Surgical closure of large splenorenal shunt may accelerate recovery from hepato-pulmonary syndrome in liver transplant patients / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND@#Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is not uncommon in the setting of liver disease, especially in liver cirrhosis patients. The prevalence of HPS in liver cirrhosis patients varies from 4% to 47%.[1-3] About the definition of HPS, it is a pulmonary vascular disorder with evidence of intrapulmonary arterial venous shunt.[4] Pulmonary dyspnea and polycythemia are common presentations of HPS. Dyspnea, cyanosis and clubbed fingers were present in most of all cases. Spider nevi is another common clinical feature of patients with HPS.

The Correlation between the Location of Thyroid Papillary Microcarcinoma and Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between the location of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma and cervical lymph node metastasis. Methods The clinical data of 334 cases of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. The location of the lesion, the size of the lesion, the situation of the capsule and other factors were compared in patients with central lymph nodes or/and cervical lymph node metastasis. Results The lymph node metastasis rate were 33.33% (26/104),39.81% (43/108),and 52.46% (64/122), when the papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was located at the upper pole, median pole,and lower pole respectively (P＜0.005) . There were 46 cases (46/334, 13.77%) with cervical lymph node metastasis. The metastasis rate of cervical lymph node were 21.15% (22/104), 11.11% (12/108),and 9.83% (12/122), when the papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was located at the upper pole, median pole,and lower pole respectively (P=0.003) . 3 patients (6.5%) had no central lymph node metastasis and direct skipping of the cervical lymph nod trensfer. The rate of tumor break through through the membrane in patients with cervical lymph node metastases was 30.43% (14/46), which was higher than the 19.09% (55/288) of patients without lymph node metastasis (P＜0.005).Conclusions There is a certain correlation between the location of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and cervical lymph node metastasis.

Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China

The breeding of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for human consumption has a long tradition in China. Infections that can affect the production of meat or even be transmitted from animals to humans are important to monitor, especially for public health reasons as well as for their impact on animal health. Thus, a total of 1,132 domestic rabbit sera from 4 regions in China were collected for serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi and for Toxoplasma gondii by ELISA and modified agglutination test (MAT), respectively. Antibodies to E. cuniculi were detected in 248/1,132 (21.9%) sera tested while antibodies against T. gondii revealed a seroprevalence of 51/1,132 (4.5%). We believe that the present results are of epidemiological implications and public health importance due to the acknowledged susceptibility of humans to E. cuniculi and T. gondii infections. Therefore, routine screening tests of domestic rabbits are proposed considering the zoonotic potential of these parasites.

Establishment of prediction model for spontaneous rupture of primary liver cancer / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a prediction model for spontaneous rupture of primary liver cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 77 patients with spontaneous rupture of primary liver cancer and 95 primary liver cancer patients without spontaneous rupture were collected and compared. The risk factors of spontaneous rupture of primary liver cancer were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that moderate or severe ascites, liver cirrhosis, protrusion of tumor from the liver surface, tumor size ≥ 5 cm were independent risk factors of spontaneous rupture of primary liver cancer. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the established model for spontaneous rupture was 0.862 (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The established model base on the severity of ascites, liver cirrhosis, protrusion of tumor and large tumor size can effectively estimate the risk of spontaneous rupture of primary liver cancer.</p>

New concept and progress of surgery for pediatric anorectal malformation in China / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Congenital anorectal malformation(CAM) is one of the most common colorectal diseases in children. Anoplasty has been the only treatment. Because of the fact that anorectal malformation is constantly complicated with congenital defect in the nerve and musculature, postoperative difficulty in defecation is common. Poor long-term quality of life of these affected children is a burden to the children, family, and society. With the advance of modern medicine, emphasizing the functional recovery after anatomical reconstruction of anorectum and conduction of individualized biofeedback training program to improve the defecatory function and long-term quality of life are the new treatment concepts and important progress. Novel methods for the prevention and treatment of CAM are still under exploration.

