Manifestaciones afectivas en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual / Affective manifestations in young people with intellectual disabilities

La afectividad en personas con discapacidad intelectual es un tema que ha sido omitido y ha generado prejuicios desde la ética cultural. La investigación que se informa consistió en develar las manifestaciones afectivas en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual, con un rango de edad de 15 a 25 años. El nivel de conocimiento que alcanza la investigación, se enmarca en un estudio de tipo descriptivo denso. La recolección de datos se realizó en una escuela especial de la Araucanía (Chile), aplicando entrevistas semiestructuradas con diseño estudio de caso. Se develó que las manifestaciones de afectividad de los jóvenes se sustentan en el cuidado y respeto mutuo, evidenciando creencias marcadas por la presencia de machismo, conciencia de responsabilidades y posicionamientos valóricos de adultos significativos que limitan, regulan comportamientos y omiten la educación sexual por la condición de los jóvenes, evidenciándose esta última de forma transversal al currículo de escuela especial.

This research studies the affectivity in people with intellectual disability condition, in order to visualize the process of self-construction of the sense of being person. This research looks for revealing the affective manifestations in young people with intellectual disability, whose ages are between 15 and 25 years old. This problem implies a complex issue, which involves cultural, religious, educative and idiosyncratic factors that reflect an unfair society which does not protect the rights of social groups in disadvantage situations and difficult educability conditions. Theoretically is assumed an axiological positioning which conceives the person as a value in itself and a spiritual microcosm which is alive and transcendent. The method applied is guided from the qualitative approach with a descriptive reach through the design associated to the case study and in accordance with the hermeneutic paradigm. The context of the problem was focus on a special school in the Araucanía region at the South of Chile. Semistructure interviews and appropriate rigor criteria such as confirm ability, transferability, credibility and dependency were applied. The participants were 13 students and four teachers. The research is adjusted to the ethical requirements in the Helsinki and Singapore Declaration, according to the appropriate behavior of the researcher and the informed consent. The qualitative data were reduced through the transcription and coding process using the Atlas.ti software version 7.0. With the primary transcribed documents axial and open coding were applied, which let to develop analysis from the constant comparative method. An empirical- theoretical sample and content analysis were done. The results let the categories raise, operationalized in codes, highlighting between them, affective manifestations, couple relationship, personal care, young people beliefs and teachers' beliefs. It was revealed that the affective manifestations of young people are based in the mutual respect and care, demonstrating beliefs with sexist characteristics, conscience of responsibilities and the meaningful adults' positions related to values, which limit and regulate behaviors and omit the sexual education because the condition that the young people have, evincing the sexual education in a transversal way to the curriculum of the special school. The sexual education must give precise information and not be restricted to the intellectual agreement, but respecting the appropriate ages of the people life cycle, where the education must be precise and direct. To accomplish this task, it was discovered that didactic resources must be given to help young people to be aware of their action. Additionally, it was revealed that young people must be constantly accompanied by guides, mediation regarding to the construction of bonds and affective experience suitable to their own characteristics. Family is presented as an obstructive element in the young people affective relationships, evincing a lack of communication and comprehension. Teachers consider the young people as valuable people, where their intellectual conditions do not affect their rights to manifest themselves affectively either their friends or partners. In summary, it must advance toward an education that overcomes the existence of false beliefs, and that will exist in the sexual education the disposition to talk with respect about what the young people say their interests, worries, responsibilities and respect with themselves and with others. For this reason, it is necessary to guide and orient young people, not only from the formal educational institution, but also from the collaborative work with the family, where this formation should not be delegated only to the professionals, but also that it constitutes in a contextualized learning of sexual education and that it must be accepted as an inherent condition from the human being, so that, in this way it must be experienced the liberty of the rights and the ethical personalism of each human being.

El cuidado humanizado desde la visión de enfermeria / The humanized care wiew from the nursing

El presente trabajo forma parte del marco teorico de un proyecto de investigacion que atentara descubrir los factores que condicionan la entrega de cuidado humanizado segun varias teoricas de enfermeria, en escenarios de atencion de una institucion de salud de la ciudad de Cordoba. Cuyo objetivo general fue conocer y describir el cuidado de enfermeria con enfoque humanistico partiendo de la propia practica y realizando diferentes busquedas bibliograficas.

