Depresión, ansiedad y estrés durante la pandemia COVID-19 en estudiantes de Odontología / Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in dental students

Resumen Introducción: en diciembre del 2019, se reporta en el mundo un caso de neumonía causada por el coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). En Paraguay, actualmente se registraron más de 428.000 casos confirmados y más de 13.500 muertes. En ese contexto, la enseñanza ha tenido que convocarse al entorno virtual generando, en todos los niveles, modificaciones reactivas conductuales nacidas desde diversas causas: la dificultad al acceso a elementos informáticos, necesidad en diversos grados de reaprendizaje en un entorno no habitual y sobre todo la incertidumbre. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés durante la pandemia covid-19 en estudiantes de Odontología. Métodos: para este estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal se incluyeron estudiantes de grado de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, matriculados al periodo académico 2021. Se utilizó la escala de Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-21) short form. Cada uno de los tres ejes (depresión, ansiedad y estrés) contiene 7 ítems, divididas en subescalas de contenido similar. Las puntuaciones fueron categorizadas en cinco grupos ordenados (normal, leve, moderada, severa y muy severa). Resultados: los estudiantes de Odontología presentaron cuadros de depresión y ansiedad, con síntomas de ansiedad moderada en un 42,58%; 1,29% presentó depresión severa. Conclusión: la mayoría de los estudiantes de Odontología presentaron cuadros de depresión y ansiedad con síntomas muy comunes, como la imposibilidad de relajarse, falta de iniciativa, irritabilidad y nervios.

Abstract Introduction: in December 2019, a case of pneumonia caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in the world. Currently, Paraguay has registered more than 428,000 confirmed cases and more than 13,500 deaths. In this context, teaching has had to be transferred to the virtual environment, generating reactive behavioral modifications at all levels arising from various causes: difficulty in accessing computer elements, the need in varying degrees of relearning in an unusual environment and, above all, uncertainty. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of depression, anxiety and stress during the covid-19 pandemic in dental students. Methods: for this cross-sectional descriptive observational study, undergraduate students from the School of Dentistry of the National University of Asunción, enrolled in the academic period 2021, were included. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-21) short form scale was used. Each of the three axes (depression, anxiety, and stress) contains 7 items, divided into subscales of similar content. The scores were categorized into five ordered groups (normal, mild, moderate, severe, and very severe). Results: dentistry students presented symptoms of depression and anxiety with symptoms of moderate anxiety in 42.58%; 1.29% presented severe depression . Conclusion: most of the dental students presented depression and anxiety with very common symptoms such as the inability to relax, lack of initiative, irritability and nervousness.

Serum concentration of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in newborn calves from cows supplemented with barium selenate / Concentración sérica de tiroxina y triiodotironina en terneros recién nacidos de madres suplementadas con selenato de bario / Concentração de tiroxina e triiodotironina sérica em bezerros recém-nascidos de mães suplementadas com selenato de bário

Abstract Background: Barium selenate is an inorganic source of selenium (Se) used in prolonged-release preparations to treat selenium deficiency in bovines. Objective: To evaluate serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones in newborn calves from mothers supplemented with barium selenate during prepartum. Methods: Six black Frisian pregnant cows were supplemented with barium selenate subcutaneously during the last two months of gestation, until calving. Six cows were used as controls. All cows were subjected to a low Se diet, consisting of hay from natural pasture and commercial concentrate lacking Se. The Se balance was measured through the activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Serum concentration of T3 and T4 in calves was determined by electrochemiluminescence. Results: Se supplementation during prepartum increased GPx activity in cows from day 45 post-supplementation (p<0.05). Calves from supplemented mothers showed higher average serum Se concentration than calves from non-supplemented mothers. The average concentration of T3 in the calves from supplemented mothers was lower in the first hour of life (p<0.05) compared with calves from mothers of the non-supplemented group. A decrease (p<0.05) in T4 serum concentrations was observed in both groups at seven days of age. Conclusions: Administration of barium selenate to cows during prepartum generates a reduction in serum concentration of T3 in the first hour of life of calves.

Resumen Antecedentes: El selenato de bario es una fuente inorgánica de selenio (Se) utilizada en preparaciones de liberación prolongada para corregir el estado de carencia de Se en bovinos. Objetivo: Evaluar las concentraciones séricas de triyodotironina (T3) y tiroxina (T4) en terneros recién nacidos de madres suplementadas durante el preparto con selenato de bario. Métodos: Seis vacas frisón negro con 7 meses de gestación fueron suplementadas vía subcutánea con selenato de bario dos meses previos a la fecha de parto. Otras seis vacas permanecieron como controles. Todas las vacas se mantuvieron con una dieta cuyo aporte de Se fue inferior a los requerimientos y consistió en heno de pradera natural y concentrado comercial sin Se. El balance de Se se midió usando la actividad eritrocitaria de glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) y las concentraciones de T3 y T4 en terneros mediante electroquimioluminiscencia. Resultados: La suplementación con Se aumentó la actividad de GPx en vacas desde el día 45 post suplementación (p<0,05). Los terneros de madres suplementadas mostraron una concentración sérica promedio de Se mayor que los terneros de madres no suplementadas. La concentración promedio de T3 de terneros de madres suplementadas fue menor en la primera hora de vida (p<0,05) que en terneros de madres no suplementadas. A los 7 días de edad hubo una disminución (p<0,05) en las concentraciones séricas de T4 en ambos grupos. Conclusión: La administración de selenato de bario en vacas preparto genera una disminución en la concentración sérica de T3 en la primera hora de vida del ternero.