Clinical significance of detection of internal anal sphincter in children with functional constipation / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the structural and functional changes of internal anal sphincter (IAS) in children with functional constipation (FC), and to evaluate the association between the thickness of IAS and the severity of clinical symptoms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 35 children with FC(constipation group,17 with incontinence) between June 2008 and December 2008 at the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University were evaluated using anal manometry and endosonography. These patients were compared to 23 hospitalized children who were excluded for digestive and endocrinal diseases(control group). A validated symptom score(SS) was used to assess the severity of symptoms. The sum of SS ranged between 0 and 65.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Anorectal manometry showed reflex relaxation of IAS in response to distension of rectal balloon in all patients. Rectal perceptional threshold in FC group was significantly higher than that in the controls[(42.4 ± 19.5) ml vs.(29.1 ± 15.6) ml, P<0.05]. The lowest volume for inducing reflex relaxation of IAS was significantly higher than that in the controls [(55.6 ± 31.6) ml vs.(30.5 ±13.8) ml, P<0.05]. The thickening of IAS was noted in all the patients[(3.8 ± 1.7) mm vs.(2.5 ± 1.0) mm, P<0.05]. However, there was no significant difference between FC and control in median resting anal sphincter pressure[(170.8 ± 62.3) mm Hg vs. (161.3 ± 51.1) mm Hg, P>0.05]. The median symptom score was 9.3 ± 4.3 in the FC group. The thickness of IAS correlated significantly with total symptom severity score(r=0.407, P<0.05). There was no correlation between thickness of IAS and age, sex, or duration of disease(P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Structural and functional changes of internal anal sphincter exist in children with functional constipation. The thickness of internal anal sphincter correlates significantly with symptom severity.</p>

Mutation analysis of methyl CpG-binding protein 2 gene(exon 3) in Hirschsprung disease and anorectal malformations / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between exon 3 mutation in the methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2-E3) gene and Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and anorectal malformations (ARMs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PCR and DNA sequencing were used to detect the mutation of MeCP2-E3 in 120 healthy controls, 120 HSCR, and 50 ARMs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>On sequencing, 45(37.5%) children with HSCR had basic replacement in MeCP2-E3, 12(10.0%) of them were homozygous mutation. Fourteen(28.0%) children with ARMs had basic replacement in MeCP2-E3, 4(8%) of them were homozygous mutation. There were no mutation in the control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Mutation of MeCP2-E3 is present in the peripheral blood of children with HSCR or ARMs, which may contribute to the development of Hirschsprung disease or anorectal malformations.</p>

Expression and significance of Notch-1 and Jagged-2 in patients with Hirschsprung disease / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of Notch-1 and Jagged-2 in the normal and spastic segments of colon in patients with Hirschsprung disease(HD), and to explore the correlation of Notch-1 and Jagged-2 with pathogenesis of HD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 2005 to 2010, resected colon specimens of 30 cases with HD were selected for this study. Normal colonic segments were served as control group, while the transitional and spastic segments as experimental group. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and RT-PCR were applied to detect the expression of Notch-1 and Jagged-2.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A large number of Notch-1 and Jagged-2 positive gangliocytes were observed in the control group, while none was observed in spastic segments. Significantly less Notch-1 and Jagged-2 positive gangliocytes were found in the transitional segments. Western blotting revealed that Notch-1 and Jagged-2 protein levels in spastic segments (0.19±0.02 and 0.13±0.04) were less than that in transitional segments and normal segments (0.58±0.05 and 0.52±0.04, 0.72±0.04 and 0.69±0.04, respectively)(P<0.05). RT-PCR revealed that Notch-1 and Jagged-2 mRNA levels were consistent with protein expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Notch-1 and Jagged-2 are not expressed in spastic colon segments, which may be associated with the pathogenesis of HD.</p>

Expression of Wnt5a in the terminal rectum of children with anorectal malformation / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of Wnt5a protein in the terminal rectum of children with anorectal malformation (ARM) and the possible association between Wnt5a and ARM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Specimens were obtained from 20 children with ARM, 7 children with acquired rectovestibular fistula and 6 children with non-gastrointestinal tract disease (control group). The expression of Wnt5a protein in the terminal rectum was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Wnt5a was mainly expressed in the rectum of the myenteric nerve plexus, mucosal layer and submucosa in the control group. Compared with the control group, Wnt5a expression in the terminal rectum decreased significantly in the ARM group, and decreased more significantly in children with high ARM. The results of Western blot showed the expression of Wnt5a protein in the high, intermediate and low ARM groups were significantly lower than that in the acquired rectovestibular fistula and the control groups (P<0.01). The expression of Wnt5a protein in the high and the intermediate ARM groups were also lower than that in the low ARM group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the Wnt5a protein expression between the acquired rectovestibular fistula and the control groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The expression of Wnt5a in the termina1 rectum decreases in children with ARM, suggesting Wnt5a may play an important role in the development of ARM.</p>

