Situación epidemiológica de la Tuberculosis infantil en el departamento de Caldas 2016-2018 / Epidemiologic situation about Tuberculosis in children at the department of Caldas 2016-2018

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de la tuberculosis infantil en el Departamento de Caldas (2016-2018). Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional-descriptivo. Resultados: se registraron 41 casos (4%, 41/1.029). La incidencia fue 2,96/100.000 (2016), 6,31/100.000 (2017) y 4,34 /100.000 (2018). La mediana de edad fue 10 años (RI 2-16). El sexo femenino aporto 53,66%, predominó el estrato socioeconómico bajo (90,24%, 37/41), Manizales aportó la mayor carga de casos (43,9%, 18/41). La TB pulmonar se presentó en 39,02% de los casos de tuberculosis infantil. 68,29% (28/41) reportaron haber tenido síntomas alrededor de 15 días de evolución. 70,73% (29/41) presentarón tos con expectoración y 65,85% (27/41) reportaron astenia o disnea. La PPD se midió en 65,85% de la población (27/41) siendo positiva (> 10 mm) en 62,96% (17/27). El diagnóstico radiológico se realizó en 56,1% (23/41). Se reportaron 10 casos de TB extrapulmonar, la presentación más frecuente fue ganglionar (7/10). Se presentaron dos casos fatales. Discusión: La tuberculosis infantil en Caldas refleja la naturaleza de la enfermedad, afectándose principalmente niñas con vulnerabilidades sociales. El síntoma más común es tos húmeda con expectoración, similar a otros estudios desarrollados en Colombia. No se cuenta con una herramienta diagnostica con rendimiento suficiente, por lo que este sigue siendo un desafío clínico.

Abstract Objective: To describe the epidemiology of childhood TB in the Department of Caldas (2016-2018). Materials and methods: Observational-descriptive study. Results: 41 cases were registered (4%, 41 / 1,029). The incidence was 2.96 / 100,000 (2016), 6.31 / 100,000 (2017) and 4.34 / 100,000 (2018). The median age was 10 years (IR 2-16). The female sex contributed 53.66%, the low socioeconomic status predominated (90.24%, 37/41). Manizales contributed the highest case load (43.9%, 18/41). Pulmonary TB occurred in 39.02% of childhood TB cases. 68.29% (28/41) reported having symptoms around 15 days of evolution. 70.73% (29/41) presented cough with expectoration and 65.85% (27/41) reported asthenia or dyspnea. PPD was measured in 65.85% of the population (27/41), being positive (> 10 mm) in 62.96% (17/27). The radiological diagnosis was made in 56.1% (23/41). 10 cases of extrapulmonary TB were reported, the most frequent presentation was lymph node TB (7/10). Two fatal cases occurred. Discussion: Childhood tuberculosis in Caldas reflects the nature of the disease, mainly affecting girls with social vulnerabilities. The most common symptom is wet cough with expectoration, similar to other studies developed in Colombia. There is not a diagnostic tool with sufficient performance, so this remains a clinical challenge.

Antioxidant capacity, reproductive response and glucose concentration and insulin of ewes supplemented prior to insemination with orange residue / [Capacidade antioxidante, resposta reprodutiva e concentração de glicose e insulina de ovelhas suplementadas antes da inseminação com resíduo de laranja]

The objective was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin concentration and reproductive performance of ewes supplemented with orange residue prior to insemination. Fifty-five multiparous ewes were divided into two corrals, and 15 unbred ewes were kept individually to measure feed consumption. Two integral diets were administered; T0: control treatment and T1: with 20% of dry matter of orange residue. Ten days after the start of supplementation, the ewes were synchronized. Supplementation was finalized prior to artificial insemination, then, a blood sample was taken to measure the antioxidant capacity and glucose and insulin concentration. An analysis of variance was made to evaluate the effect of treatment on the antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin; and to analyze the response to estrus, percentage of gestation and prolificity a ji squared test was performed. Of 9 antioxidant compounds found in the orange residue, hesperidin (7.44%), chlorogenic acid (0.50%) and protocatechuic acid had the highest concentration. Feed intake, estrus response, percentage of gestation, antioxidant capacity, and glucose and insulin concentration were not affected by the treatment. It is concluded that inclusion of 20% of orange residue in the diet prior to insemination in ewes is possible.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade antioxidante, a concentração de glicose e insulina e o comportamento reprodutivo de ovelhas suplementadas com resíduo de laranja antes da inseminação. Cinquenta e cinco ovelhas multíparas foram divididas em dois currais e 15 ovelhas sem raça foram mantidas individualmente para se medir o consumo de ração. Duas dietas integrais foram administradas; T0: tratamento controle e T1: dieta com 20% de resíduo de laranja seco. Dias após o início da suplementação, as ovelhas foram sincronizadas. A suplementação foi finalizada antes da inseminação artificial e, em seguida, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue para medir a capacidade antioxidante e a concentração de glicose e insulina. Uma análise de variância foi feita para avaliar o efeito do tratamento sobre a capacidade antioxidante, a glicose e a insulina, e um teste do ji quadrado foi realizado para analisar a resposta ao estro, a porcentagem de gestação e de prolificidade. Dos nove compostos antioxidantes encontrados no resíduo laranja, a hesperidina (7,44%), o ácido clorogênico (0,50%) e o ácido protocatecuico foram os de maior concentração. O consumo alimentar, a resposta ao estro, a porcentagem de gestação, a capacidade antioxidante, a concentração de glicose e a insulina não foram afetados pelo tratamento. Conclui-se que é possível a inclusão de 20% de resíduos de laranja na dieta antes da inseminação em ovelhas.(AU)