Resumo Antecedentes: O selenato de bário é uma fonte inorgânica de selênio (Se) usada em preparações de liberação prolongada para corrigir o status de deficiência de Se em bovinos. Objetivo: Avaliar as concentrações séricas de triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4) em bezerros recém-nascidos de mães suplementadas durante o pré-parto com selenato de bário. Métodos: Seis vacas friesianas negras aos 7 meses de gestação foram suplementadas com selenato de bário por via subcutânea dois meses antes do parto. Seis outras vacas permaneceram como controle. Todas as vacas foram mantidas em uma dieta cuja contribuição de Se foi inferior aos requeridos e consistiram em feno natural da pradaria e concentrado comercial sem Se. O balanço de Se foi medido usando a atividade eritrocitária das concentrações de glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e T3 e T4 em bezerros por eletroquimiluminescência. Resultados: A suplementação com atividade de GPx aumentou em vacas a partir do dia 45 após a suplementação (p<0,05). Os bezerros de mães suplementadas apresentaram uma concentração sérica média de Se maior que os bezerros de mães não suplementadas. A concentração média de T3 dos bezerros das mães suplementadas foi menor na primeira hora de vida (p<0,05) do que nos bezerros das mães não suplementadas. Aos 7 dias de idade houve uma diminuição (p<0,05) nas concentrações séricas de T4 nos dois grupos. Conclusão: A administração de selenato de bário em vacas de parto gera uma diminuição na concentração sérica de T3 na primeira hora de vida do bezerro.

Bodyweight distribution between limbs, muscle strength, and proprioception in traumatic transtibial amputees: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how transtibial amputation (TT) affects bodyweight distribution, voluntary knee joint position sense (JPS), and quadriceps (QUA) and hamstrings (HAM) strength in prosthetized patients. METHODS: Only TT patients who had been prosthetized for more than one year were included, and an age-paired able-bodied group was used as control. The participants stood on force plates with their eyes open to measure bodyweight distribution between the limbs. Knee voluntary JPS was assessed by actively reproducing a set of given arbitrary joint angles using a video analysis approach, and QUA and HAM strength were assessed isometrically with a hand-held dynamometer. RESULTS: Sixteen TT subjects (age: 39.4±4.8 years) and sixteen age-paired control subjects (age: 38.4±4.3 years) participated in the study. The amputees supported their bodyweight majorly on the sound limb (54.8±8.3%, p<0.001). The proprioceptive performance was similar between the amputated (absolute error (AE): 2.2±1.6°, variable error (VE): 1.9±1.6°, constant error (CE): -0.7±2.0°) and non-amputated limbs (AE: 2.6±0.9°, VE: 2.1±0.9°, CE: 0.02±2.3°), and was not different from that of control subjects (AE: 2.0±0.9°, VE: 1.4±0.4°, CE: -1.1±1.7°). There was a considerable weakness of the QUA and HAM in the amputated limb compared with the sound limb and control subjects (p<0.001 both). CONCLUSIONS: The asymmetric bodyweight distribution in the transtibial amputees was not accompanied by a reduction in knee proprioception. There was significant weakness in the amputated limb, which could be a potential issue when designing rehabilitation programs.

Return to play after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction / Retorno ao esporte após a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior / Retorno al deporte después de reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior

ABSTRACT The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear represents more than half of all knee injuries in sports that involve body rotations and sudden changes of direction. Discharging the athlete for return to play (RTP) post-ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is a difficult task with multidisciplinary responsibility. For many years, a six-month period post-ACLR was adopted as the only criterion for RTP. However, it is now suggested that RTP should not be exclusively time-based, but to clinical data and systematic assessments. Despite the importance of post-ACLR factors for RTP, pre- and peri-ACLR factors must also be considered. Historically, ACLR is performed with the hamstring or autologous patellar tendons, although the choice of graft is still an open and constantly evolving theme. Anterolateral ligament reconstruction and repair of meniscal ramp tear associated with ACLR have recently been suggested as strategies for improving knee joint stability. Subjective questionnaires are easy to apply, and help identify physical or psychological factors that can hamper RTP. Functional tests, such as hop tests and strength assessment by means of isokinetic dynamometers, are fundamental tools for decision making when associated with clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging. Recently, the capacity to generate force explosively has been incorporated into the muscle strength assessment. This is quantified through the rate of torque development (RTD). Due to characteristics inherent to the practice of sport, there is an extremely short time available for produce strength. Thus, RTD seems to better represent athletic demands than the maximum strength assessment alone. This review investigates the pre-, peri- and post-ACLR factors established in the literature, and shares our clinical practice, which we consider to be best practice for RTP. Level of evidence V; Specialist opinion.

RESUMO A ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) representa mais da metade das lesões do joelho em esportes que envolvem rotações e mudanças repentinas de direção. A liberação do atleta para o retorno ao esporte (RAE) depois da reconstrução do LCA (RLCA) é uma tarefa difícil, de responsabilidade multidisciplinar. Por muitos anos, o período de seis meses pós-RLCA foi utilizado como único critério para RAE. Contudo, atualmente, sugere-se que o RAE não deve estar atrelado exclusivamente ao tempo, mas a dados clínicos e avaliações sistemáticas. Apesar da importância dos fatores pós-RLCA para o RAE, os fatores pré- e peri-RLCA também devem ser contemplados. Historicamente, a RLCA é realizada com tendões isquiotibiais ou patelares autólogos, apesar da escolha do enxerto ainda ser um tema em aberto e em constante evolução. Recentemente, a reconstrução do ligamento anterolateral e o reparo da lesão na rampa meniscal associadas à RLCA têm sido sugeridas como estratégias para melhorar a estabilidade articular do joelho. Questionários subjetivos são de fácil aplicação e ajudam a identificar fatores físicos ou psicológicos que possam dificultar o RAE. Testes funcionais como os hop tests e a avaliação de força com dinamômetros isocinéticos são ferramentas fundamentais na decisão quando aliadas à avaliação clínica e de ressonância magnética. Recentemente, tem-se incorporado ao escopo de avaliação da força muscular a capacidade de gerar força de maneira explosiva, mensurada através da taxa de desenvolvimento de torque (TDT). Devido a características inerentes a prática esportiva os tempos disponíveis para produção de força são demasiadamente pequenos e, sendo assim, a TDT parece representar melhor as demandas esportivas do que a avaliação isolada de força máxima. Nesta revisão, foram reunidos fatores pré, peri e pós-RLCA estabelecidos na literatura, assim como foi compartilhada nossa prática clínica, que consideramos ser a melhor para o RAE. Nível de evidência V; Opinião do especialista.