Coagulase-negative staphylococcus and enterococcus as predominant pathogens in liver transplant recipients with Gram-positive coccal bacteremia / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus have been a common cause of infection among liver transplant (LT) recipients in recent decades. The understanding of local epidemiology and its evolving trends with regard to pathogenic spectra and antibiotic susceptibility is beneficial to prophylactic and empiric treatment for LT recipients. This study aimed to investigate etiology, timing, antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors for multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-positive coccal bacteremia after LT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cohort analysis of prospectively recorded data was performed to investigate etiologies, timing, antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors for MDR Gram-positive coccal bacteremia in 475 LT recipients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 475 LT recipients in the first six months after LT, there were a total of 98 episodes of bacteremia caused by Gram-positive cocci in 82 (17%) patients. Seventy-five (77%) bacteremic episodes occurred in the first post-LT month. The most frequent Gram-positive cocci were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS, 46 isolates), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 13) and enterococcus (34, E. faecium 30, E. faecalis 4). In all Gram-positive bacteremic isolates, 59 of 98 (60%) were MDR. Gram-positive coccal bacteremia and MDR Gram-positive coccal bacteremia predominantly occurred in patients with acute severe exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B and with fulminant/subfulminant hepatitis. Four independent risk factors for development of bacteremia caused by MDR Gram-positive coccus were: LT candidates with encephalopathy grades II - IV (P = 0.013, OR: 16.253, 95%CI: 1.822 - 144.995), pre-LT use of empirical antibiotics (P = 0.018, OR: 1.029, 95%CI: 1.002 - 1.057), post-LT urinary tract infections (P < 0.001, OR: 20.340, 95%CI: 4.135 - 100.048) and abdominal infection (P = 0.004, OR: 2.820, 95%CI: 1.122 - 10.114). The main infectious manifestations were coinfections due to gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Methicillin-resistant CoNS and enterococci are predominant pathogens among LT recipients with Gram-positive coccal bacteremia. Occurrences of Gram-positive coccal bacteremia may be associated with the severity of illness in the perioperative stage.</p>

Preliminary study on diagnostic standard of functional constipation in children from five cities in North China / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the symptomatic criteria for diagnosis in children with functional constipation(FC) in North China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A screening program for FC in children was carried out in 5 northern cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Changchun, Harbin) of China according to symptoms using Rome III( criteria. Random clustered sampling of the inhabitants was carried out under stratification of city, region and school or kindergarten. Sample size of each area was in proportion to the population of the area. The range of age was 4-14. All the subjects were requested to fill in a questionnaire distributed by the teacher. The screening program was carried out immediately after a plot survey. A total of 20,000 questionnaires were distributed and 19,638 retrieved. According to the result of the screening, a small number of patients who fulfilled the criteria were further selected to undergo detail clinical examinations in the hospital including laboratory examination, colonic transit time, defecography or/and barium enema, electromyogram and anorectal manometry to exclude organic disease of the colon. A detailed questionnaire was filled in with the assistance from a trained doctor or a medical student. Potential risk factors and the relative symptoms were explored by comparing frequencies between FC group and non-FC group using χ2 and Logistic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eighteen symptoms (defecation less than 3 times per week, dry hard sausage-shape stool, difficulty in defecation, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, etc) could exist in control group, but FC group had a higher frequency. The difference was statistically significant. Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that defecation less than 3 times per week, hard sausage-shape feces, difficulty in defecation, and the need for laxative were associated with FC. The absence of other symptoms had no influence on diagnosis of FC. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of symptomatic standard diagnostic test based on Rome III( criteria in FC children showed that ≥2 items had the best diagnostic accuracy but moderate sensitivity and specificity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The symptomatic criteria for FC diagnosis in children are suggested as follows: (1) defecation frequency less than 3 times per week; (2) dry, hard, sausage-shape stool in most defecation; (3) difficulty in most defecation; (4) use of medication or digital evacuation. FC can be considered when 2 of the above 4 criteria are met and the symptoms last at least 2 months.</p>

