Risk Assessment of the Onset of Sleep-related Painful Erection / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveSleep-related painful erections （SRPE） is a rare sleep disorder characterized by repeated awakening due to painful interruptions of penile erections during nighttime sleep， and its etiology is currently unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of potential risk factors on the incidence of SRPE. MethodsInformation was collected through questionnaires administered to patients who presented at the urology department and suffered from SRPE or did not suffer from SRPE. A total of 290 participants completed the study， including 145 controls and 145 cases. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of age， occupation， sleep initiation time per night， frequency of sexual intercourse per week， psychological status， erectile dysfunction， chronic prostatitis， prostate enlargement， lumbar spine disease， central nervous system disease， hypertension， diabetes and family history on the onset of SRPE. ResultsSingle-factor logistic regression analysis found that a history of chronic prostatitis， intellectual labor occupation， central nervous system disease， late sleep onset， frequency of sexual activity， and anxiety status might be related to the onset of SRPE. After incorporating these factors into a multivariate regression analysis model， it was found that having sexual activity ≥2 times/week （OR 95%CI = 0.326（0.179，0.592） and late sleep onset （after 24：00） （OR 95%CI = 0.494（0.265，0.918）might be protective factors for SRPE， while a history of chronic prostatitis（OR 95%CI = 3.779（2.082，6.859） might be a risk factor for SRPE. However， there was no significant statistical difference in the impact of central nervous system diseases and occupation on multivariate analysis. ConclusionChronic prostatitis and anxiety status may be independent risk factors for SRPE； having sexual activity ≥2 times/week and delaying sleep time appropriately may be independent protective factors.

The correlation of intratumoral fibrosis with the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation of intratumoral fibrosis with the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).Methods:The correlation of the transcriptional expression of the primary collagen with the prognosis in ccRCC was evaluated using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, including 530 ccRCC patients with complete information. Of them, 344 cases were male, 186 cases were female. The age of 264 cases was ≤ 60 years, and the age of 266 cases was > 60 years. The pathology grade of 241 patients was G 1-2 grade, and the pathology of 281 cases were G 3-4 grade, 8 cases were undetermined grade. There were 322 cases with AJCC stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and 205 cases with AJCC stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, and 3 cases with undetermined stage. There were 420 cases in M 0 and 78 cases in M 1, and 32 cases without distant metastases information. Furthermore, the paraffin sections of 158 non-cystic ccRCC patients confirmed by pathology from November 2005 to November 2017 were further used to evaluate the level of collagen of ccRCC and the status of the pseudocapsule by the Masson staining, Sirius red staining and multicolor immunofluorescence staining of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ. Of them, 112 cases were male, 46 cases were female. There were 100 cases with age ≤ 60 years, and 58 cases with age > 60 years. The pathology grade of 111 cases were G 1-2, and the pathology grade of 47 cases were G 3-4. There were 144 cases with AJCC stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ, 14 cases with AJCC stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ. Kaplan-Meier survival curve were used to analyze the relationship between tumor collagen parameters and the overall survival prognosis of patients with ccRCC. Results:The transcriptome results of the TCGA database indicated that the expression level of COL1A1 in ccRCC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues ( P<0.001). The high expression of collagen suggested a worse overall survival prognosis ( HR=1.165, P=0.002). In addition, the high ratio of COL1A1/COL3A1 indicated a worse overall survival prognosis ( HR=1.901, P<0.001) compared with the low ratio. We further confirmed that the abundance of collagen in tumor was significantly increased compared with the normal adjacent tissues by the Masson staining [41.0 (14.0-75.0) vs.15.0 (3.0-57.0), P<0.001] and the Sirius red staining [42.5 (10.0-90.0) vs.10.0 (2.5-60.0), P<0.001] on 30 ccRCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Based on the Masson staining, we found that high collagen abundance in tumor tissue was associated with more G 3-4 grade of tumor compared with low collagen abundance (38.5% vs.21.3%, OR=2.316, 95% CI 1.146-4.681, P=0.023). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that higher collagen abundance was associated with a worse overall survival prognosis in ccRCC ( HR=2.630, P=0.007). However, incomplete fibrous pseudocapsule was associated with a worse overall survival prognosis ( HR=11.140, P<0.001). Conclusions:In ccRCC, intratumoral collagen fiber level was overexpressed. High intratumoral collagen level and incomplete fibrous pseudocapsule may indicate a poor overall survival prognosis.

