In Silico Modeling and Docking Analysis of CTX-M-5, Cefotaxime-Hydrolyzing ?-Lactamase from Human-Associated Salmonella Typhimurium

Objective: To computationally model the CTX-M-5 ?-lactamase and establish its structure, which is exclusively present in human-associated Salmonella. Methods: The CTX-M-5 aminoacid sequence (Uniprot ID:O65975) of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium was retrieved from UniProt database and subjected to homology modeling using MODELLER 9v7. The homology models were duly validated using RAMPAGE tool by generating Ramachandran plots, ERRAT graphs, and ProSA score. DoGSiteScorer server and ConSurf server were used to detect the cavities, pockets, and clefts to identify conserved amino acid sites in the predicted model. Subsequently, the modeled structure was docked using CLC Drug Discovery Workbench against proven drugs and known inhibitors. Results: Obtained high-quality homology model with 91.7% of the residues in favorable regions in Ramachandran plot and qualified in other quality parameters. Docking studies resulted in a higher dock score for PNK (D-benzylpenicilloic acid) molecule when compared to other reported inhibitors. Conclusion: This in silico study suggests that the compound PNK could be an efficient ligand for CTX-M-5 ?-lactamase and serve as a potent inhibitor of CTX-M-5.

Endo-perio Lesion: A Case Report

Background:Flexibility is important for normal biomechanical function. Muscle tightness is caused by a decrease in the ability of the muscle to deform. Hamstring tightness leads to high risk of recurrent injury, decreases the perfor-mance in athletes, lead to post-exercise soreness and decreases coordination among athletes. Hence, the objectives of this study was to find out the prevalence and severity of the hamstring tightness among college going student. Method: In this cross sectional study 50 participants with hamstring tightness were included using purposive sam-pling. The tightness was measured by AKE test. Three measurement were taken and average of their reading was noted. Result: Analysis showed higher prevalence of hamstring tightness among college students. More students were affected with AKE angle between 30o-45o. Conclusion: Prevalence of hamstring tightness is very high in college going student of age group 18-25 years.

Choroidal thickness profile in healthy Indian children.

Purpose: The purpose was to study choroidal thickness and its profile based on location in healthy Indian children using enhanced depth spectral‑domain‑optical coherence tomography (SD‑OCT). Methods: In this cross‑sectional observational study 255 eyes of 136 children with no retinal or choroidal disease were consecutively scanned using enhanced depth SD‑OCT. Eyes with any ocular disease or axial length (AXL) >25 mm or < 20 mm were excluded. A single observer measured choroidal thickness from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroid/sclera junction at 500‑microns intervals up to 2500 microns temporal and nasal to the fovea. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the correlation between choroidal thickness at various locations and age, AXL, gender and spherical equivalent (SEq). Results: Mean age of the subjects was 11.9 ± 3.4 years (range: 5–18 years). There were 62 Females and 74 males. The mean AXL was 23.55 ± 0.74 mm. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 312.1 ± 45.40 μm. Choroid was found to be thickest subfoveally, then temporally. Age, AXL and SEq showed a significant correlation with choroidal thickness, whereas gender did not affect choroidal thickness. Conclusion: Our study provides a valid normative database of choroidal thickness in healthy Indian children. This database could be useful for further studies evaluating choroidal changes in various chorioretinal disorders. Age and AXL are critical factors, which negatively correlated with choroidal thickness.

Noise pollution levels in Visakhapatnam City (India).

Visakhapatnam is an industrial and sea port city located on the east coast of India. A hospital (RCD hospital), residential area (Lawson's Bay Colony), traffic zone (Jagadamba junction, Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation Complex junction and Seethammadhara junction) and industrial zone (Sea port) were chosen to monitor the noise levels. The observed noise level at RCD hospital was more than 10 dBA in any time. The background noise at Santhi Ashram was approximately 3dBA less at night time and 2dBA less at day time compared to ambient air quality noise standards (AAQNS) for silent zone. The ambient air quality noise levels (AAQNL) at traffic junctions were 5 dBA or more than those prescribed by AAQNS for commercial zone and most of the values were found in the range of 80 +/- 10 dBA, among which 75% values were found in the range of 110 +/- 10 dBA. AAQNL near port were found in the range of 5 to 10 dBA positive shifts on AAQNS due to conveyor operation. The AAQNL were alarming even in the absence of conveyor system, indicating the impact of vehicular traffic. Remedial measures were suggested separately for each situation.