Mutation and expression of WNT8b gene and SHH gene in Hirschsprung disease / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship of WNT8b and SHH genes mutation and Hirschsprung disease(HSCR) in Chinese children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Preoperative whole blood preparations in 72 children with sporadic HSCR from northeast China were collected(study group). Seventy-two healthy children were used as controls(matched for sex and age). Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood. Exon 1 of WNT8b gene and the exon 1 of SHH gene were analyzed for gene mutation. The mutation products were automatically sequenced. The levels of WNT8b and SHH mRNA were detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) in blood samples.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>On sequencing, 13 out of 72 children with HSCR had WNT8b gene mutation in the coding area, including heterozygosity deletion in 8 cases (11.1%) and base replacement in 5(6.9%). Eleven children with HSCR had SHH gene mutation in the coding area including heterozygosity deletion in 7 cases(9.7%) and base replacement in 4(5.6%). No mutations in WNT8b and SHH genes were found in the control group. The WNT8b and SHH mRNA levels were different between the study group and the control group(30.01±1.13 vs. 17.33±0.62, and 28.25±1.27 vs. 18.94±0.31, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>WNT8b and SHH mutations and abnormal expressions are present in the peripheral blood of children with sporadic HSCR. These two genes may be related to the development of sporadic HSCR in children in the northeastern China.</p>

Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on hypoxia-reoxygenation induced injury in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) induced injury in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into seven groups: normal control group, H/R group, GLP-1 + H/R group, GLP-1 + H/R + UO126 group, GLP-1 + H/R + LY294002 group, H/R + UO126 group, H/R + LY294002 group. LDH activity, apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes, Caspase-3 activity were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with normal control group, the activity of LDH, cardiomyocyte apoptosis rate, Caspase-3 activity were all significantly increased in H/R group (all P < 0.01). However, compared with H/R group, these changes were significantly attenuated in GLP-1 + H/R group [the activity of LDH (128.47 +/- 7.96) U/L vs. (223.96 +/- 22.10) U/L, P < 0.01, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis rate (2.84 +/- 2.56)% vs. (12.58 +/- 6.69)%, P < 0.01, and Caspase-3 activity (36,809 +/- 4750) RLU vs. (57,602 +/- 9161) RLU, P < 0.01], while LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and UO126 (MAPK inhibitor) could block the effects of GLP-1 in cardiomyocytes underwent H/R injury.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>GLP-1 could protect H/R injury mainly by inhibiting cardiomyocytes apoptosis via activating PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathway.</p>

Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Functional constipation (FC) is a common complaint in childhood but the prevalence still remains unclear, the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of FC in childhood in the northern parts of China. Methods A screening program on FC in childhood was carried out in 5 northern cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Changchun, Harbin) of China according to symptoms under the Rome Ⅲ criteria. Random clustered sampling of the inhabitants was carried out under stratification of cities, geographic zones, schools or nurseries.Sample size of each area was in proportion to the population of the area. The range of age was 4-14. All subjects under study were requested to fill in a questionnaire distributed by the teachers. The screening program was carried out immediately after a section survey was completed. All together, 20 000 questionnaires were distributed with 19 638 retrievals. According to the result of the screening, a small number of patients who met the criteria were further selected to undergo a detailed clinical examination in the hospital including laboratory examination, colonic transit time, defecography or/and barium enema, electromyologram and anorectal manometry to exclude organic disease of the colon. Simultaneously, a detailed questionnaire was requested to fill under the assistance of trained doctors or medical students.Prevalence of FC of the population was adjusted by the rate of correct diagnosis from the detailed study. Results The adjusted point prevalence of FC in 5 northern cities of China according to Rome Ⅲ criteria was 4.73% with higher prevalence rate of FC seen in the Beijing area (5.02%) than in other cities (4.82%, 4.76%, 4.27%, 4.40%, with P＜0.001 ). Male to female ratio was 1.26:1 with majority of the FC fell in the 4-6 year olds (5.76%). Conclusion FC appeared a common disorder in childhood in the northern parts of China which called for greater attention. Higher prevalence was noted in the age groups of 4-6.

