Prevalencia de Fasciola hepatica y Paramphistomidae en bovinos de doble propósito en una hacienda del trópico bajo andino colombiano / Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomidae in dual purpose cattle in a farm in the Colombian low Andean tropic

RESUMEN En muchos países la fasciolosis y la paramfistomosis representan un grave problema para la salud del sector pecuario. En Colombia hay registros de ambas distomatosis en bovinos, la mayoría en el trópico alto andino, las cuales generan pérdidas econômicas anuales cercanas a 40 000 000 000 COP. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de fasciolosis y paramfistomosis en vacunos de la hacienda La Candelaria, Caucasia (Colombia), y la presencia de caracoles hospederos intermediarios. Para cumplirlo, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se recolectaron heces de los animales y se hizo el diagnóstico mediante la técnica modificada de Dennis. Se establecieron las prevalencias de los digeneos de acuerdo con el sexo, peso, edad y raza. Se recolectaron caracoles dulciacuícolas en la zona estudiada y se identificaron por morfologia. Se analizaron 466 muestras fecales de 178 bovinos, de las razas Cebú (Bos indicus), BON (blanco orejinegro) y del cruce entre ellas. Se diagnosticaron F. hepatica y Paramphistomidae con prevalencias del 2,2% y 30,9%, respectivamente. En el 1,1% de los vacunos se diagnosticó coinfección. Ambas trematodosis prevalecieron en las hembras (p = 0,03). Se identificaron moluscos dulciacuícolas Ampullariidae, Physidae y Planorbidae sin estadios larvarios de digeneos. Se concluyó que los bovinos de doble propósito de la hacienda La Candelaria están expuestos a F. hepatica y Paramphistomidae, y, probablemente, se infectan en los predios de la hacienda. Paramphistomidae es más prevalente que F. hepatica, lo cual concuerda con lo descrito en algunos estudios realizados en hatos del trópico alto andino colombiano. Paramphistomidae se encontró en todos los grupos etarios.

ABSTRACT Fasciolosis and paramphistomosis are a major health problem for the livestock economy worldwide. In Colombia, both distomatosis are reported in cattle, particularly in high Andean tropics, with annual economic losses close to COP 40 billion. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in cattle from La Candelaria farm, Caucasia (Colombia), and the presence of intermediate host snails. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with non-probability convenience sampling. Stool samples were collected from the animals and the diagnosis was made using the modified Dennis technique. Digenea prevalence were determined according to sex, weight, age, and race. Freshwater snails were collected in the studied area and were identified by morphology. 400 and 66 fecal samples from 178 bovines of the Zebu (Bos indicus), BON (white-eared white) breeds and the cross between them were analyzed. Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomidae were diagnosed with a prevalence of 2,2% and 30,9%, respectively. Coinfection was diagnosed in 1,1% of the cattle. Both trematodosis were most frequent in females (p = 0,03). Freshwater molluscs Ampullariidae, Physidae and Planorbidae without digenea larval stages were identified. It was concluded that dual-purpose cattle from La Candelaria farm are exposed to F. hepatica and Paramphistomidae and are probably infected on the farm grounds. Paramphistomidae was more prevalent than F. hepatica, which agrees with other studies in herds from the Colombian high Andean tropics. Paramphistomidae was found in all age groups.

Análisis de la gestión territorial: Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2007, Colombia 2011 / Analysis of the local authorities: National Health Survey 2007, Colombia 2011

OBJETIVO: en este artículo se presentan los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2007 (ENS), del módulo I sobre las administraciones territoriales de salud, en cuanto a la capacidad de gestionar la salud en los municipios y caracterizar la infraestructura sanitaria y la vigilancia en la salud pública. METODOLOGIA: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, en una muestra representativa de 238 municipios del país de todas las categorías, de los cuales respondieron 223. La fuente de información fue la ENS/2007, aplicada a los secretarios de salud de los municipios de la muestra. RESULTADOS: la oferta de instituciones públicas y privadas de salud y aseguradoras, tiene mayor presencia en los municipios de categoría 1 y especial. La infraestructura sanitaria es insuficiente pero es mayor en los municipios de categoría especial y principalmente en la zona urbana. La vigilancia en salud pública para la mortalidad materna, perinatal, Enfermedad Diarréica Aguda (EDA) e Infección Respiratoria Aguda (IRA) es mayor en los municipios de categorías 1 y especial. CONCLUSIONES: a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados por los actores municipales para mejorar la salud, los resultados muestran desigualdades importantes entre la zona urbana y rural, así como entre los municipios de categorías 1 y especial, al igual que en las otras categorías, situación que demanda inversiones mayores en infraestructura sanitaria, en el sistema de vigilancia de la salud pública y en los programas de los municipios de menor desarrollo, para que las desigualdades no sean progresivas y se obtengan mejores beneficios en salud para la población.