Causes and treatment of severe hematuria after sexual activity in men / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To explore the pathogenesis and treatment of severe hematuria after sexual activity in men.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 10 patients with severe hematuria after sexual activity who were admitted from January 2017 to January 2020, including 4 cases from Peking University People’s Hospital, 3 cases from Donghua Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, 2 cases from Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, and 1 case from Tianjin Jinnan Hospital. The average age of the patients was (33.5±7.6) years old. All 10 cases had severe hematuria and blood clots within 1 hour after sexual activity. The blood routine examination revealed that there were different degrees of hemorrhagic anemia after 24 hours of admission, and the average hemoglobin was(95.8±8.9)g/L. Ten patients underwent transurethral cystoscopy electrosurgical resection and / or electrocoagulation under subarachnoid anesthesia or epidural anesthesia. All patients were confirmed to be bleeding from posterior urethral lesions, including 4 cases located in the distal seminal caruncle, 5 cases in the prostate, and 1 case in proximal seminal caruncle. Three cases whose bleeding from varicose veins in the prostate urethra were treated with electrocoagulation in order to stop the bleeding, and lesions were removed in the other 7 cases for pathological examination. The F16 urinary catheter was indwelt after the operation.Results:All 10 operations in this group were successfully completed. Six cases of posterior urethral hemangioma rupture and 1 case of posterior urethral polyp were confirmed by the pathological examination in 7 cases. The urinary catheter was successfully removed 1 week after operation. Abstinence was required for 1 month after operation. There was no recurrence of hematuria after resuming sexual activity, and no complications such as dysuria or urinary incontinence.Conclusion:Severe hematuria after sexual activity is mostly caused by rupture or bleeding of abnormal blood vessels in the posterior urethra. Transurethral resection and/or electrocoagulation are the first choice for treatment. The effect is reliable and the prognosis is satisfactory.

A comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of superselective arterial embolization and watchful waiting in high-flow priapism / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective Compare the efficacy of superselective arterial embolization with observation in the treatment of HFP caused by trauma.Methods From Jan,2013 to Dec,2017,6 traumatic HFP patients were involved into the study,the age range from 18 to 44 years old,with an average age of 26.2 years.The fistula was measured by doppler ultrasonography before the treatment with its longest diameter,and which ranges from 0.8 to 1.4 cm,the average diameter is 1.14 cm.All patients are divided into two groups according to their treatment.Operation group:4 patients underwent the pudendal artery superselective gelatin sponge vascular embolization.Control group:2 cases were treated with local cold compressing under watchful waiting.In control group,patients are treated by local cold compress with ice bag for 3 weeks:15 mins × 10 times every day.The erectile hardness of the patients was observed and the fistula was evaluated by doppler ultrasonography 3 weeks later,and all the patients were reexamined by doppler ultrasonography 1 year later.The erectile hardness was divided into four grades according to the patient~ subjective feelings:grade Ⅰ,the penis was enlarged but not rigid;grade Ⅱ,the penis had hardness,but not enough to insert into the vagina;grade Ⅲ,the penis could be inserted into the vagina,but not to achieve complete erection;grade Ⅳ,the penis fully erect and firm.The erectile function was evaluated with the International Index of Erectile Function-5(IIEF-5) after 1-year's follow-up.Results 4 patients in the operation group were operated successfully without obvious complications after operation.Median follow-up time of all the patients was 21 months (5-50).In group operation,4 cases of surgical patients did not have the recurrence of priapism.There was no obvious abnormality in the color doppler ultrasound of penis.The score of IIEF-5 was 25,24,24 and 23,respectively.Postoperative erectile function made a complete recovery.In group observation,2 patients under watchful waiting still have grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ sustained priapism,IIEF-5 score is 21 and 19 respectively,the penis color doppler ultrasound scan still showed the change of arteriovenous fistula.Conclusion Superselective arterial embolization is effective in the treatment of HFP,and the recovery of sexual function is better after operation compared with watchful waiting.