RESUMEN La ruptura del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) representa más de la mitad de las lesiones de rodilla en deportes que involucran rotaciones y cambios repentinos de dirección. La liberación del atleta para el retorno al deporte (RAD) después de la reconstrucción del LCA (RLCA) es una tarea difícil, de responsabilidad multidisciplinaria. Durante muchos años, el período de seis meses post-RLCA fue usado como único criterio para RAD. Sin embargo, actualmente, se sugiere que el RAD no debe estar vinculado exclusivamente al tiempo, sino a datos clínicos y evaluaciones sistemáticas. A pesar de la importancia de los factores post-RLCA para el RAD, también deben ser contemplados los factores pre y peri-RLCA. Históricamente, la RLCA es realizada con tendones isquiotibiales o patelares autólogos, a pesar de que la elección del injerto aún sea un tema abierto y en constante evolución. Recientemente, la reconstrucción del ligamento anterolateral y la reparación de la lesión en la rampa meniscal asociadas a la RLCA han sido sugeridas como estrategias para mejorar la estabilidad articular de la rodilla. Los cuestionarios subjetivos son de fácil aplicación y ayudan a identificar los factores físicos o psicológicos que pueden dificultar el RAD. Los tests funcionales como los hop tests y la evaluación de fuerza con dinamómetros isocinéticos son herramientas fundamentales en la decisión cuando se combinan a la evaluación clínica y de resonancia magnética. Recientemente, se ha incorporado al alcance de evaluación de la fuerza muscular, la capacidad de generar fuerza de manera explosiva, medida a través de la tasa de desarrollo de torque (TDT). Debido a características inherentes a la práctica deportiva, los tiempos disponibles para producción de fuerza son demasiado pequeños y, siendo así, la TDT parece representar mejor las demandas deportivas que la evaluación aislada de fuerza máxima. En esta revisión fueron reunidos factores pre, peri y post-RLCA establecidos en la literatura, así como fue compartida nuestra práctica clínica, que consideramos la mejor para el RAD. Nivel de evidencia V; Opinión del especialista.

Diagnostic dilemma of cognitive decline in a young female: considering congenital rubella, depressive disorder, and moyamoya disease

We report a case of a 20-year-old young female patient from North India presenting with headache, decline in scholastic performance, irritability, and low mood, and having a history of hemiparesis, who had rubella infection in her antenatal period, who was investigated and diagnosed as persistent depressive disorder (PDD) with left-sided hemiparesis in remission with moyamoya disease (MMD) based on history, examination, and relevant investigation (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] brain/magnetic resonance [MR] angiogram). We highlight the difficulties we faced in attributing whether the cognitive decline was due to congenital rubella, PDD, MMD, or a combination of any of these three diagnoses.

Hospital cardioprotegido, antípoda de la muerte súbita: Propuesta del Hospital General de Cienfuegos / Cardio-protected hospital, antithesis of sudden death: A proposal of the Hospital General de Cienfuegos

RESUMEN Los problemas de muerte súbita y reanimación cardiopulmocerebral intrahospitalarias pueden tener estructurada una respuesta común; sin embargo, en la mayoría de los hospitales no se dispone de una estrategia orientada a su solución. Este trabajo actualiza sobre las principales alternativas para reducir la letalidad por muerte súbita intrahospitalaria y presenta una propuesta del Hospital General de Cienfuegos. El abordaje institucional para mayor supervivencia y menor discapacidad ante la muerte súbita dependerá de iniciativas multidisciplinarias enfocadas a la calidad y prevención, en los diferentes eslabones, de la reanimación cardiopulmocerebral. Un hospital cardioprotegido integra procesos gerenciales, organizativos, asistenciales, académicos y logísticos para todos los eslabones de la cadena de supervivencia ante una emergencia médica, principalmente la parada cardíaca súbita. La propuesta del Hospital General de Cienfuegos como institución cardioprotegida agrupa todos los elementos de un sistema integrado de reanimación cardiopulmocerebral enfocado hacia la calidad, seguridad y satisfacción de pacientes y prestadores.

ABSTRACT In-hospital sudden death and cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation problems could have a common structured response. However, most hospitals lack a solution-oriented strategy. This paper provides detailed update on the main alternatives to reduce lethality of in-hospital sudden death and presents a proposal from the "Hospital General de Cienfuegos". The institutional approach for greater survival and lesser disability when facing sudden death will be based on multidisciplinary initiatives primarily centered on quality and prevention in the different stages of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation. A cardio-protected hospital comprises management, organizational, assistance, academic and logistical processes for every single link of the survival chain in a medical emergency event, mainly sudden cardiac arrest. The proposal of the "Hospital General de Cienfuegos", a cardio-protected facility, brings together all elements of an integrated cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation system aimed at quality, safety and satisfaction of patients and caregivers.