OBJECTIVE: this paper presents the results of the 2007 National Health Survey's (ENS) module I, which deals with territorial management of health regarding the capacity to manage health in the municipalities and to characterize their sanitary infrastructure and public health surveillance. METHODOLOGY: a descriptive retrospective study was conducted with a representative sample of 238 Colombian municipalities from all the categories, 223 of which answered the call. The source of information was the ENS/2007, which was applied to the health secretaries of the sample's municipalities. RESULTS: more public and private health providers and health insurance companies are available in the municipalities belonging to the special category and to category 1. The sanitary infrastructure is insufficient but larger in the municipalities from the special category, particularly in the urban area. Public health surveillance for maternal and perinatal mortality, and for add and ari is higher in the municipalities from the special category and from category 1. CONCLUSIONS: in spite of the efforts of the municipalities to improve health, the results show important inequalities between the rural and urban areas, and between the municipalities from the special category and the municipalities from other categories. This situation calls for larger investments for the sanitary infrastructure, the public health surveillance systems, and the programs of the less developed municipalities in order to prevent inequalities from becoming progressive and to obtain better profits in terms of the people's health.

Efeitos da progesterona exógena sobre o desenvolvimento folicular em ovelhas / Effects of exogen progesterone on follicular development in sheep

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da progesterona (P4) sobre o crescimento folicular e na endocrinologia reprodutiva em ovelhas Bergamácia. Quatorze ovelhas sincronizadas com prostaglandinas (PGF2alfa ) foram distribuídas em dois grupos (n=7/grupo): grupo-controle e grupo tratado com progesterona (CIDR) depois da ovulação (dia zero). Desde o dia anterior à aplicação de PG até o dia 10, realizaram-se monitoramentos ultra-sonográficos para estabelecer o crescimento folicular. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para a determinação de P4 desde o dia anterior à aplicação de PG até o dia 10 depois da ovulação. Para o perfil dos pulsos de hormônio luteinizante (LH), as colheitas de sangue ocorreram em intervalos de 30 minutos por um período de oito horas, nos dias um e seis. As taxas de crescimento diferiram (P<0,001) entre os grupos, 0,91±0,15 e 0,70±0,16mm/dia para os grupos controle e tratado, respectivamente. Os dias do platô dos animais controle e tratados foram de 1,9±0,72 e 2,9±0,45 (P<0,05), respectivamente. As concentrações médias de progesterona (P<0,001) foram diferentes entre os tratamentos. A freqüência dos pulsos diferiu no primeiro dia do ciclo (P<0,01), com valores de 2,55±0,09 pulsos/8 horas no grupo-controle e de 1,49±0,11 pulsos/8 horas no grupo tratado. No sexto dia, o grupo-controle 2,20±0,09 pulsos/8 horas apresentou maior número de pulsos (P<0,05) que o grupo tratado, 1,22±0,11 pulsos/8 horas. Os efeitos inibitórios da progesterona exógena no diâmetro do folículo dominante foram mediados pela redução na freqüência dos pulsos de LH.

The effects of progesterone (P4) on ovarian follicular growth and reproductive endocrinology were studied. Fourteen ewes, synchronized using prostaglandin (PGF2alpha ), were randomly divided in two groups (n=7/group); control group and progesterone-treated group (CIDR) after ovulation (day zero). From one day before PG injection until day 10, daily ultrasonic examinations were done to establish follicular growth. Blood samples for P4 plasma concentration determinations were collected from one day before PG until day 10 post-ovulation. For profile of LH pulses, blood samples were collected at 30-min intervals for a period of 8h on days one and six. The growth rate was different between groups (P<0.001), being 0.91±0.15 and 0.70±0.16mm/d for control and treated-group, respectively. The lengthened of the static phase for control and treated group were 1.9±0.72 and 2.9±0.45d (P<0.05), respectively. Mean concentrations of P4 (P<0.001) were different between treatments. Differences in LH pulse frequency on day one (P<0.01) were observed with values of 2.55±0.09 pulses/8 h in control group and 1.49±0.11 pulses/8h in treated-group. On day six, control group showed higher values for LH pulse frequency (2.20±0.09 pulses/8h) than treated-group (P<0.05), (1.22±0.11 pulses/8h). In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of exogen P4 on the diameter of dominant follicle was mediated by reduced LH pulse frequency.