Cell apoptosis during the cloacal embryonic development in rats with anorectal malformations / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In the normal embryonic development of anorectum, apoptosis plays an important role. To explore the role of apoptosis in anorectal malformations (ARM), this study investigated cell apoptosis during the cloacal embryonic development in ARM embryos.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>ARM embryos were induced by intragastric administration of ethylenethiourea (125 mg/kg) for pregnant rats on embryonic day 10 (E10). The distribution of apoptotic cells in the cloaca was ascertained by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining in the normal control embryos (n=102) and ARM embryos (n=147) on E13, E13.5, E14, E15 and E16.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>On E13, apoptotic cells were detected in the urorectal septum of rat embryos in the control group. With the development of embryos, the number of apoptotic cells in the mesenchyme of urorectal septum gradually increased and a large number of apoptotic cells were seen in the dorsal rectal mesenchyme. On E14, apoptotic cells appeared at the terminal rectum and the dorsal cloacal membrane. On E15, the urorectal septum fused with the cloacal membrane and apoptotic cells in the urorectal septum mesenchyme continuously extended down to the fusion region. Compared with the control group, apoptotic cells in the urorectal septum, the dorsal rectal mesenchyme and the cloacal membrane of the ARM rat embryos were significantly reduced during the embryonic development. The development of the urorectal septum was delayed and it did not fuse with the cloacal membrane in ARM embryos.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>During the embryonic development of cloaca, abnormal apoptosis in the urorectal septum, the dorsal rectal mesenchyme and the cloacal membrane may be one of the reasons for anorectal malformations. The proper regulation of cell apoptosis may be one of the key mechanisms for normal development of anorectum in the embryonic stage.</p>

Coding-sequence point mutation and polymorphism analyses of SIP1 gene in Hirschsprung disease / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the point mutations and polymorphisms of SIP1 gene in Hirschsprung disease(HSCR) and discuss the relationship between the feature of gene mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms of SIP1 gene and HSCR.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP)and DNA direct sequencing were performed in 50 HSCR cases and 30 normal controls. All 10 exons of SIP1 gene were analyzed for point mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Loss of heterozygosity was observed in exon 7 in one patient. This variation leads to a nonsense mutation (L157L) and is an SNP. A missense mutation was detected in exon 8 in four patients, the frequency was 8%(4/50). PCR-SSCP was analyzed by silver staining. Identical patterns were observed in exon 2 for two cases, exon 7 for three cases, and exon 8 in seven patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The mutations of SIP1 gene were detected in HSCR. The results suggest that SIP1 gene might play an important role in the pathogenesis of HSCR.</p>

Effects and mechanism of glucagon-like peptide-1 on injury of rats cardiomyocytes induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Although the insulinotropic role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes mellitus has been substantiated, its role in cardioprotection remains largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the effects of GLP-1 on injury of rats cardiac myocytes induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) and the possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cultured neonatal rats cardiac myocytes were randomly divided into seven groups: the normal control group, the H/R group, the GLP-1 + H/R group, the GLP-1 + H/R + UO126 (the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor) group, the GLP-1 + H/R + LY294002 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor) group, the H/R + UO126 group, and the H/R + LY294002 group. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, apoptosis rate of cardiac myocytes, and caspase-3 activity were detected after the injury of H/R.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, the activity of LDH, cardiac myocyte apoptosis rate, and caspase-3 activity all increased significantly in the H/R group (P < 0.01). Compared with the H/R group, these three indices all decreased in the H/R + GLP-1 group (P < 0.01). However, the changes of LDH activity, apoptosis rate, and caspase-3 activity were inhibited by LY294002 and UO126 respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>GLP-1 can directly act on cardiac myocytes and protect them from H/R injury mainly by inhibiting their apoptosis. Its mechanism may be through the PI3K-Akt pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway.</p>

