Avaliação da patência da artéria radial após cateterismo transradial / Evaluation of radial artery patency after transradial catheterization

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora a abordagem transradial tenha reduzido as complicações vasculares, a oclusão da artéria radial ainda é uma de suas limitações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a patência da artéria radial após cateterismo cardíaco transradial. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco pela via transradial. Os procedimentos foram realizados com cateteres 5 F ou 6 F, com a administração de 5.000 U de heparina e 200 µg de nitroglicerina através do introdutor radial. O fluxo sanguíneo na artéria radial foi avaliado com o uso do Doppler antes, imediatamente após a retirada do curativo e 7 dias depois do procedimento. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 120 pacientes, dos quais 42,5% eram do sexo masculino, com idade de 59,1 ± 10,6 anos, 25,8% eram diabéticos, com peso de 77,4 ± 14,2 kg e altura de 166 ± 8,1 cm. O número de cateteres utilizados foi de 2,3 ± 0,5 por paciente, 55,8% usando introdutores 6 F. A duração do procedimento foi de 14,8 ± 5,2 minutos, o tempo de punção foi de 129,7 ± 124,1 segundos e o tempo de fluoroscopia, de 4 ± 2,3 minutos. Espasmo e crossover para técnica femoral ocorreram em 20,8% e 1,7% dos procedimentos, respectivamente. Hematoma significativo ocorreu em 2,4% dos pacientes. Em uma semana de acompanhamento, observaram-se oclusões da artéria em 1,7% e redução do fluxo sanguíneo em 26,7% dos pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: A oclusão da artéria radial pós-procedimento diagnóstico utilizando a via de acesso radial é infrequente e não deve ser considerada limitação importante da técnica.

BACKGROUND: Although the transradial approach has reduced vascular complications, radial artery occlusion is still considered one of its limitations. The aim of this study was to evaluate radial artery patency after transradial cardiac catheterization. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization using the transradial approach. Procedures were performed with 5 F and 6 F catheters with the administration of 5,000 IU of heparin and 200 µg of nitroglycerin through the radial sheath. Radial artery blood flow was assessed by Doppler before, immediately after bandage removal and 7 days after the procedure. RESULTS: The study included 120 patients of which 42.5% were males, with 59.1 ± 10.6 years of age, 25.8% were diabetic, weighing 77.4 ± 14.2 kg and height of 166 ± 8.1 cm. The number of catheters used was 2.3 ± 0.5 per patient, 55.8% using 6 F sheaths. Duration of the procedure was 14.8 ± 5.2 minutes, puncture time was 129.7 ± 124.1 seconds and fluoroscopy time was 4 ± 2.3 minutes. Radial spasm and crossover to the femoral technique occurred in 20.8% and 1.7% of the procedures, respectively. Significant hematoma was observed in 2.4% of the patients. At 1 week of follow-up, arterial occlusion was observed in 1.7% and reduced blood flow in 26.7% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Radial artery occlusion following diagnostic procedure using the transradial approach is rare and should not be considered as an important technique limitation.

Influência da curva de aprendizado nos procedimentos percutâneos por via transradial / Influence of the learning curve in percutaneous procedures by transradial approach

Introdução: A curva de aprendizado é uma das limitações da técnica radial. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar ainfluência desse aprendizado nos resultados de procedimentosrealizados pelo acesso radial. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, com pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco e alocados no grupo A (intervenções realizadas por operadorescom > 500 procedimentos por via radial) e no grupo B (intervenções realizadas por operadores com < 500 procedimentos por via radial). O pulso radial foi avaliado com Doppler antes, imediatamente após e aos sete dias da intervenção. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 58 pacientes no grupo A e 62 no grupo B. A maioria era do sexo feminino(57,5%), com média de idade de 59 + 10,3 anos, e 25% eram diabéticos. A doença arterial coronária foi diagnosticada em igual proporção entre os grupos (43,9% vs. 42,4%;P > 0,99), mas a doença valvar apresentou maior prevalênciano grupo A (24,1% vs. 3,2%; P = 0,001). A taxa de crossover para a técnica femoral foi semelhante (1,7% vs. 1,6%; P > 0,99). Os operadores com maior experiência realizaram os procedimentos com menor tempo de punção e de fluoroscopia e com menor tempo total de exame (13,2 + 5,2 minutos vs. 16,3 + 4,8 minutos; P = 0,001). Não ocorreram complicações maiores. Não foram observadasdiferenças em relação à presença de hematomas tipo I (12% vs. 3,2%), tipo II (1,7% vs. 1,7%) e tipo III (0 vs. 1,7%). Na avaliação pelo Doppler, o fluxo do pulso e a oclusão da artéria radial foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclusões: A curva de aprendizado exerce papel importanteem alguns dos desfechos relacionados aos procedimentos pela via de acesso radial. Operadores experientesrealizam exames com menor tempo total, de fluoroscopia e de punção.