Expression and localization of transmembrane protein CMTM2 in human testis and sperm / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To study the expression of transmembrane protein CMTM2 in the testis and sperm of adult males and to approach the potential function of the protein in the male reproductive system.Methods: The expression of CMTM2 in human testis and sperm was confirmed by Western blot.Immunohistochemical staining was used for detecting CMTM2 localization in the testis tissue, TRITC-CMTM2 and FITC-Hoechst double immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the subcellular localization of CMTM2 in the human sperm before and after acrosome reaction, that is, immunofluorescent staining was used for detecting CMTM2 localization in both the testis and sperm before and after the acrosome reaction.Results: CMTM2 was presented in both human testis and sperm.In the testis, CMTM2 immunoreactive particles were observed mainly in the membrane of the different stages of spermatogenic cells.In the human sperm, its immunoreactivity was restrictively localized to the posterior head where sperm-egg fusion occurred, and the CMTM2 localization was not affected by sperm acrosome reaction.CMTM2 was widely expressed in seminiferous tubules of the human testis, mainly in the cell membranes of spermatogenic cells, which was consistent with the previous reports.The immunofluorescence performed on frozen human testis slides showed similar findings with immunohistochemistry, which gave weight to the localization of CMTM2 in the cell membranes of spermatogenic cells at different stages.TRITC-CMTM2 and FITC-Hoechst double immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the subcellular localization of CMTM2 in the human sperm before and after acrosome reaction.CMTM2 was localized at the posterior head of sperm before and after acrosome reaction.The localization and expression of CMTM2 were not affected by sperm acrosome reaction.Conclusion: Expression of CMTM2 in the male reproductive system of the adult human exhibits cell-and region-specific patterns, which suggests that they may play an important role in spermatogenesis and sperm-egg fusion.The expression of CMTM2 in the male reproductive system of the adult human exhibits cell-and region-specific patterns, which suggests that they may play an important role in spermatogenesis and sperm-egg fusion.However, it still remains to be further elucidated about the definite role of CMTM2 in male reproductive system and the process of spermatogenesis.And in vitro fertilization experiments are needed to confirm the role of CMTM2 in fertilization in future.

Application of flurbiprofen axetil in pain management associated during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To examine the effects of perioperative intravenous administration of flurbiprofen axetil (FA) on pain associated with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.Methods: This was a randomized,controlled study.Eighty-one patients who underwent 12 core prostate biopsy were included in the study.The patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n=27 in each) by type of procedure during prostate biopsy.Group intrarectal local anesthesia (IRLA) received intrarectal 5% (0.05 g/L) lidocaine gel 60 mg, 5 minutes before the procedure alone;Group FA received intravenous flurbiprofen axetil (1 mg/kg) 1 hour before the procedure;Group IRLA+FA received intrarectal 5% lidocaine gel 60 mg, 5 minutes before the procedure and intravenous flurbiprofen axetil (1 mg/kg) 1 hour before the procedure.The patients were asked to score the pain by using visual analogue scale (VAS) in 4 situations,including when the probe was inserted (VASⅠ),during anesthesia (VASⅡ),during biopsy (VASⅢ) and 20 minutes after biopsy (VASⅣ).The findings were evaluated with analysis of variance,and the Tukey post hoc test was followed with an overall 2-tailed significance level at α =0.05.P1, P value between Group IRLA and Group FA;P2, P value between Group FA and Group IRLA +FA,P3, P value between Group IRLA and Group IRLA +FA.The bonferroni method was used to adjust the test level, α=0.017,a P value of less than 0.017 was accepted as the threshold for statistical significance.Results: No major complications,including sepsis and severe rectal bleeding,were noted in any patient.There were no differences in general condition of the patients before procedure among the 3 groups.There were statistically significant differences in VAS scores among the 3 groups in VASⅡ (5.7±2.2, 3.0±1.5,3.3±1.9,respectively,P=0.012) and VASⅢ (6.7±2.3,3.0±2.1,2.9±1.6,respectively,P=0.001).There were no differences in the pain scores among the 3 groups during probe insertion (VASⅠ, 3.2±1.0,4.1±2.1,4.2±1.7, respectively,P=5.752) and 20 minutes after biopsy (VASⅣ, 1.4±2.1,1.0±0.9,1.1±0.7,respectively,P=3.772).Between-column differences among the 3 groups were VASⅡ (P1=0.007,P2=5.655,P3=0.001,respectively) and VASⅢ(P1=0.008,P2=7.517,P3=0.001,respectively),the differences between Group IRLA and Group FA,Group IRLA and Group IRLA +FA in VASⅡ and VASⅢ were statistically significant.Conclusion:The intravenous flurbiprofen axetil was found to be more effective than intrarectal lidocaine gel alone.