Pandemia de la coviD-19 y las Políticas de Salud Pública en el Perú: marzo-mayo 2020 / COVID-19 pandemic and Public Health Policies in Peru: March-May 2020

RESUMEN Objetivo El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinámica del comportamiento de la COVID-19 en el Perú, estimar y evaluar el impacto de la política pública de supresión (cuarentena). Métodos El modelo epidemiológico SIR y la estimación con el método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO). Resultados Se encontró que el número básico de propagación (Ro) cayó de 6,0 a 3,2 habiéndose reducido en 54% por efecto de la estrategia de supresión, y dos meses después cayó a 1,7. Sin embargo, sigue siendo alto y evidencia que aún continúa en expansión el nivel de infectados, con los efectos sociales y económicos adversos que esta medida implica. Conclusión La COVID-19 es una enfermedad que crece exponencialmente, por lo cual, la política de salud basada en la estrategia de supresión ha permitido aplanar la curva de contagio, evitando el colapso del Sistema de Salud.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of the study is to analyze the behavior dynamics of COVID-19 in Peru, estimate and evaluate the impact of the suppression public policy (quarantine). Methods The SIR epidemiological model and the estimation with the ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Results It was found that the basic number of propagation (Ro) fell from 6,0 to 3,2 having been reduced by 54% due to the suppression strategy; and two months later it falls to 1,7. However, it remains high and evidence that the level of those infected continues to expand with its adverse social and economic effects. Conclusion: COVID-19 is a disease that grows exponentially, and that the health policy based on the suppression strategy has allowed to flatten the contagion curve, thus avoiding the collapse of the Health System.(AU)

Using allogeneic cortical graft preserved in glycerin as spacer in the advancement of tibial tuberosity in 34 dogs / Uso de enxerto cortical alogênico preservado em glicerina como espaçador no avanço da tuberosidade tibial em 34 cães

Cranial cruciate ligament is the main responsible for knee stability by preventing cranial tibial displacement regarding the femur. Deficiency in this ligament (CCLD) may cause subluxation of the tibia and dysfunction of the pelvic member due to overloading. Tibial osteotomies are among the more current surgical techniques for treating CCLD in dogs and they proportionate the dynamic stability by means of modifying bone geometry and the distribution of forces acting on the articulation. The objective of this work is to describe the use of the allogeneic cortical bone graft conserved in glycerin as a spacer on the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) for treating the CCLD. In order to do that, 34 dogs submitted to TTA surgery correction were evaluated, being 23 males (67.35%) and 11 females (32.35%). Surgical procedures happened from May 2011 to October 2015. Regarding the surgical procedure after osteotomy of the tibial tuberosity, a disk of allogeneic cortical disk, sawn wedge-hapsed, conserved in glycerin, proportions of 2x1mm was applied as spacer, enabling TTA. Advancements from 3 to 12 mm were executed, depending on the need of the patient. For animals with patella dislocation, trochleoplasty and TTA were executed in order to correct the deviation. The mean ± SD age of animals was 6.67±3.58 and weight was 15.16±12.97 kg. Mongrel dogs, Poodles and Yorkshire terriers were the most affected ones. From the 36 evaluated knees, 11 (30.56%) were associated with some traumatic process and in 25 (69.44%) there was no relation with previous trauma. From those wounds, 20 (55.56%) happened in the right limb and 16 (44.44%) in the left limb and two animals had CCLD bilaterally. Animals had continuous support, discreet drawer movement and negative tibial compression 15 days after surgery. At 30 days, 26 cases (72.22%) had firm support (FS); at 45 days, 24 cases (66 test at 7 and 67%) had FS and eight cases (22.22%) without claudication (WC). During subsequent radiographic evaluations the progressive incorporation of the graft and osteotomy union were observed. In this study, most of the diagnosed CCLD occurred in males diverging from results obtained by other authors that found greater frequency in females. Support without claudication it was observed in most of the cases of implants at 60 days. We concluded that the conserved allogeneic cortical bone graft was able to promote bone union in TTA of dogs with CCLD. None of the animals had signs of contamination, infection of the surgical wound or rejection related with the presence of the graft, demonstrated by the complete graft-bone incorporation observed early at 45 days in some animals. The glycerin was a good conservation medium for those fragments intended for grafting because, besides being of low cost, it kept bone fragments free of contamination, reducing antigenicity and preserving the functions of osteoinduction and osteoconduction. The possibility of molding the graft to the animal need is a characteristic favorable to executing the modified technique that could be molded according to the size of the animal, allowing perfect adaptation to the osteotomized local in different breeds. Intercurrences commonly observed in TTA with patellar dislocation, meniscal lesions, tibial crest fracture and displacement were not found in the animals of this study, probably due to the better distribution of forces between the pass screw in TT and the TTA plate confirming that it has good adaptation to the technique conferring to the modified TTA advantages regarding the conventional TTA.(AU)