BACKGROUND: The learning curve is one of the limitations of the transradial technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the learning curve in the outcomes of procedures using the radial approach. METHODS: Prospective cohort study in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization allocated to Group A (interventions performed by operators with > 500 procedures by radial approach) and Group B (interventions performed by operators with < 500 procedures by radial approach). Radial pulse was evaluated by Doppler before, immediately after and seven days after the intervention. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included in Group A and 62 in Group B. Most of them were female (57.5%), with mean age of 59 ± 10.3 years and 25% were diabetic. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed in equal proportion between groups (43.9% vs. 42.4%; P > 0.99), but valve disease was more prevalent in Group A (24.1% vs. 3.2%; P = 0.001). The crossover rate for the femoral technique was similar (1.7% vs. 1.6%; P > 0.99). The more experienced operators performed the procedures with shorter puncture, fluoroscopy and total procedure time (13.2 ± 5.2 minutes vs. 16.3 ± 4.8 minutes; P = 0.001). There were no major complications. No differences were observed for the presence of type I (12% vs. 3.2%), type II (1.7% vs. 1.7%) and type III (0 vs. 1.7%) hematoma. On Doppler evaluation, pulse flow and radial artery occlusion were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The learning curve plays an important role in some of the outcomes related to procedures using the radial approach. Experienced operators perform procedures with shorter puncture, fluoroscopy and total procedure time.

Angioplastia primária no infarto agudo do miocárdio: existe diferença de resultados entre as angioplastias realizadas dentro e fora do horário de rotina? / Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: is there a difference in the outcomes of normal and off-hours procedures?

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos demonstram que as angioplastias primárias realizadas fora do horário de rotina estão relacionadas a pior prognóstico. É objetivo deste estudo avaliar os desfechos das angioplastias primárias realizadas dentro e fora do horário de rotina de serviço de hemodinâmiva. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, incluindo 112 pacientes consecutivamente atendidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM) entre dezembro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Características clínicas e angiográficas e evolução hospitalar foram registradas em banco de dados específicos. Houve dois grupos para comparação: grupo A, IAM tratado entre as 20 horas e as 8 horas e B, IAM tratado entre as 8 horas e as 20 horas. Resultados: A amostra inclui 44 pacientes no grupo A e 68 no grupo B. As características basais foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. O tempo porta-balão foi significativamente maior no grupo A (133 minutos vs. 90 minutos; P < 0,001). No entanto, não houve diferença significante entre os grupos A e B...

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that off-hours primary percutaneous coronary intervention is related to worse prognosis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of normal and off-hours primary percutaneous coronary interventions. METHODS: A prospective observational study including 112 consecutive patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI) was conducted from December 2009 to January 2010. Clinical and angiographic characteristics and in-hospital follow up were registered in a specific database. There were two groups for comparison: group A, MI treated between 8 pm and 8 am and group B, MI treated between 8 am and 8 pm. RESULTS: The sample included 44 patients in group A and 68 in group B. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Door-to-balloon time was significantly longer in group A (133 minutes vs. 90 minutes; P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between groups A and B regarding mortality (13.7% vs. 5.9%; P = 0.28), reinfarction (6.8% vs. 4.4%; P = 0.90), progression to cardiogenic shock (11.4% vs. 4.4%; P = 0.30), stent thrombosis (6.8% vs. 1.5%; P = 0.33), or major bleeding (2.3% vs. 1.5%; P > 0.99). The only predictor of combined in-hospital outcome was heart rate at admission (odds ratio 1.02; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MI have similar in-hospital clinical outcomes during normal and off-hours primary percutaneous coronary intervention. However, door-to-balloon time is significantly longer during off-hours procedures.

Marca-passo permanente após implante percutâneo valvular aórtico: a necessidade é maior que imaginávamos? / Permanent pacemaker after percutaneous aortic valve implantation: is the need greater than we had anticipated?

O implante percutâneo valvular aórtico é uma alternativa promissora no tratamento da estenose aórtica grave de pacientes com elevado risco cirúrgico. No entanto, parte desses pacientes pode desenvolver distúrbios do sistema de condução elétrico do coração e necessidade de implante de marca-passo permanente. O mecanismo das alterações do sistema de condução não está completamente elucidado. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a frequênia e os fatores relacionados à necessidade de marca-passo permanente em nosso meio. Método: Série de casos com descrição das variáveis absolutas e relativas associadas à necessidade de marca-passo permanente em pacientes submetidos a implante percutâneo valvular aórtico no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: Entre novembro de 2008 e novembro de 2009, 10 pacientes foram submetidos a implante percutâneo valvular...

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous aortic valve implantation (PAVI) is a promising alternative treatment for severe aortic stenosis in high surgical risk patients. However, part of these patients may develop electrical conduction system disturbances and require permanent pacemaker implantation. The mechanism of such electrical conduction system disturbances has not been totally elucidated. Our objective is to assess the frequency and factors related to the need of a permanent pacemaker (PPM) in this scenario. METHOD: A series of cases describing absolute and relative variables associated to PPM implantation in patients submitted to PAVI at Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. RESULTS: Between November 2008 and November 2009, ten patients were submitted to PAVI using the CoreValveTM prosthesis. Two patients who died due to complications not associated to the conduction system disturbances were excluded. The procedure was successfully carried out in the eight remaining patients, with gradient reduction between the left ventricle and aorta and symptomatic relief. Most of the patients were women (75%) and mean age was 86 years. PPM was required in six patients (75%) after PAVI. The single procedure related event was the development of left bundle branch block (LBBB). During clinical follow-up, one patient resumed sinus rhythm, two alternated their own rhythm with the pacemaker rhythm and three remain totally dependent of artificial stimulus. CONCLUSIONS: We observed an increased need of PPM after PAVI and the development of LBBB seems to be associated to it. Additional and powered studies, comparing other techniques, are required to define the exact incidence of rhythm disturbances caused by PAVI.