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome associated with vesical fistula:a case report and literature review / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a very uncommon genetic disorder that results from the resistance of androgen receptor (AR) to androgen, which influences the formation of the male genitalia and in turn presents with female phenotype.Surgical resection of undesceaded testicle and different kinds of genitoplasty are crucial methods to correct the deformity of reproductive system, as well as hormone replacement therapy, which is an essential therapy for postoperational rehabilitation in AIS patients.A 43-year-old patient, who was socially female, was first admitted to gastroenterology department due to recurrent ascites and occasional abdominal pain with unknown origin.Taking physical examination, ultrasonography, karyotype analysis and sex hormone levels into consideration, the overall manifestations revealed the typical clinical features of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.After that she was transferred to urology department for laparoscopic gonadectomy.During the surgery, doctors found that there was a vesical fistula on the upper wall near the conjunction between the bladder and ligamenta umbilicale medium, which explained the recurrent ascites for more than 4 years.After resecting the testicles and the tissues around the vesical fistula for histopathology, the result suggested Sertoli cell adenoma, hyperplastic Leydig cells and urothelium atypical hyperplasia.Hormone replacement therapy was given right after discharge.The hormone levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone were modulated by the dysfunction of androgen production after gonadectomy and hormone replacement therapy together with psychotherapy could stabilize her hormone levels and improve the quality of her life.The patient was suspicious of AIS family history and the pedigree was made to analyze her family which was possibly X-linked recessive pattern.We propose three possible hypotheses of the fistula, which are direct surgical injury, recurrence of bladder cancer and congenital urachal anomalies.But whether it is relevant between urachal anomalies and AIS is yet to be discovered.

Targeting of integrin-linked kinase with a small interfering RNA inhibits human penile smooth muscle cell contraction and stretch in vitro / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of human penile smooth muscle cell contraction and stretch resulting from the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) gene knock-down.Methods Cultured human penile smooth muscle cells were knocked down for ILK using a small interfering RNA (SiRNA).Cellular ILK expression was quantified by Western blot analysis.Cell attachment,spreading and migration were also performed.Furthermore,microfilament dynamics was tested by means of Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin stain.Results First,blocking the expression of ILK by siRNA significantly inhibited human penile smooth muscle cell attachment,speading and migration; moreover,ILK down-regulation affected actin cytoskeleton reorganization and changed cell morphology in human penile smooth muscle cell.Conclusions Targeting of ILK with a small interfering RNA not only inhibits human penile smooth muscle cell attachment,spreading and migration,but also effectively suppresses microfilament dynamics.This may be of potential therapeutic usefulness in treating erectile dysfunction (ED).

Surgical treatment for epididymal obstructive azoospermia / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To discuss the clinical outcomes of surgical treatment on epididymal obstructive azoospermia (EOA) and the factors affecting clinical results. Methods The clinical data of 51 EOA patients who underwent single layer longitudinal 2-suture intussusception vasoepididymostomy (LIVE) were retrospectively analyzed. The months of follow up, mean level of sperm count per ejaculate and percentage of grade A sperm were collected. Patency and pregnancy rates were recorded during followups. Results A total of 51 men were taken scrotal exploration. Sperms were bilaterally or unilaterally present in epididymal fluid in 49 cases, including 1 case had sperm in one side of the epididymal fluid and the contralateral vasal fluid. No sperm was found in epididymis in 2 cases. Bilateral and unilateral LIVE were performed in 48 cases. 44 were followed for more than 6 months and 39 for more than 1 year. Sperm was present in ejaculate in 32 of cases, the overall patency rates were 72.7%. The mean sperm count was (24±23) × 106 per ejaculate. Grade A sperm was present in the ejaculate in 28 cases with a mean levels of (12± 11.2)%. A total of 10 cases achieved pregnancy.Pregnancy was achieved only when the site of anastomosis was at cauda epididymis. Conclusions Loupe-assisted LIVE, with lower cost and simplified surgical procedure, could achieve optimistic patency outcomes and pregnancy results. Data of this paper also suggested that it should be taken into account that pregnant outcome was related to the site of anastomosis.

