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BACKGROUND: In the diseases process of the central nervous system, pathogenic factors stimulate microglia cells to over-activate and secrete inflammatory factors, which lead to further injury of neurons. Whether the deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate can reduce the over-activation and inflammatory effects of microglia cells caused by fluorosis is worthy of further study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of sodium butyrate on fluorine-induced over-activation of microglia in the brain and the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. METHODS: Microglia cells (BV-2) were routinely cultured in F12/DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. CCK-8 method was used to observe the effects of sodium fluoride, sodium butyrate and their combination on the viability of BV-2 cells in logarithmic growth phase. The morphology of BV-2 cells after treatment with sodium fluoride, sodium butyrate and their combination, mRNA and protein expressions of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were observed by inverted microscope, RT-qPCR and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) CCK8 results showed that 25×10-6 sodium fluoride could reduce the viability of BV-2 cells, and 0.25 mmol/L sodium butyrate could increase the viability of BV-2 cells. Sodium butyrate 0.25 mmol/L could reverse the decreased viability of 25×10-6 sodium fluoride on BV-2 cells. (2) RT-qPCR and western blot assay results showed that 0.25 mmol/L sodium butyrate could antagonize the over-expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α induced by 25×10-6 sodium fluoride. (3) It indicates that sodium butyrate, in a certain dose, can reduce the inflammatory response mediated by fluorium-induced microglia cells.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel bone cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screw augmented with polymethylmethacrylate in osteoporotic spinal surgery. METHODS: This study included 128 patients with osteoporosis (BMD T-score −3.2±1.9; range, −5.4 to -2.5) who underwent spinal decompression and instrumentation with a polymethylmethacrylate-augmented bone cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screw. Postoperative Visual Analogue Scale scores and the Oswestry Disability Index were compared with preoperative values. Postoperative plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed immediately after surgery; at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months; and annually thereafter. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 42.4±13.4 months (range, 23 to 71 months). A total of 418 polymethylmethacrylate-augmented bone cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screws were used. Cement extravasations were detected in 27 bone cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screws (6.46%), mainly in cases of vertebral fracture, without any clinical sequela. The postoperative low back and lower limb Visual Analogue Scale scores were significantly reduced compared with the preoperative scores (<0.01), and similar results were noted for the Oswestry Disability Index score (p<0.01). No significant screw migration was noted at the final follow-up relative to immediately after surgery (p<0.01). All cases achieved successful bone fusion, and no case required revision. No infection or blood clots occurred after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The polymethylmethacrylate-augmented bone cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screw is safe and effective for use in osteoporotic patients who require spinal instrumentation.