Prevalence and risk factors for human toxoplasmosis in a rural community

Toxoplasma gondii infection may lead to important pathological questions, especially in rural areas, where several sources of infection exist. Therefore, it is important to determine risk factors in order to establish adequate prophylactic measures. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors involved in human toxoplasmosis infection in a rural community, in Eldorado, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. This community was composed of 185 farms - with 671 inhabitants - from which 20 were randomly chosen. In these farms, blood samples were collected from rural workers, who also answered a risk factor questionnaire. Serum samples were analyzed by means of direct agglutination test for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. From 73 samples collected, 79.45% were positive. None of the studied variables was significantly associated with the prevalence of the infection. However, among the individuals who reported eyesight impairments, 94.4% had anti-T. gondii antibodies, compared with 74.0% who did not report eyesight changes (p = 0.0594). Moreover, most individuals in the study (68.20%) were older than 18 years and presented 84.44% positivity, compared with 66.67% of positive individuals younger than 18 years old. We were able to conclude that a high prevalence of antibodies did not imply significant associations with the risk factors studied.(AU)

Determinação dos ritmos circadianos e circanuais nas concentrações plasmáticas de testosterona e androstenediona em machos ovinos / Circadian and circannual rhythms determination in testosterone and androstenedione plasma concentrations in ovine males / Determinación de los ritmos circadianos y circanuales en las consentraciones plasmáticas de testotesrona y androstenediona en machos ovinos

Estudou-se a estacionalidade reprodutiva de machos ovinos no Estado de São Paulo para estabelecer os ritmos endócrinos circadianos e circanuais, de cinco carneiros Ideal-Polwarth. O sangue foi colhido por venopunção jugular, em um período de 24 horas, sendo as colheitas realizadas de duas em duas horas, a cada dois meses (seis momentos de colheita em um ano), para a obtenção do plasma e avaliação dos níveis de testosterona e androstenediona por radioimunoensaio. As concentrações plasmáticas de androstenediona e testosterona não permitiram a definição de um ritmo circadiano em suas respectivas secreções, porém, demonstraram ritmos circanuais, com níveis mais baixos de junho a outubro e mais elevados de dezembro a abril.

The reproductive seasonality of ovine males in Sao Paulo State was studied to establish the circadian and circannual endocrine rhythms of 5 Ideal-Polwarth rams. Blood was collected by puncturing the jugular vein for 24 hours with 2-hour intervals every 2 months (6 collections throughout the year) in order to obtain plasma and evaluate testosterone and the androstenedione levels by radioimmunoassay. The Testosterone and androstenedione plasma concentrations did not demonstrate a circadian rhythm in their respective secretions; however, they showed lower levels of circannual rhythms from June to October and higher from December to April.

Se estudió la estacionalidad reproductiva en machos ovinos en el Estado de São Paulo para determinar los ritmos endocrinos circadianos y circanuales, de cinco moruecos Ideal-Polwarth. La sangre se recogió por venopunción yugular, en un período de 24 horas, con las colectas de dos en dos horas, a cada dos meses (seis colectas en un año), para la obtención del plasma y evaluación de los niveles de la testosterona y androstenediona por el radioimunoensayo. Las concentraciones de la testosterona y androstenediona no permitieron la definición de un ritmo circadiano en sus secreciones, pero demostraron ritmos circanuales, con niveles más bajos de junio hasta octubre y más elevados de diciembre hasta abril.

Species diversity, structure and dynamics of two populations of an endangered species, Magnolia dealbata (Magnoliaceae)

Little is known about the ecology and demography of the genus Magnolia. Magnolia dealbata Zucc. is an endangered species endemic to Mexico. Two contrasting populations of M. dealbata (one from the grasslands and other from a secondary cloud forest) were studied. We asked the following questions: (a) Are size structure (diameter at breast height, DBH) and infrutescence production significantly different between the two populations? (b) What are the populations' growth rates (lambda) based on an initial 1987 study? (c) Are the associated species diversity indices of these M. dealbata populations significantly different? The results show no significant differences between the population size structure (p=.094); the growth rates of the populations were 0.992 in grassland and 1.053 in secondary cloud forest. The number of infrutescences produced in year 2001 and DBH relationship were significantly linear (p<.001) in both populations, and there was no significant difference (p>.01) between their slopes. The diversity indices were not significantly different (p>.05), and only 54% of the species were common to both sites. Our study suggests that both populations are relatively stable and that the management history could impact more on the species composition than on the diversity indices.

Variacion de la funcion pulmonar en el tercer trimestre del embarazo / Variation of the pulmonary function in the third trimester of pregnancy

Se estudio en la Unidad Medica del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud (CES) la funcion pulmonar de un grupo de 40 pacientes de la consulta obstetrica del Hospital General de Medellin, con 20 pacientes en el ultimo trimestre del embarazo y otras 20 en el puerperio tardio. Se evaluaron los volumenes estaticos y algunas ratas de flujo que la espirometria no acuosa permite. En el embarazo el volumen corriente (TV) aumento en 25% y el volumen minuto (MV) un 18.8% mientras que el volumen de reserva espiratoria (ERV) disminuyo en un 19.4%. Al comparar con porcentajes extranjeros se hallo variacion similar de los parametros analizados; excepto en la frecuencia respiratoria (F) la cual disminuyo interesantemente un 9.8%