The inhibitive effect of siRNA on the phosphodiesterase type 5 in smooth muscle cells of human corpus cavernosum / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the inhibitive effect of siRNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA) on the phosphodiesterase type 5(PDE5) in smooth muscle cells of human corpus cavernosum,and provide experimental groundwork for the gene therapy of erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods Small interfering RNAs targeting PDE5 gene were systhesized by using web design software provided by Ambion,there siRNAs and control siRNA were systhesized by Ambion. SiRNAs were transfected into smooth muscle cells of human corpus cavernosum by using siPORTTM Lipid reagent;down-regulation of PDE5 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR;the inhibitive effect of PDE5 was detected by Western Blotting. Results The results of RT-PCR indicated siRNA1、siRNA2 and siRNA3 made down-regulations of PDE5 mRNA expression in the transfected groups 58.2%、14.9% and 11.8%;the PDE5 expression decreased 70.5%、19.8% and 17.3%;however the expression did not have different in control siRNA and frank group. Conclusions The synthesized siRNAs in vitro were able to down-regulate the expression of PDE5.There were different capabilities of the specific siRNAs down-regulation.It was suggested that the siRNA technique provide not only an extremely powerful tool for the functional analysis of genome but also a new method for ED gene therapy.

The role of nuclear matrix protein 22 combined with bladder tumor antigen stat test in surveillance of recurring bladder cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate a non-invasive, effective and rapid mode of detecting the recurrence of bladder cancer during follow-up.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety patients following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBt) surgery were recruited from January 1998 to March 2000. Standard ELISA was used to determine the quantity of nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22) in urine of all bladder cancer patients during their follow-up periods. Urine bladder tumor antigen (BTA) stat test was simultaneously performed and followed by cystoscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total positive rates of urinary NMP-22 and BTA stat test were 76.7% (33/43) and 67.4% (29/43), respectively. Comparatively, this positive rate would increase to 93.0% (40/43) when the combination of both urine NMP-22 and BTA test were adopted.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Examination of NMP-22 in urine is a rapid and effective way to detect the recurrence of bladder cancer. If combined with BTA test, NMP-22 may be used as a non-invasive method in surveillance of recurring of bladder cancer, which may reduce the frequency of patients needing to undergo conventional invasive cystoscopy.</p>

IL-6 and IL-8 levels in expressed prostate secretion of chronic prostatitis / 中华泌尿外科杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in expressed prostatic secretion(EPS)of chronic prostatitis.To study the relationship of cytokines to the mechanism of chronic prostatitis.MethodsIL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured in 102 chronic prostatitis EPS and in 28 normal EPS by radioimmunoassay.Urine was cultured and EPS was studied according to 2-glass test.NIH-CPSI(NIH-Chronic prostatitis symptom index) was performed by every patient.ResultsIL-6 and IL-8 levels were higher in Ⅱ,ⅢA and Ⅳ prostatitis (IL-6 0.51?0.57 ng/ml,IL-8 10.75?7.96 ng/ml,n=90) than those in controls (IL-6 0.32?0.51 ng/ml,IL-8 4.56?5.68 ng/ml,n=28),P0.05.There was a correlation between WBC count and IL-8 level,r=0.529,P0.05.ConclusionsIL-6 and IL-8 are elevated in EPS of Ⅱ,ⅢA and IV prostatitis, and might be considered as mediators of inflammatory response in prostate.The results indicate that IL-6 and IL-8 can be the objective parameters in the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis.

The inhibitive effect of antisenes oligodeoxynucleotide on the phosphodiesterase type 5 in smooth muscle cells of human corpus cavernosum / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the inhibitive effect of antisenes oligodeoxynucleotide(ASON) on the phosphodiesterase type 5(PDE5) in smooth muscle cells of human corpus cavernosum,and provide experimental groundwork for the gene therapy of erectile dysfunction. Methods PDE5 gene ASON (containing exon 1) was transfected into the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells with the presence of liposome DOTAP.Another sense oligodeoxynucleotide(SON) and 1% of bovine serum were also transducted into the cells as controls.PDE5 was probed and measured by Western blot at 1,2,4,6,10,24 and 48 h after transfection. Results After transfection(1～6 h), PDE5 in human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells was significantly lower than it was in controls( P = 0.000 ～0.014). Conclusions The results indicate that PDE5 gene antisense oligodeoxynucleotide has inhibitive effect on PDE5 in smooth muscle cells of human corpus cavernosum in vitro,and the present study provides experimental groundwork for the gene therapy of erectile dysfunction.

Diagnostic approaches of penile erectile dysfunction / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To discuss the diagnostic approaches of erectile dysfunction (ED),and to improve the diagnostic level of ED. Methods 186 patients with ED were evaluated by IIEF 5,intracavernous injection,hormonal testing,colour duplex ultrasonography,cavernosography and bulbocavernosus reflex latency,respectively. Results Among these ED patients who were evaluated,186,71,28,45,21 and 17 cases underwent the above mentioned examinations, and 46 patients were diagnosed as psychological ED,6 as arterial ED,15 as venous ED,3 as hormonal ED,3 as neurologic ED,10 as composite ED and 103 unknown cause ED. Conclusions Erectile dysfunction is a highly individualized disease.Diagnostic approaches of erectile dysfunction should be individual patient specific,which can be safe,economical and efficacious to the ED patients.

