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ABSTRACT Introduction: Virtual reality training (VRT) is an advanced technology that creates virtual games by a computer through specific software. It is a type of rehabilitation training commonly used in balance problems to treat musculoskeletal conditions. Objective: To determine and compare the effects of virtual reality games with those of core stabilization training on physical efficiency in soccer players with chronic low back pain. Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, controlled study was conducted on 60 LBP participants at a university hospital. The first group (n=20) received virtual reality (VR) training; the second group (n=20) received core stabilization (CS) training; and the third group (n=20) received conventional training exercises for four weeks. Scores of clinical and sports performance were measured at baseline, and after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months. Results: The baseline demographic and clinical characters did not show any significant differences (p>0.05) in the statistical analysis, which shows a homogenous population. Four weeks following the training, the VR training group showed more significant changes in clinical scores than the CS training and control groups (p≤0.001). The scores for sports performance also showed more significant improvement in the VR training group than in the other two groups (p≤0.001). The same improved clinical and sports performance changes were seen at 8 weeks and 6 months of follow-up in the VR training group, when compared to the other two groups (p≤0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that training through virtual reality games results in long-term improvement in clinical and sports performance compared to other forms of training in soccer players with chronic low back pain.Level of evidence I b; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.
RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de realidad virtual (VRT) es una tecnología avanzada, que crea juegos virtuales por computadora a través de un software específico. Es un tipo de entrenamiento de rehabilitación que se usa comúnmente en problemas de equilibrio para tratar afecciones musculoesqueléticas. Objetivo: Encontrar y comparar los efectos de los juegos de realidad virtual sobre el entrenamiento de estabilización central sobre la eficiencia física en jugadores de fútbol con dolor lumbar crónico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio controlado, aleatorizado, doble ciego en 60 participantes con dolor lumbar en un hospital universitario. El primer grupo (n = 20) recibió entrenamiento de realidad virtual (VR), el segundo grupo (n = 20) recibió entrenamiento de estabilización central (CS) y el tercer grupo (n = 20) recibió ejercicios de entrenamiento convencionales durante cuatro semanas. Los puntajes de rendimiento clínico y deportivo se midieron al inicio del estudio, después de 4 semanas, 8 semanas y 6 meses. Resultados: Los caracteres demográficos y clínicos basales no mostraron ninguna diferencia significativa (p. 0,05) en el análisis estadístico lo que indica una población homogénea. Cuatro semanas después del entrenamiento, el grupo de entrenamiento de RV mostró cambios más significativos en las puntuaciones clínicas que los de entrenamiento de CS y los grupos de control (p≤0,001). Las puntuaciones de rendimiento deportivo también mostraron una mejora significativa en el grupo de entrenamiento de RV comparadas con los otros dos grupos (p≤0,001). Hubo los mismos cambios clínicos y de rendimiento deportivo a las 8 semanas y 6 meses de seguimiento en el grupo de entrenamiento de RV y en los otros dos grupos (p≤0,001). Conclusión: Nuestro estudio sugirió que el entrenamiento a través de juegos de realidad virtual mejoró el rendimiento clínico y deportivo más que otros entrenamientos en jugadores de fútbol con dolor lumbar crónico a largo plazo. Nivel de evidencia Ib; Estudios terapéuticos, investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento com realidade virtual (TRV) é uma tecnologia avançada que cria jogos virtuais para computador por meio de software específico. É um tipo de treinamento de reabilitação comumente usado em problemas de equilíbrio no tratamento de doenças musculoesqueléticas. Objetivo: Determinar e comparar os efeitos dos jogos de realidade virtual com o treinamento de estabilização central na eficiência física de jogadores de futebol com dor lombar crônica. Métodos: Estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado realizado com 60 participantes com lombalgia em um hospital universitário. O primeiro grupo (n = 20) recebeu treinamento de realidade virtual (RV), o segundo grupo (n = 20) recebeu treinamento de estabilização central (EC) e o terceiro grupo (n = 20) recebeu exercícios de treinamento convencional por quatro semanas. Os escores de desempenho clínico e esportivo foram medidos no início do estudo e depois de 4 semanas, 8 semanas e 6 meses. Resultados: As características demográficas e clínicas basais não mostraram diferença significativa (p > 0,05) na análise estatística, o que indica população homogênea. Quatro semanas depois do treinamento, o grupo RV mostrou mudanças mais significativas nos escores clínicos do que os grupos EC e controle (p ≤ 0,001). Os escores de desempenho esportivo também mostraram melhora significativa no grupo RV do que nos outros dois grupos (p ≤ 0,001). As mesmas mudanças benéficas de desempenho clínico e esportivo foram observadas em 8 semanas e 6 meses de acompanhamento no grupo RV em comparação com os outros dois grupos (p ≤ 0,001). Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que o treinamento com jogos de realidade virtual resulta em melhora do desempenho clínico e esportivo a longo prazo do que outras formas de treinamento em jogadores de futebol com dor lombar crônica. Nível de evidência Ib; Estudos terapêuticos, Investigação dos resultados de tratamentos.
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A preliminary investigation was conducted to assess lignocellulolytic efficiency of crude extracts from three white-rot fungi, Pleurotus florida PF05 (PF), Pleurotus sajor-caju PS07 (PS) and Pleurotus eryngii PE08 (PE). The activities of CMC-ase, xylanase, b-glucosidase, b-xylosidase, laccase and Mn peroxidase in extracts were evaluated. PF produced its highest CMC-ase (317 UL-1), b-glucosidase (62 UL-1), b-xylosidase (37 UL-1) and laccase (347 UL-1) activities while, PS produced highest xylanase (269 UL-1) and Mn peroxidase (69 UL-1) activities. In addition, crude extracts extracted were employed for their in vitro degradability assessment; and were evaluated with mono and mixed extracts separately to corn cob substrate. The losses in cell wall components and dry matter during 5 and 10 days incubations were analyzed after treatments of extracts. Maximum 8.2, 4.4 and 2.8% loss were found respectively in hemicellulose (HC), cellulose (C) and lignin (L) with mono extract of PF within 10 days. The influence of mono extract of each strain (PF, PS and PE) and their mixed extracts (PF+PS, PF+PE, PS+PE and PF+PS+PE) on degradation of cell wall constituents were remarkably differed. The mixed extract treatment proved maximum 13.6% HC loss by PF+PS+PE extract, 9.2% loss in C by PF+PS extract and 5.2% loss of L by the PF+PS+PE extract treatment. The highest dry matter loss (8.2%) was recorded with PF+PS+PE mixed extract combination.
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Tissue specific expression of transgenes in plant species has several advantages over constitutive expression. Identification of ovule specific promoters would be useful in genetic engineering of plants with a variety of desirable traits such as genetically engineered parthenocarpy, female sterile plants or seedless fruits. Relative inaccessibility and difficulty in harvesting adequate amounts of tissue at known developmental stages has impeded the progress in cloning of promoters involved in ovule development. In the present study an ovule specific promoter was cloned from Arabidopsis AGL11 gene and used to express GUS (beta-glucuronidase) gene in transgenic Arabidopsis. Histochemical staining of GUS appeared in the center of young ovary (ovules), but no detectable GUS activity was observed in vegetative plant tissues, sepals, petals and androecium. AGL11 gene promoter can be useful to modify the developmental path of plants by expressing either plant hormones or lethal genes for agronomic purpose.