O ligamento cruzado cranial é o principal responsável pela estabilidade do joelho, impedindo o deslocamento da tíbia cranial em relação ao fêmur. A deficiência neste ligamento (CCLD) pode causar subluxação da tíbia e disfunção do membro pélvico devido à sobrecarga. As osteotomias tibiais estão entre as técnicas cirúrgicas mais atuais para o tratamento de CCLD em cães e proporcionam a estabilidade dinâmica por meio da modificação da geometria óssea da distribuição das forças que atuam sobre a articulação. O objetivo desse estudo é descrever o uso do enxerto ósseo cortical alogênico conservado em glicerina como espaçador no avanço da tuberosidade tibial (TTA) para o tratamento do CCLD. Para isso, 34 cães submetidos à cirurgia de TTA foram avaliados, sendo 23 machos (67,35%) e 11 fêmeas (32,35%). Os procedimentos curúrgicos aconteceram entre maio de 2011 e outubro de 2015. Com relação ao procedimento cirúrgico após a osteotomia da tuberosidade tibial, um disco alogênico cortical, em forma de cunha serrada, conservado em glicerina com proporções de 2 x 1mm foi aplicado como espaçador possibilitando a TTA. Avanços de 3 a 12mm foram executados, dependendo da necessidade do paciente. Para animais com luxação da patela, realizou-se a trocleoplastia e a TTA para a correção do desvio. A idade média dos animais foi de 6,67±3,58 anos e pesos médios de 15,16±12,97kg. Cães sem raça definida, Poodles e Yorkshire Terriers foram os mais afetados. Dos 36 joelhos avaliados, 11 (30,56%) foram associados a algum processo traumático e em 25 (69,44%) não havia nenhuma relação com um trauma prévio. Dos ferimentos, 20 (55,56%) aconteceram no membro direito e 16 (44,44%) no esquerdo, sendo que dois animais apresentavam CCLD bilateralmente. Os animais tiveram suporte contínuo, discreto movimento de gaveta e compressão tibial negativa 15 dias após a cirurgia. Aos 30 dias, 26 casos tinham suporte firme (FS); aos 45 dias, 24 casos tinham FS e oito casos sem claudicação (WC). Durante avaliações radiográficas subsequentes, observou-se a incorporação progressiva da união do enxerto e da osteotomia. Neste estudo, a maior parte do CCLD diagnosticado ocorreu em machos, divergindo dos resultados obtidos por outros autores que encontraram maior frequência em fêmeas. Suporte sem claudicação foi observado na maioria dos casos de implantes aos 60 dias. Foi concluído que o enxerto ósseo cortical alogênico conservado foi capaz de promover a união óssea na TTA de cães com CCLD. Nenhum dos animais apresentou sinais de contaminação, infecção da ferida cirúrgica ou rejeição relacionada à presença do enxerto, demonstrada pela incorporação completa do enxerto ósseo observada precocemente aos 45 dias em alguns animais. A glicerina foi um bom meio de conservação para os fragmentos destinados à enxertia porque, além do menor custo, manteve os fragmentos ósseos livres de contaminação, reduzindo a antigenicidade e preservando as funções de osteoindução e osteocondução. A possibilidade de moldagem do enxerto à necessidade do animal é uma característica favorável à execução da técnica modificada que pode ser moldada de acordo com o tamanho do animal, possibilitando perfeita adaptação ao local osteotomizado em diferentes raças. Intercorrências comumente observadas na TTA com luxação patelar, lesões meniscais, fratura da crista tibial e deslocamento não foram encontradas nos animais deste estudo, provavelmente devido à melhor distribuição de forças entre a passagem do parafuso no TT e a placa do TTA, confirmando que tem boa adaptação à técnica conferindo às vantagens da TTA modificada em relação à TTA convencional.(AU)

Resistencia bacteriana de Escherichia coli uropatogénica en población nativa amerindia Kichwa de Ecuador / Bacterial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in native Kichwa Amerindian population of Ecuador

Contexto: Escherichia coli uropatógena (ECUP) se presenta como uno de los principales agentes etiológicos en infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) no complicadas (70-95%). El objetivo del tratamiento de ITUs no complicadas es obtener curación clínica y microbiológica. Para ello, es de particular importancia el conocimiento de las tasas de resistencia antibiótica local. Objetivo: identificar los perfiles de resistencia a antibióticos de primera línea para ITUs no complicadas en poblaciones nativas amerindias Kichwas ecuatorianas, en donde el tratamiento empírico se basa en trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, ampicilina, y ciprofloxacina mayoritariamente. Métodos: se analizaron 335 muestras de orina procedentes de las poblaciones de Zumbahua, Colta y Guamote, en un periodo de 4 meses (febrero-mayo 2016). Las muestras fueron incubadas por 24 y 48 horas en agar Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB), para luego ser identificadas en género y especie por pruebas bioquímicas. Para determinar la susceptibilidad antibiótica, se realizó la técnica de difusión en disco de Kirby-Bauer. Para la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM), se utilizó la técnica de microdilución en caldo (Vitek 2). El método de doble disco fue la técnica utilizada para la detección de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Resultados: noventa (26,9%) muestras mostraron un recuento significativo de ≥105 (ufc)/ml, compatibles con ITUs. El microorganismo identificado con mayor frecuencia fue E. coli (n=75; 83,3%). La resistencia antibiótica encontrada para los aislados de E. coli fue de 56,7% a trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, 52,5% a ampicilina, 43.3% a ácido nalidíxico, 32.5% a ciprofloxacina, 28.3% a norfloxacina, 25% a levofloxacina, 15.85% a cefazolina, 17.5% a cefoxitina, 15% a cefuroxima, 15% a ceftazidima, cefotaxima, y ceftriaxona, 15% a cefepima, 7,5% a nitrofurantoina y 1,7% a fosfomicina. Se identificaron 7 aislados productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Conclusión: con los resultados obtenidos se recomienda no utilizar ampicilina, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, ni quinolonas en la zona estudiada como terapia empírica. Se sugiere instaurar tratamiento empírico con fosfomicina o nitrofurantoina para ITUs no complicadas. (AU)

Bases bioquímicas de la tolerancia al estrés osmótico en hongos fitopatógenos: el caso de Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid / Biochemical basis of tolerance to osmotic stress in phytopathogenic fungus: The case of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid

El hongo Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., agente causal de la enfermedad denominada «pudrición carbonosa¼, provoca pérdidas significativas en la producción de cultivos como maíz, sorgo, soya y frijol en México. Este hongo, parásito facultativo, muestra amplia capacidad de adaptación a ambientes estresantes, donde existen altas temperaturas y deficiencia hídrica, condiciones frecuentes en gran parte de la agricultura de dicho país. En este trabajo se describen algunos aspectos básicos de la etiología y la epidemiología de M. phaseolina. Asimismo, se revisa la importancia que guardan las respuestas de este hongo a ambientes estresantes, particularmente la deficiencia hídrica, de acuerdo con caracteres morfológicos y del crecimiento, así como fisiológicos, bioquímicos y de patogenicidad. Finalmente, se presentan algunas perspectivas de estudio del género, que enfatizan la necesidad de mejorar su conocimiento, con base en la aplicación de herramientas tradicionales y de biotecnología, y de dilucidar mecanismos de tolerancia al estrés ambiental, extrapolables a otros microorganismos útiles al hombre.

Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is the causative agent of charcoal rot disease which causes significant yield losses in major crops such as maize, sorghum, soybean and common beans in Mexico. This fungus is a facultative parasite which shows broad ability to adapt itself to stressed environments where water deficits and/or high temperature stresses commonly occur. These environmental conditions are common for most cultivable lands throughout Mexico. Here we describe some basic facts related to the etiology and epidemiology of the fungus as well as to the importance of responses to stressed environments, particularly to water deficits, based on morphology and growth traits, as well as on physiology, biochemistry and pathogenicity of fungus M. phaseolina. To conclude, we show some perspectives related to future research into the genus, which emphasize the increasing need to improve the knowledge based on the application of both traditional and biotechnological tools in order to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to environmental stress which can be extrapolated to other useful organisms to man.

Characterization and comparability of biosimilars: a filgrastim case of study and regulatory perspectives for Latin America

Background: Developing countries have an estimate of ten times more approved biosimilars than developed countries. This disparity demands the need of an objective regulation that incorporates health policies according to the technological and economical capabilities of each country. One of the challenges lies on the establishment of comparability principles based on a physicochemical and biological characterization that should determine the extent of additional non-clinical and clinical studies. This is particularly relevant for licensed biosimilars in developing countries, which have an extensive clinical experience since their approval as generics' in some cases more than a decade. To exemplify the current status of biosimilars in Mexico' a characterization exercise was conducted on licensed filgrastim biosimilars using pharmacopeial and extended characterization methodologies. Results: Most of the evaluated products complied with the pharmacopeial criteria and showed comparability in their Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) towards the reference product. These results were expected in accordance with their equivalent performance during their licensing as generics. Accordingly' a rational approval and registration renewal scheme for biosimilars is proposed, that considers the proper identification of CQAs and its thoroughly evaluation using selected techniques. Conclusions: This approach provides support to diminish uncertainty of exhibiting different pharmacological profiles and narrows or even avoids the necessity of comparative clinical studies. Ultimately, this proposal is intended to improve the accessibility to high quality biosimilars in Latin America and other developing countries.

Meat tenderness genetic polymorphisms occurrence and distribution in five Zebu breeds in Mexico

Background The Zebu cattle are represented by a diverse group of breeds in México. Traditionally these breeds have been associated with the tough beef characteristic. Validated genetic markers have the potential to be included in marker-assisted selection and management programs in order to improve traits such as beef tenderness. The incidence and distribution of Calpain and Calpastatin polymorphisms strongly associated with beef tenderness were estimated in registered cattle of five Zebu breeds in Mexico. Results A low and in some cases null frequency of favorable C allele of CAPN316 was determined in all breeds. Conversely, a more equilibrated frequency in CAPN4751 and CAST loci was observed. Conclusions Although the relatively low occurrence of favorable alleles in assessed loci may limit their use in selection programs, genotyping availability might be a practical and comprehensive tool for introgression programs by marker assisted selection and management as to improve meat tenderness of Zebu breeds.

Respiratory muscle endurance is limited by lower ventilatory efficiency in post-myocardial infarction patients

Background: Reduced respiratory muscle endurance (RME) contributes to increased dyspnea upon exertion in patients with cardiovascular disease. Objective: The objective was to characterize ventilatory and metabolic responses during RME tests in post-myocardial infarction patients without respiratory muscle weakness. Method: Twenty-nine subjects were allocated into three groups: recent myocardial infarction group (RG, n=9), less-recent myocardial infarction group (LRG, n=10), and control group (CG, n=10). They underwent two RME tests (incremental and constant pressure) with ventilatory and metabolic analyses. One-way ANOVA and repeated measures one-way ANOVA, both with Tukey post-hoc, were used between groups and within subjects, respectively. Results: Patients from the RG and LRG presented lower metabolic equivalent and ventilatory efficiency than the CG on the second (50± 06, 50± 5 vs. 42± 4) and third part (50± 11, 51± 10 vs. 43± 3) of the constant pressure RME test and lower metabolic equivalent during the incremental pressure RME test. Additionally, at the peak of the incremental RME test, RG patients had lower oxygen uptake than the CG. Conclusions : Post-myocardial infarction patients present lower ventilatory efficiency during respiratory muscle endurance tests, which appears to explain their inferior performance in these tests even in the presence of lower pressure overload and lower metabolic equivalent. .

Tratamiento endovascular del aneurisma de aorta descendente en el adolescente con síndrome de Marfan: reporte de un caso / Endovascular treatment of an aneurysm of the descending aorta in an adolescent with Marfan syndrome

Se expone el caso de un adolescente de 14 años de edad, con síndrome de Marfan y antecedente de tres cirugías cardiovasculares previas: valvuloplastia aórtica y mitral a los cinco años y valvuloplastia aórtica y reconstrucción de la aorta torácica con tubo de pericardio bovino a sus diez años. En primer tiempo quirúrgico se realizó reemplazo valvular aórtico por válvula mecánica y valvuloplastia mitral y tricuspidea, y en segundo tiempo quirúrgico, durante la misma hospitalización, exclusión endovascular de aneurisma de aorta descendente asintomático sin complicaciones. Antes del egreso se diagnosticó una endofuga tipo II que se manejó con observación clínica. Luego de un año del procedimiento, los controles clínico y tomográfico son satisfactorios.