Foley catheter ballon as a pulling and fixing device in Badenoch pull through procedure for posterior urethral stricture / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the use of a Foley catheter ballon as a pulling and fixing device in Badenoch's pull through procedure for posterior urethral stricture. Methods Using Foley catheter ballon as a pulling and fixing device in Badenoch pull through procedure to treat 23 cases of posterior urethral stricture. Results Success has been achieved in 21 cases with good voiding during 6～12 months of follow up.2 cases failed,in one of which the segment of stricture being too long and the postoperative tension on urethra too great.18 cases under went urodynamic test after operation,Qmax being 19 ml/s(15～23 ml/s). Conclusions The use of a Foley catheter for traction in Badenoch pull through operation is simple,effective,nontraumatic and with less occurrence of complication.

Changes in semen of chronic prostatitis patients / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the changes in semen of chronic prostatitis patients and their impact on the fertile status. Methods The semen of 86 chronic prostatitis patients and 32 fertile volunteers were analyzed,and the main semen parameters of two groups were compared. Results The mean semen volume, sperm motility and normal sperm morphology of the prostitis patients were 2.08 ml,65.43% and 62.14% respectively,significantly lower than those of fertile men( P = 0.003 , P

Expression of TNF receptor in human spermatozoa / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To verify the presence of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF R 2) in spermatozoa of fertile men,and to provide experimental evidence for the direct action of TNF on spermatoza. Methods Using Western blotting the expressions of TNF R 2 in spermatozoa of 15 fertile men were assessed. Results TNF R 2 was expressed in spermatozoa of all the 15 fertile men. Conclusions The spermatozoa of fertile men have TNF R 2,which may transmit the cytokines signal into cytoplasm and modulate the spermatozoa function.

Diagnosis and treatment of priapism / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic approaches and treatment choices for priapism,and to upgrade the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. Methods Thirteen patients with priapism were evaluated by physical examinations,cavernous blood gas analysis,color duplex ultrasonography and cavernosography.Among them 9 cases of priapism resulted from intracavernosal injection of vaso-active agents,1 from perineal trauma and 3 from unknown cause.All the 13 patients were treated with intracavernosal injection of aramine and cavernosal decompression. Results Among these cases of priapism,12 were of low-flow and 1 was of high-flow.After the treatment,all the patients with priapism achieved remission.During the follow-up of 3 to 43 months,4 cases experienced decreased erection;9 had no significant change of erection.No cavernous fibrosis of penis occurred in them. Conclusions Cavernous blood gas analysis and color duplex ultrasonography are helpful with the accurate and timely dignosis of priapism.Cavernosal decompression and intracavernosal injection of arimine can be applied to most of the patients,and in the course of the treatment systemic adverse events should be avoided.

Primary culture and identification of human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To provide an ideal material for the investigation of penile erection. Methods Human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells were cultured with DMEM ( 20% of it was human serum)in vitro and the bred cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. Results After 10～14 days, spindle cells overspreaded in 6 culture bottles and they were validated as human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells immunohistochemically. Conclusions Human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells can be cultivated in feasible medium and can also become a cell line.These bred cells can serve as a material for the study of penile erection.

A pathogenic and immunologic study of chronic prostatitis / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the bacterial pathogenesis in chronic prostatitis. Methods The prostatic fluid of 132 patients was studied with "five glass"segmented lower urinary tract localization culture test and measurement of IgA and IgG levels.Some bacteria positive cases were treated with levofloxacin. Results 74 patients were bacteria positive in their prostates,32 had Staphylococcus aureus,17 with Staphylococcus epidermidis,10 cases had Escherichia coli and 15 with other bacteria IgG and IgA levels were significantly higher ( P =0.031 and P =0.036) in bacteria positive prostatic fluid than in bacteria negatives ones. Conclusions The positive rate of bacteria culture in the prosatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis was high (56.1%) and Gram positive bacterias were more common.These pathogens may come from the partners reproductive tract.The levels of IgA and IgG in prostatic fluid were correlated to the results of bacteria culture.