Spectrum and risk factors for invasive candidiasis and non-Candida fungal infections after liver transplantation / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of posttransplant mortality in solid-organ recipients. The current trend is that the incidence of invasive candidiasis decreases significantly and invasive aspergillosis occurs later in the liver posttransplant recipients. The understanding of epidemiology and its evolving trends in the particular locality is beneficial to prophylactic and empiric treatment for transplant recipients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was made of recorded data on the epidemiology, risk factors, and mortality of invasive fungal infections in 352 liver transplant recipients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Forty-two (11.9%) patients suffered from invasive fungal infection. Candida species infections (53.3%) were the most common, followed by Aspergillus species (40.0%). There were 21 patients with a superficial fungal infection. The median time to onset of first invasive fungal infection was 13 days, first invasive Candida infection 9 days, and first invasive Aspergillus infection 21 days. Fifteen deaths were related to invasive fungal infection, 10 to Aspergillus infection, and 5 to Candida infection. Invasive Candida species infections were associated with encephalopathy (P = 0.009) and postoperative bacterial infection (P = 0.0003) as demonstrated by multivariate analysis. Three independent risk factors of invasive Aspergillus infection were posttransplant laparotomy (P = 0.004), renal dysfunction (P = 0.005) and hemodialysis (P = 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The leading etiologic species of invasive fungal infections are Candida and Aspergillus, which frequently occur in the first posttransplant month. Encephalopathy and postoperative bacterial infection predispose to invasive Candida infection. Posttransplant laparotomy and poor perioperative clinical status contribute to invasive Aspergillus infection. More studies are needed to determine the effect of prophylactic antifungal therapy in high risk patients.</p>

Recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: single center experiences / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical features and treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 95 patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation from January 2003 to November 2005 were analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During follow-up, 42 patients (43.2%) were diagnosed HCC recurrence. The predominant sites of recurrence were liver graft (32 cases), lung (21 cases), bone (7 cases). Tumor size, tumor distribution, liver cirrhosis, pre-transplant AFP level, tumor differentiation, macrovascular invasion were considered risk factors of both post-transplant survival and HCC recurrence in univariate analysis. Tumor distribution, tumor differentiation, macrovascular invasion were considered independent risk factors of both overall post-transplant survival and HCC recurrence in multivariate analysis. Intervention therapy and internal radiation of recurrent HCC could delay tumor progression and resection of recurrent HCC in selected patients can significantly prolong post-recurrence survival.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Carefully selection of HCC patients as candidates for liver transplantation can significantly reduce HCC recurrence. At the present stage, surgical resection of recurrent HCC is the best treatment method in selected patients.</p>

Evaluation of anorectal function after transanal one-stage endorectal pull through operation in children with Hirschsprung's disease / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The short-term efficacy of the transanal one-stage endorectal pull through operation for Hirschsprung's disease is satisfactory. However the long-term outcome of anorectal function has not been fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stooling pattern, colonic motility and anal sphincter performance after transanal one-stage pull through operation in children with Hirschsprung's disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-eight children who underwent transanal one-stage pull through operation for Hirschsprung's disease were followed up. The mean follow-up duration was 15.8 months (range, 6-24 months). The stooling patterns of the patients were investigated by the informed questionnaire. Barium enema, defecography, total and segmental colonic transit time and the anorectal vector manometry were performed. Thirty- three healthy children were used as controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Most of patients had normal stool consistency and frequency. Postoperative enterocolitis occurred in 3 patients, and constipation was found in five patients. Postoperative soiling was observed in 9 patients. None of the 58 patients had incontinence, cuff infection, anastomotic leak and mortality. The barium enema showed that the configuration of the colon recovered well in most of patients. Postopertive defecography showed the anorectal angle of all the patients was open, fixed and bigger than that of preoperation and the healthy controls (P < 0.01). Postoperatively, the mean total gastrointestinal transit time (TGITT), the left colonic transit time (LCTT) and rectosigmoid colonic transit time (RSTT) in the 58 patients were significantly shorter than preoperatively (P < 0.01) and were similar to those of the control group. The rectoanal inhibitory reflex was regained in 5 patients. The anal maximal pressure of the patients with constipation in resting and squeezing condition were significantly higher than those of the asymptomatic patients and controls (P < 0.05). The vector volume (VV) and vector symmetric index (VSI) in patients with soiling were significantly lower than those in preoperation and the controls (P < 0.05). The VSI in the patients with constipation was significantly higher compared with the controls (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The stooling function, colonic motility and anal sphincter performance manifest well in most of the patients after the transanal endorectal pull through operation for Hirschsprung's disease. Stooling disorders in few cases are probably related to decrease or disappearance of the sigmoid loops, dysfunction of the "neorectosigmoid", an open and fixed anorectal angle and achalasia of the internal anal sphincter.</p>