Establishment of inflammatory model induced by Pseudorabies virus infection in mice

Background@#Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to high mortality in swine. Despite extensive efforts, effective treatments against PRV infection are limited. Furthermore, the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013 is unclear. @*Objectives@#Our study aimed to investigate the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013, establish an inflammation model to elucidate the pathogenesis of PRV infection further, and develop effective drugs against PRV infection. @*Methods@#Kunming mice were infected intramuscularly with medium, LPS, and different doses of PRV-GXLB-2013. Viral spread and histopathological damage to brain, spleen, and lung were determined at 7 days post-infection (dpi). Immune organ indices, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines, as well as levels of activity of COX-2 and iNOS were determined at 4, 7, and 14 dpi. @*Results@#At 105 –106 TCID50 PRV produced obviously neurological symptoms and 100% mortality in mice. Viral antigens were detectable in kidney, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and brain. In addition, inflammatory injuries were apparent in brain, spleen, and lung of PRVinfected mice. Moreover, PRV induced increases in immune organ indices, ROS and NO levels, activity of COX-2 and iNOS, and the content of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and MCP-1. Among the tested doses, 10 2 TCID 50 of PRV produced a significant inflammatory mediator increase. @*Conclusions@#An inflammatory model induced by PRV infection was established in mice, and 102 TCID50 PRV was considered as the best concentration for the establishment of the model.

Establishment of inflammatory model induced by Pseudorabies virus infection in mice

Background@#Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to high mortality in swine. Despite extensive efforts, effective treatments against PRV infection are limited. Furthermore, the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013 is unclear. @*Objectives@#Our study aimed to investigate the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013, establish an inflammation model to elucidate the pathogenesis of PRV infection further, and develop effective drugs against PRV infection. @*Methods@#Kunming mice were infected intramuscularly with medium, LPS, and different doses of PRV-GXLB-2013. Viral spread and histopathological damage to brain, spleen, and lung were determined at 7 days post-infection (dpi). Immune organ indices, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines, as well as levels of activity of COX-2 and iNOS were determined at 4, 7, and 14 dpi. @*Results@#At 105 –106 TCID50 PRV produced obviously neurological symptoms and 100% mortality in mice. Viral antigens were detectable in kidney, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and brain. In addition, inflammatory injuries were apparent in brain, spleen, and lung of PRVinfected mice. Moreover, PRV induced increases in immune organ indices, ROS and NO levels, activity of COX-2 and iNOS, and the content of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and MCP-1. Among the tested doses, 10 2 TCID 50 of PRV produced a significant inflammatory mediator increase. @*Conclusions@#An inflammatory model induced by PRV infection was established in mice, and 102 TCID50 PRV was considered as the best concentration for the establishment of the model.

The effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in immune cells:in vitro and in vivo studies

Background@#Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. @*Objectives@#The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. @*Methods@#Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. @*Results@#PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. @*Conclusions@#PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.

Treatment for depression fractures of posterolateral tibial plateau through superior fibular head approach / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate surgical method and clinical efficacy for the treatment of depression fractures of posterolateral tibial plateau through superior fibular head approach.@*METHODS@#Eleven patients with depression fractures of posterolateral tibial plateau through superior fibular head approach were treated from October 2013 to December 2016, including 9 males and 2 females with an average age of 39.7 years old ranged from 25 to 60 years old. The time from injure to operation ranged from 4 to 10 days with an average of 6.5 days. All fractures were closed fracture. Incision healing, tibial plateau varus angles and posterior slope angle were measured through X-rays immediately after operation and latest follow-up. At final follow-up, HSS score of knee joint were used to evaluate clinical effects.@*RESULTS@#Eleven patients were followed up ranged from 11 to 13 months ranged from 55 to 90 min. All incisions were healed at stage I. Fracture healing time ranged from 7 to 12 weeks. There were no significant differences of tibial plateau varus angles and posterior slope angles comparing between immediately opertaion and latest follow-up (<0.05). At the final follow up, HSS scores ranged from 80 to 93 points, 6 cases were excellent and 5 moderate.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Depression fractures of posterolateral tibial plateau through superior fibular head approach has advantages of simple operation, less invasive, benefit for recovery of knee joint function, and could receive clinical effects.

Double Endobutto reconstituting coracoclavicular ligament combined with repairing acromioclavicular ligament at stage I for the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation with Rockwood type III - V / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore clinical efficacy of double Endobutto reconstituting coracoclavicular ligament combined with repairing acromioclavicular ligament in stage I in treating acromioclavicular dislocation with Rockwood type III - V .</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2010 to September 2013, 56 patients with Rockwood type III - V acromioclavicular dislocation were treated by operation, including 20 males and 36 femlaes, aged from 32 to 52 years old with an average of 38.5 years old. Twenty-five patients were on the left side and 31 cases on the right side. The time from injury to operation was from 3 to 14 days, averaged 7 days. All patients were diagnosed as acromioclavicular dislocation with Rockwood type III - V, and double Endobutto were used to reconstituting coracoclavicular ligament, line metal anchors were applied for repairing acromioclavicular ligament. Postoperative complications were observed, Karlsson and Constant-Murley evaluation standard were used to evaluate clinical effects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were followed up from 8 to 24 months with average of 11 months. According to Karlsson evaluation standard at 6 months after operation,42 cases were grade A, 13 were grade B and 1 was grade C. Constant-Murley score were improved from (42.80±5.43) before operation to (91.75±4.27) at 6 months after operation. All items at 6 months after operation were better than that of preoperative items. Forty-eight patients got excellent results, 7 were moderate and only 1 with bad result. No shoulder joint adhesion, screw loosening or breakage were occurred during following up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Double Endobutto reconstituting coracoclavicular ligament combined with repairing acromioclavicular ligament in stage I for the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation with Rockwood type III - V could obtain early staisfied clinical effects, and benefit for early recovery of shoulder joint function.</p>