Use of Tithonia diversifolia (hemsl) A. Gray in the diet of growing lambs / [Uso de tithonia diversifolia (hemsl) A. Gray na dieta de cordeiros em crescimento]

Two assays were conducted to study the Tithonia diversifolia (Td) plant: (1) chemical analysis and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of plant parts and (2) productive performance of lambs fed a traditional diet or a Td diet (30% of Td plus 70% of the traditional diet). The plant parts studied were leaves (L), leaves and petioles (LP); and leaves, petioles and stems (LPS). Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were registered weekly during five weeks of experimentation. The L showed higher (P<0.05) crude protein content (26.7%) than LP and LPS (25.5 and 19.7%, respectively). Crude fiber (11.2%), neutral detergent fiber (45.4%), cellulose (16.9%) and hemicellulose (33.5%) were lower in L than in LP (12.5, 46.7, 18.0 and 35.7%, respectively) and LPS (22.6, 59.2, 27.0 and 43.5%, respectively). The L and LP showed the highest IVDMD (89.2 and 88.2%, respectively vs. 77.2% of LPS). The Td diet resulted in greater feed intake and weight gain and lower feed conversion than the traditional diet. Therefore, Tithonia diversifolia is a forage plant of good quality for lambs which does not affect the productive performance.(AU)

Dois ensaios foram realizados para estudar a planta de Tithonia diversifolia (Td): (1) análise química e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) de partes de plantas e (2) desempenho produtivo de cordeiros alimentados com dieta tradicional ou dieta Td (30% de Td mais 70% da dieta tradicional). As partes vegetais estudadas foram folhas (L), folhas e pecíolos (LP); folhas, pecíolos e caules (LPS). O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar foram registrados semanalmente, durante cinco semanas de experimentação. O L apresentou maior (P<0,05) conteúdo de proteína bruta (26,7%) que o LP e o LPS (25,5 e 19,7%, respectivamente). Fibra bruta (11,2%), fibra em detergente neutro (45,4%), celulose (16,9%) e hemicelulose (33,5%) foram menores em L do que em LP (12,5, 46,7, 18,0 e 35,7%, respectivamente) e LPS (22,6, 59,2, 27,0 e 43,5%, respectivamente). O L e o LP apresentaram o maior DIVMS (89,2 e 88,2%, respectivamente vs. 77,2% do LPS). A dieta Td resultou em maior consumo de ração e maior ganho de peso e menor conversão alimentar que a dieta tradicional. Portanto, Tithonia diversifolia é uma planta forrageira de boa qualidade para cordeiros que não afeta o desempenho produtivo.(AU)

Peso de nacimiento y posterior estado nutricional, desarrollo cognitivo y actividad ocupacional: una revisión crítica / Birth weight and later nutritional status, cognitive development and job status: a critical review

El impacto del estado nutricional prenatal, especialmente lo concerniente al peso de nacimiento (PN) y sus efectos tanto en el corto, mediano o largo plazo, sobre el estado nutricional y el desarrollo cognitivo del niño y, sobre la ocupación desempeñada en la vida adulta, ha sido una problemática de interés para diversos investigadores; al respecto, algunos autores encuentran una asociación positiva y significativa entre estas variables, mientras que otros no encuentran ninguna relación. Es así como se ha descrito que niños con PN insuficiente, bajo o, extremadamente bajo, además del deterioro temprano del estado nutricional, presentarían en el corto plazo, un mayor riesgo de daño en la maduración cerebral, retraso del desarrollo cognitivo y menores circunferencias craneanas, lo que implicaría menor volumen encefálico y bajo rendimiento intelectual. En el corto y mediano plazo, esta situación perjudicaría el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje en la etapa escolar, mientras que en el largo plazo, esto condicionaría la ocupación a desempeñar en la vida adulta. Actualmente, el cuerpo de conocimientos pone de manifiesto que los hallazgos relativos a estas asociaciones no son concluyentes, existiendo gran controversia en estas materias. Este artículo de revisión tiene el propósito de analizar la evidencia existente hasta este momento, con el objeto de incentivar la investigación en estos aspectos que son de gran relevancia para el desarrollo del niño y su vida futura.

The impact of prenatal nutritional status, assessed through birth weight (BW) and their effects in the short, medium and long-term on nutritional status, cognitive development and job status in the adult life, has been a problem of interest for several researchers; as regards, some of these report a positive and significant association between these variables and others do not find any relation. Children with insufficient, low or very low BW despite the early more deteriorate nutritional status should present higher risk for brain maturation, failure cognitive development and lowered head circumference which implies both lowered brain volume and intellectual development. In the short and medium-term, this situation damages the learning process at school-age, while in the long-term this might condition the quality of jobs. At present, the body of knowledge pinpoints that findings related to these associations is not conclusive verifying a great controversy in these matters. This review article has the purpose of analyzing the current evidence, in order to stimulate research about to these aspects which are relevant for child development and their future life.