We describe the case of a 14-year-old adolescent with Marfan syndrome and a history of three previous cardiovascular surgeries: aortic and mitral valve replacement at the age of 5 and aortic valve replacement and reconstruction of the thoracic aorta with a tube of bovine pericardium at the age of ten. In the first surgical procedure the aortic valve was replaced by a mechanical valve, and mitral and tricuspid valvuloplasty was performed. In a second surgical procedure during the same hospitalization, endovascular exclusion of the asymptomatic descending aortic aneurysm was realized without complications. Before discharge, a type II endoleak was diagnosed and managed through clinical observation. After a year of the procedure, clinical and tomographic controls are satisfactory.

Disfunción eréctil en población masculina mayor de 35 años en la ciudad de Siguatepeque / Erectile dysfunction in men above 35 in Siguatepeque, Honduras

Las funciones sexuales y eréctiles son importantes en la salud de los hombres y el bienestar de las parejas. La disfunción eréctil (DE) tiene una alta prevalencia fundamentalmente en las últimas décadas de la vida y se halla relacionada con múltiples factores de riesgo. Objetivo: establecer algunos factores de riesgo y enfermedades concomitantes así como la prevalencia de la disfunción eréctil en la población masculina mayor de 35 años de la ciudad de Siguatepeque, Honduras, agosto del 2009. Metodología; estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población fue de 5,200 hombres mayores de 35 años. La muestra de 371 hombres. El método de muestreo fue estratificado según barrios de la ciudad. La unidad de estudio fue seleccionada en forma aleatoria. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron dos instrumentos, una encuesta con datos de carácter general; otro instrumento utilizado fue el Test de SHIM (Sexual Health Inventory for Men), cuestionario sobre salud sexual masculina, versión abreviada del IIEF (Índice Internacional de Función Eréctil) del que se seleccionaron 5 preguntas sobre sexualidad masculina en los últimos 6 meses, con el propósito de detectar DE en grupos de riesgo. Se considera DE cuando la puntuación es igual o inferior a 21. Resultados; La prevalencia de DE encontrada fue de 214(58%) del total de la muestra, los grados de disfunción fueron: Leve 114(53%), de Leve a Moderada 57(27%), Moderada 18(8%), y Grave 25(12%). La DE encontrada según rangos de edad fue para mayores de 60 años 94(44%), de 45 a 59 años 95(45%), de 35 a 44 años 25(11%). Los hábitos tóxicos: hombres que en el pasado ingirieron bebidas alcohólicas y al momento de la entrevista consumían y tenían DE 104(49%) y 50(23%) respectivamente. Tabaquismo como antecedente de consumo y al momento de la entrevista presentaban DE, 96(45%) y 55(26%) respectivamente. El consumo de otras drogas 3(1%). Las enfermedades concomitantes que se relacionan con DE fueron: problemas cardiovascular...

La flora medicinal de Cuba: un sueño de Roig no alcanzado: [editoriales] / The Cuban medicinal flora: a non-fulfilled Roig´s dream: [editorial]

Cuando en 1945, Juan Tomás Roig1 suscribía el prólogo de su obra Plantas medicinales, aromáticas o venenosas de Cuba, planteaba, entre los objetivos que perseguía con esa publicación: "…estimular a nuestros hombres de ciencia para que emprendan el estudio metódico de nuestra flora medicinal y toxicológica…". Sin embargo, a pesar de que Roig entregaba en su obra el resultado de numerosos años dedicados a la introducción, cultivo y evaluación de especies medicinales tanto nativas como exóticas, y estimulaba a continuar su labor, es posible reconocer una dosis de pesimismo en ese prólogo. Quizás era una premonición...

Iron deficiency decreases hemolysis in sickle cell anemia / Anemia ferropriva diminui hemólise em anemia falciforme

A woman with homozygous sickle cell disease developed severe iron deficiency due to long-standing uterine bleeding. At this point, the serum lactic dehydrogenase level was normal and the reticulocyte count was only minimally elevated. This suggested that the low red cell hemoglobin concentration that resulted from iron deficiency also decreased Hb S polymerization and lowered the hemolytic rate. Iron replacement led first to a substantially improved hemoglobin concentration with only a minimal increase in the hemolytic rate and secondarily to a modest further improvement in the hemoglobin concentration and a marked increase in the hemolytic rate. The hematologic changes observed in this patient, and those in other iron deficient sickle cell patients reported in the literature, suggest that it may be appropriate to consider the induction of an intermediate iron deficient stage as experimental treatment in adult sickle cell patients.

Uma mulher com anemia falciforme homozigose para a Hb S evoluiu com anemia ferropriva grave devido a sangramento uterino prolongado. A dosagem de dehidrogenase lática era normal e a contagem de reticulócitos estava levemente aumentada. Isto sugere que concentrações baixas de hemoglobina, que resulta de anemia ferropriva, também diminuem a polimeração de Hb S e reduz a taxa de hemólise. O complemento de ferro levou, primeiramente, a uma concentração substancialmente maior de hemoglobina com apenas um aumento mínimo na taxa hemolítica e subsequentemente a um aumento leve adicional na concentração da hemoglobina e um aumento notável na taxa hemolítica. As mudanças hematológicas observadas nesta paciente e aquelas em outras pacientes com anemia falciforme e também deficientes de ferro relatadas na literatura sugerem que pode ser interessante considerar a indução de deficiência de ferro como tratamento experimental em pacientes adultos com anemia falciforme.

