanent teeth in anterior mandible in a 21year old boy, which not a usual site for compound odontomes. Radiograph revealed a calcified mass and the case was finally diagnosed to be compound odontome. The mass was surgically excised and follow up for one year showed no recurrence.

Utilization of oral health care services among adults attending community outreach programs.

Introduction: Good oral health is a mirror of overall health and well-being. Oral health is determined by diet, oral hygiene practices, and the pattern of dental visits. Poor oral health has significant social and economic consequences. Outreach programs conducted by dental schools offer an opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment, dental health education, and institution of preventive measures. Objective: To assess the utilization of oral healthcare services among adults attending outreach programs. Materials and Methods: This study included 246 adults aged 18-55 years attending community outreach programs in and around Bangalore. Using a questionnaire we collected data on dental visits, perceived oral health status, reasons for seeking care, and barriers in seeking care. Statistical significance was assessed using the Chi-square test. Results: In this sample, 28% had visited the dentist in the last 12 months. Males visited dentist more frequently than females. The main reason for a dental visit was for tooth extraction (11%), followed by restorative and endodontic treatment 6%. The main barriers to utilization of dental services were high cost (22%), inability to take time off from child care duties (19.5%), and fear of the dentist or dental tools (8.5%). Conclusion: The utilization of dental services in this population was poor. The majority of the dental visits were for treatment of acute symptoms rather than for preventive care. High cost was the main barrier to the utilization of dental services. Policies and programs should focus on these factors to decrease the burden of oral diseases and to improve quality of life among the socioeconomically disadvantaged.

Aerosol: A Silent Killer In Dental Practice.

Potential transmission of disease to personnel during dental procedures has become a source of increased concern to the dental profession. During dental treatments, saliva may become aerosolized and microorganisms from the oral cavity will contribute to the spread of infection. Aerosol creating instruments are known to be the main cause, and recent attempts to quantify this environmental hazard have shown the seriousness of this potential cross-contamination. The propelling force of a high-speed dental drill and the cavitation effect of an ultrasonic scaler, both being used in combination with a water spray, can generate numerous airborne particles derived from blood, saliva, tooth debris, dental plaque, calculus, and restorative materials.Therefore aim of this review is to highlight the potential sources of aerosols, its hazardous effects and the different ways to reduce the contamination caused as a result of its production.

Carbonated Drinks - Can of Poison.

In 2007 the worldwide annual consumption of soft drinks reached 552 billion litres, the equivalent of just under 83 litres per person per year, and this is projected to increase to 95 litres per person per year by 2012. Undernutrition and infections had been the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like India. But today's scenario suggests the emergence of degenerative diseases is likely to be due to overnutrition or obesity. Youngsters consume soft drinks at a breath taking speed. Long term consumption of soft drinks has lead to a number of health issues that have already been, identified including tooth problems, bone demineralization and the development of metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. There was a noticeable preference among the youth for junk foods, aerated beverages and ice creams, as evident from the food frequency pattern. One of the channels used by industry to encourage greater consumption and preferences for soft drinks is schools, fast food centers, etc. But governments around the world are taking action to limit the availability of soft drinks in such places. Policies vary in ways too, presenting an opportunity to study the effects of different policy approaches on short- and long-term consumption and attitudes towards these soft drinks

A Tooth For A Tooth : Dental Stem Cell Banking In India.

Regenerative medicine is based on stem cells.The dental pulp contains the progenitor/stem cells which have the self renewal capability, multi-lineage differentiation capacity and clonogenic efficiency. Dental stem cells can generate many types of tissues including bone, nerve, cartilage, teeth and fat. However teeth can actually be a rich source of stem cells. Deciduous teeth or the so-called milk teeth and wisdom teeth have an abundance of stem cells. Stem cells have become the rage across the world after the health potential emerged some years ago. For years scientists all over the world have been working on possibilities of using these stem cells to regenerate human cells which are damaged due to illness, developmental defects and accidents. Recently stem cell banks are present, and even some of these banks do not only freeze cord stem cells but also dental stem cells of baby teeth. Hence this paper reviews the history, current concepts, evolution of stem cells in dentistry, dental stem cell banking in India, characterization of the stem cells in dentin regeneration and stem cell therapy in dentistry.

A comparison of lip prints between Aryans-Dravidians and Mongols.

Context: Lip prints are very useful in forensic investigation and personal identification. Like finger prints, even lip prints can be instrumental in identifying a person positively. Aims: Indians are closer to Mongoloids than to Caucasoids or Negroids as indicated by the phylogenetic tree. Most of the studies on lip prints are done in their own population. We have compared lip prints of Manipuris with other Indians (Aryans and Dravidians) who are both close to Mongoloid race and are genetically similar. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 students 50 males and 50 females were selected of whom 30 males and 30 females were of Aryan and Dravidian features and 20 males and 20 females showed the Mongol features. Study materials used were Red colored lipstick, Lip brush, Cellophane tape, White chart paper and Magnifying lens. The lip prints were analyzed by dividing them into eight compartments. Results: Analysis of lip prints showed that the most common and the least common pattern in both males and females (Aryans-Dravidians and Mongols) were the same, but the compartment wise distribution of the lip patterns was different. Conclusion: In the present study, it is established that there is no similarity of lip prints from one individual to another individual and between males and females. Regarding the comparison with Mongols, more studies with a larger sample size is necessary.

Oligodontia Of Permanent Teeth- Rare Case Reports.

Missing of one or more teeth is most common developmental malformation, but absence of multiple teeth is much rare. Oligodontia (developmental absence of 6 or more teeth) can be isolated or as a part of syndrome. The present case report describes two cases of multiple agenesis of permanent teeth which are non-familial and with no apparent systemic abnormalities.

Changes in embryonic protein profile and economic characters of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera:Bombycidae) following UV irradiation.

Eggs of B. mori were irradiated with UV (254.4 nm wavelength) for different durations. Increase in the time of exposure to UV decreased the percentage hatchability of the eggs, cocoon and pupal weights. The shell weight remained unaltered proving the stability of silk gland DNA. Irradiation of eggs also delayed the degradation/utilization of the embryonic proteins, viz. vitellin (heavy and light subunits), egg-specific protein and 30K protein.