RESUMO
Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is the most common subtype of cervical cancer and it usually accounts for 80-90% of the cases. These carcinomas mostly grow at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). The tumour tends to grow outward showing an exophytic growth especially at the squamocolumnar junction outside the external uterine wall whereas cancer tends to grow along the cervical canal showing an endophytic growth pattern where the SCJ is located within the cervical canal. This study has experimentally shown the role of AgNOR and Ki-67 scores in tumour proliferation. Methods: Cervical specimens were obtained and prepared in a specified fashion as described. The samples were de-waxed and staining was done with AgNOR. Then, the AgNOR was counted and scoring was done. Again, the samples were also stained with Ki-67. Results: This study has included 235 cases from the Department of Pathology of Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, India. The mean value of AgNOR count in the Control group came to be 10.62�45 while the mean AgNOR count was found to be 10.62�45, 15.10�79, 18.39�67, 19.75�74 and 19.59�59 for in-Situ SCC, well-differentiated SCC, moderately differentiated SCC, poorly differentiated SCC, SCC with basaloid differentiation, respectively. Conclusion: The study confirmed that AgNOR count increases with a higher grade of malignancy. It was concluded that AgNOR and Ki-67 scores can be used as an efficient predictor of tumour proliferation.
RESUMO
Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of carcinoma death in women. With an annual incidence of approximately 1, 44,000 new cases of breast cancers in India, it has now become the most common female cancer in urban India and the second commonest in the rural Indian women. Nottingham applied histological grading system,and Robinson applied cytological grading system, which are one of the established methodologies to determine the histological and cytological grade of the tumor. By using these prognostic factors from pathological reports, the prognosis of the patient can be estimated individually. Aim: To analyze cytological and histological grading and their correlation along with tumor size and lymphnode status in breast carcinomas and its prognostic importance. Methods: All patients presenting with palpable breast lesions were subjected to an FNAC procedure after a detailed history, general physical and local examination. After performing fine needle aspiration diagnosis of various breast lesions were made on the basis of morphological and cytological findings and cytological grading for the malignant breast lesions was done. It was followed by excision biopsy, mastectomy, and cytohistological comparison was done to assess the efficiency and accuracy of cytological grading done after fine needle aspiration. Results: The most common type found in study was Ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified) seen in 95.2% cases. The maximum no. of cases i.e. 36 (44.45%) were found in upper outer quadrant. all patients (100%) presented with complaint of lump in the breast. On assessing all 6 features, the maximum number of cases were in grade- II i.e. 48 (59.3%). A significant agreement was seen between cytological and histological grades. Conclusion: Assigning a cytological grade of breast carcinoma aspirates can be done with little effort, is reproducible and with rare exceptions depending on sample limitations correlates precisely with the histological grade. The tumor grading can be used as a very good prognostic and predictive marker for breast carcinomas.