Influence of aminoguanidine on retina morphology and expression of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase after retina ischemia-reperfusion injury / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Many eye diseases such as central retinal artery occlusion,glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy,etc.lead to retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) and furthmore visual functional damage.It is neeessary to study the treatment of RIRI.Objective This study was to observe and discuss the influence of aminoguanidine on the retina morphological changes and its mechanism after RIRI.Methods Eighty clean healthy male Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into normal injury group,RIRI group and aminoguanidine (AG)treated group.The model of RIRI was established by infusing saline solution into the anterior chamber to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP) in both RIRI group and AG group.AG was intraperitoneally injected in the models of the AG group,and normal saline solution was used at the same method in tbe normal group and the RIRI group.The fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) were pertormed on the rabbits at the moment of retina ischemia and 6,24 and 72 hours after reperfusion.The parts of rabbits were sacrificed 1,6,24 and 72 hours after reperfusion,followed by the enucleation of the eyeballs.Retinal section was prepared for TUNEL examination to evaluate the apoptosis of retinal cells.Nitric oxide (NO) concentration in retina was detected with nitrate reductase,and the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured by colorimetric detection.The use of the animals followed the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The fundus photography and FFA showed that the retinal edema was more mild,and the percentage of vascular occlusion was lower in the AG treatment group than that in RIRI group and the amount and area of fluorescein leakage were also smaller than the treatment group.The numbers of TUNEL positive cells in the AG treatment group were less than those in the RIRI model group at 1,6,24 and 72 hours after experiment (F分组 =2762.37,P =0.00 ; F时间 =894.24,P =0.00).Numbers of TUNEL positive cells between adjacent time points were significantly different in both RIRI model group and AG treatment group (RIRI group:q =24.475,36.591,-20.37,P＜0.05;AG group:q =20.94,16.79,-6.92,P＜0.05),with the peak value at 24 hours after experiment.NO contents were significantly higher in the RIRI model group compared to AG group at various time points(q =3.84,4.01,8.91,3.75,P＜0.05),and those between adjacent time points showed significant differences (RIRI group:q=4.77,13.403,-10.29,P＜0.05;AG group:q=4.55,9.05,-5.08,P＜0.05).iNOS activity was significantly elevated in the RIRI model group compared with AG group(q=-3.74,-4.94,-6.53,-3.98,P＜0.05),and obvious differences also were seen between the adjacent time points in both two groups(RIRI group:q =8.43,6.71,-6.39,P＜0.05 ;AG group:q =4.16,5.08,-3.93,P＜0.05).Conclusions Aminoguanidine can protect the retinal function and morpbology from oxidative stress damage after RIRI by reducing the NO level and inhibiting the iNOS activity in retina.

The expression of CD95 and activated antigens in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of CD95 and special marker for activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and its significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Immunofluorescent two-color flow cytometry was used to study the expression of CD95 and HLA-DR on lymphocytes in 58 patients with HFMD and 34 normal controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Expression of CD3+ T cells was significantly lower in patients (63.82 +/- 7.74)% than that in controls (P < 0.001), meanwhile the expression of CD4+ T cells was (34.29 +/- 7.33)%, significantly lower than that of the controls (P < 0.005). The percentage of lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR in patients was (23.77 +/- 5.78)%, significantly higher than that of the controls (P < 0.005). Significant difference was observed in the expression of HLA- DR on CD8+ T cells in patients (1.34 +/- 1.12)% as compared with controls (P < 0.005). No significant difference in the expression of CD95 on lymphocytes was observed between patients and the controls (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The findings support that cellular immunodeficiency exists in patients and that lymphocytes were abnormally activated in the patients. The activation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes in patients mainly involves CD8 subset and it may play an important role in the immune response to antiviral infection.</p>

The application of decision tree in the research of anemia among rural children under 3-year-old / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the application of decision tree in the research of anemia among rural children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In the Enterprise Miner module of software SAS 8.2, 3000 observations were sampled from database and the decision tree model was built. The model using decision tree of CART bases on Gini impurity index.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The misclassification rate of decision tree model was, training set 21.2%, validation set 21.9%. The Root ASE of decision tree model was, training set 0.399, validation set 0.404. The area under the ROC curve was larger than the reference line. The diagnostic chart showed that the corresponding percentage was higher than the other. The decision tree model selected 9 important factors and ranked them by their power, among which mother of anemia (1.00) was the most important factor. Others were children's age (0.75), time of ablactation (0.53), mother's age (0.32), the time of egg supplementation (0.26), category of the project county (0.26), the time of milk supplementation (0.16), number of people in the family (0.13), the education status of the mother (0.12). Decision tree produced simple and easy rules that might be used to classify and predict in the same research.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Decision tree could screen out the important factors of anemia and identify the cutting-points for factors. With the wide application of decision tree, it would exhibit important application values in the research of the rural children health care.</p>

Types and emergence time of YMDD motif mutation in hepatitis B virus polymerase gene during lamivudine treatment / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the types and emergence time of YMDD motif mutation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase gene during lamivudine treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The serum samples were collected from 33 patients with HBV DNA rebounding and 2 non-responders after at least one year lamivudine treatment. HBV polymerase gene was amplificated by PCR, then the products were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and by direct sequence analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The variants with YMDD mutation were 14 out of the 35 patients. Mutation patterns detected in these patients included four YIDD, six YVDD, three YI/VDD and one YI/MDD. The mean emergence time of YMDD variants was 11.07+/-3.65 months after the treatment, and the earliest one and the latest one occurred 5 months and 17 months after the treatment respectively. The emergence times of YIDD, YVDD, YI/VDD were (10.00 +/- 1.41) months, (11.67 +/- 4.41) months and (13.33 +/- 3.31) months respectively, which had no statistical significance (F = 0.543, P < 0.05). Three patients treated with lamivudine 200 mg every day after the mutation were followed up for 6 months, whose HBV variants had not vanished.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are many kinds of HBV variants after lamivudine treatment, including YIDD, YVDD, YI/VDD and YI/MDD. The emergence time of variants is quite variable between different types and the mean time is (11.07 +/- 3.65) months after treatment, and there is no relationship between the type of YMDD mutation and the time of lamivudine administration.</p>

Detection and analysis of the new kind of G743C and G743A point mutation of HBV P gene in hepatitis B virus infected patients resistant to lamivudine / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the point mutation in hepatitis B virus polymerase (HBV P) gene in HBV-infected patients resistant to lamivudine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HBV P gene was amplified by PCR and the products was sequenced to analyze the YMDD mutation. Then the variants were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with the following restriction enzymes: Fok I, Ssp I, Alw441 and were separated by 8.0% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparing with the sequences of standard HBV genome, there were 16 patients with G743C mutation and 1 patient with G743A mutation, and the codon ATG turned to ATC and ATA, YMDD motif changed into YIDD. But this kind of YIDD mutation was not proved by PCR-RFLP assay in the 17 patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The G743C and G743A mutations in HBV P gene, resulting in YMDD motif changed into YIDD, are detected only by direct sequencing, not by PCR-RFLP. The new kind of G743C and G743A point mutations in HBV P gene is important for the detection of HBV P gene YMDD mutation.</p>