Diferencias transculturales en la manifestación del bullying en estudiantes de escuela secundaria / Diferenças trans-culturais na manifestação do bullying nos estudantes da escola secundária / Bullying transcultural differences in high-school students

Con un diseño de grupos apareados por edad y grado escolar, comparamos los resultados de dos investigaciones sobre bullying, realizadas en Colombia y Costa Rica. El propósito fue identificar los comportamientos de los agresores y agresoras para configurar su perfil, y explorar la variable género en este fenómeno. Utilizamos el “Cuestionario Paredes, Lega Vernon para Deteccion del Bullying” en 824 estudiantes de 6o a 8o. El resultado de un MANOVA de dos vías mostró diferencias significativas en las categorías género y país, y una relación significativa en la interacción género y país.

Com um desenho de grupos juntados por idade e grau escolar, comparamos os resultados de duas investigações sobre “bullying”, realizadas em Colômbia e Costa Rica. O propósito foi identificar os comportamentos dos agressores e agressoras para configurar seu perfil, e explorar a variable género neste fenómeno.Utilizamos o “Cuestionario Paredes, Lega Vernon para Deteccion do Bullying” em 824 estudantes de 6ou a 8ou. O resultado de um MANOVA de duas vias mostrou diferenças significativas nas categorias género e país, e uma relação significativa na interacção género e país.

A matched group design by age and grade level compared the results of two previous single experiments done in two different countries, Colombia and Costa Rica, on the phenomenon of bullying. The purpose was to identify the aggresor’s behavior to make and compare their profile and the explore the variable of gender in this issue. The study consisted of 824 male and female participants, ages of 12 to 16, grades 6th to 8th, anonimously answered the Paredes, Lega, Vernon Questionary for Bullying Detection. The results of a two-way MANOVA showed that there were main effects in gender and country, and a significant gender and country interaction.

Aislamiento de candida spp y otras levaduras en el personal que labora en áreas críticas del Hospital San Juan de Dios / Isolation of candida spp and other yeasts from health care workers in critical care units of the San Juan de Dios Hospital

Los pacientes internados en hospitales, principalmente aquellos que se encuentran severamente enfermos, son más susceptibles a las infecciones por hongos oportunistas, en comparación con la población general. El personal hospitalario puede ser fuente potencial de infección para estos pacientes, ya que normalmente actúa como portador de gérmenes, que eventualmente podrían ser transmitidos a los pacientes. Se describe, en esta investigación, el aislamiento de hongos levaduriformes a partir de las manos y la cavidad oral, en un grupo de 77 trabajadores del Hospital San Juan de Dios, en servicios donde se han reportado más casos de infecciones por este tipo de hongos. Métodos: Se realizó un hisopado de cavidad oral y manos de cada participante y se cultivaron placas con agar glucosado de Sabouraud (AGS) y Mycosel. A los aislamientos de levaduras se les determinó la capacidad de crecimiento a 37 grados centígrados, resistencia a la cicloheximida, producción de tubo germinativo, fosfolipasas y proteinasas y se determinó la sensibilidad in vitro al fluconazol por medio de método de microdilución en placa. Resultados: El 72,7 por ciento de los participantes resultaron positivos para el aislamiento de levaduras, la especie aislada con mayor frecuencia fue candida parapsilosis, seguida de C. albicans y C. famata. La mayor positividad se obtuvo en el servicio de cirugía 3, 83.3 por ciento, seguido de la UCI, 71.4 por ciento y neonatología, 58 por ciento. Conclusión: Estos resultados instan a mejorar las acciones preventivas en el manejo de los pacientes, a ser más estrictos en las normas de higiene de manos y promover, en otros centros hospitalarios, la realización de este tipo de estudios, para disminuir los brotes nosocomiales por transmisión horizontal.

Critically ill patients are more susceptible than the general populationto opportunistic fungal infections. Health workers could be a potential infectious focus to these patients. Thus in this investigation we report the isolation of yeast from the hands and oral cavity in a group of 77 employees of the San Juan de Dios Hospital from Services where infecctionsdue to these fungi had previously been reported. Methods: Samples from oral cavity and both hands were taken from 77 individuals. Each sample was platted into Sabouraud´s dextrose agar and Mycosel agar. Each yeast isolate wasanalyzed for growth capacity at 37°C, cycloheximide resistance, germ tube formation, phospholipase and proteinase production. Further, in vitro susceptibility testing of each isolate tofluconazol was performed using a microdilution method. Results: A 72.7% yeast positivity was found in all samples taken. Candida parapsilosis was themost frequent isolate, followed by C. albicans and C. famata. The ward with the greatest positivity was Surgery 3 (83.3%), followed by Intensive Care Unit (71.4%) and Neonatology (58%).Conclusion: These findings suggest that strict aseptic handling of patients should be observed to avoid horizontal transmission of yeasts in these wards. Similar studies should be conduced inothers hospitals.