Construcción y validación clínica de un prototipo para el registro continuo de la presión arterial de forma no invasiva y ambulatoria / Construction and clinical validation of an automated measuring device for continuous non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure measurement

Introducción: la monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial con equipos biomédicos, es un método útil y confiable para el diagnóstico de la hipertensión arterial. El propósito del estudio fue validar un nuevo equipo de monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial de 24 horas (MAPA-FCV) de bajo costo, producido en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Métodos: el estudio se desarrolló de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana para el Avance de la Instrumentación Médica (AAMI, por sus siglas en Inglés) y la Sociedad Británica de Hipertensión (BHS) para validación de equipos de monitorización de presión arterial. Se incluyeron 85 sujetos sanos, en quienes, una persona previamente entrenada, obtuvo tres medidas simultáneas de presión arterial (cada 10 minutos) y se compararon con las que se obtuvieron con el equipo MAPA-FCV. Resultados: los sujetos presentaron una presión arterial sistólica de 115 ± 15 mm Hg y diastólica de 71 ± 8 mm Hg. Se encontró una diferencia media de 0,63 ± 5,94 mm Hg en la presión arterial sistólica y de 0,17 ± 5,08 mm Hg en la diastólica entre el equipo y el observador entrenado. Así mismo, se observó que más de 93% de las mediciones simultáneas de presión arterial, presentaron una diferencia menor a 10 mm Hg. Conclusiones: en el estudio el monitor MAPA-FCV alcanzó altos grados de concordancia con los valores de presión arterial que obtuvo el personal capacitado; adicionalmente el equipo cumplió con los criterios de validación de la AAMI y BHS, lo que hace posible su recomendación para uso clínico en población adulta.

Introduction: ambulatory arterial pressure monitoring with biomedical devices is a useful and reliable method to diagnose hypertension. The aim of this study was to validate a new low cost Holter blood pressure monitor (MAPA-FCV) produced at the Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Methods: the study was developed according to the guidelines for validation of automated blood pressure measuring devices of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and the British Hypertension Society (BHS). Three blood pressure measurements were taken in 85 healthy subjects in a 30 minutes period (every 10 minutes). Measurements were taken by one observer trained to measure blood pressure with a mercury column device, and were compared with those obtained with the automatic device. Results: mean systolic blood pressure obtained in the subjects was 115 ± 15 mmHg, and mean diastolic blood pressure was 71 ± 8 mmHg. The mean and standard deviation of the differences between the measurements obtained by the observer and those obtained with the automatic device were 0.63 ± 5.94 mmHg for systolic pressure and 0.17 ± 5.08 mmHg for diastolic pressure. In addition, about 93% of the differences between the ascultatory and MAPA-FCV were within 10 mmHg. Conclusions: in the present study a close agreement between systolic and diastolic pressure measurements obtained by the auscultatory method and the MAPA-FCV device was found. The data obtained show that the MAPA-FCV can be recommended for clinical use according to the guidelines of international entities.

Detección de Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis, por medio de PCR-anidada a partir de muestras de heces de ovinos / Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by nested-PCR of ovine fecal samples

Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which affects wild and domestic ruminants. Map is shed in feces from infected animals. Transmission of the infection takes place by oral ingestion of the bacterium from contaminated food and water with feces. With the objective to establish a paratuberculosis diagnosis in ovine by nested-PCR from fecal samples, 204 fecal and serum ovine samples were studied. Feces were evaluated by nested-PCR and bacterial culture, serum samples were analyzed by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). Nested-PCR yielded a 210 bp amplification product that corresponds to Map-IS900, in 61 out of 204 samples. From these, 43 were from AGID positive animals and 18 from negative animals. Seventeen Map strains were isolated by bacterial culture and AGID detected 91 positive animals. Nested-PCR allowed to detect, sooner, greater number of animals shedding bacillus, even when they had resulted negative to the serological test. This result is considered important because generally these animals, while remaining in the farm, constitute the main source of infection for the herd. Nested-PCR should be considered as an alternative, when a prompt result is required to know the health status of the herd with respect to paratuberculosis.

La paratuberculosis es una enteritis granulomatosa de curso crónico ocasionada por Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis (Map), afecta a rumiantes domésticos y silvestres. Map es excretada en las heces de animales que desarrollan la enfermedad, y la transmisión de la infección se da mediante la ingestión de alimentos y agua contaminados por heces de animales infectados. Con el objetivo de establecer el diagnóstico de paratuberculosis en ovinos por medio de la PCR-anidada a partir de muestras de heces, se trabajaron 204 muestras de heces y sueros de ovinos; las heces se evaluaron por PCR-anidada y cultivo bacteriológico, las muestras de sueros fueron analizadas por medio de inmunodifusión en agar gel (lDGA). Con la PCR-anidada se obtuvo un producto de amplificación 210 pb que corresponde a la IS900 de Map, en 61 de las 204 muestras. De éstas, 43 eran de animales positivos a IDGA y 18 negativos. Mediante cultivo bacteriológico se aislaron 17 cepas de Map; en este contexto, la IDGA detectó a 91 animales como positivos. La PCR-anidada permitió detectar en menor tiempo a mayor cantidad de animales que estaban eliminando al bacilo, aun cuando habían resultado negativos a la prueba serológica; este resultado se considera importante, ya que generalmente estos animales, al permanecer dentro de la granja, constituyen la principal fuente de infección para el rebaño. Se debe considerar a la PCR-anidada como alternativa, cuando se requiera el diagnóstico en breve tiempo, para conocer el estado sanitario del rebaño con respecto a paratuberculosis.