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1.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 87(1): 43-48, ene.-mar. 2017. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-887493

RESUMO

Abstract: The history of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in medical science is fascinating and the evolution of knowledge of its function has resulted in new medications of major importance for the cardiovascular (CV) patient. PCSK9 functions as a negative control or feedback for the cell surface receptors for low-density lipoprotein including its component of cholesterol (LDL-C). The initial and key findings were that different abnormalities of PCSK9 can result in an increase or a decrease of LDL-C because of more or less suppression of cell surface receptors. These observations gave hints and awoke interest that it might be possible to prepare monoclonal antibodies to PCSK9 and decrease its activity, after which there should be more active LDL-C cell receptors. The rest is a fascinating story that currently has resulted in two PCSK9 inhibitors, alirocumab and evolocumab, which, on average, decrease LDL-C approximately 50%. Nevertheless, if there are no contraindications, statins remain the standard of prevention for the high-risk CV patient and this includes both secondary and primary prevention. The new inhibitors are for the patient that does not attain the desired target for LDL-C reduction while taking a maximum statin dose or who does not tolerate any statin dose whatsoever. Atherosclerosis can be considered a metabolic disease and the clinician needs to realize this and think more and more of CV prevention. These inhibitors can contribute to both the stabilization and regression of atherosclerotic plaques and thereby avoid or delay major adverse cardiac events. (United States)


Resumen: La historia de la proproteína convertasa subtilisin/kexin tipo 9 (PCSK9) es fascinante y la evolución del conocimiento de su función ha resultado en nuevos fármacos de gran importancia para el paciente cardiovascular. La PCSK9 funciona como un control negativo de receptores en la superficie de células para la lipoproteína de baja densidad con su componente de colesterol (LDL-C). El hallazgo inicial y clave fue que anormalidades diferentes de la PCSK9 resultan en un aumento o una disminución de la LDL-C, relacionados en una mayor o menor supresión de los receptores. Fueron estas observaciones las que proporcionaron evidencias indirectas a la idea de preparar anticuerpos monoclonales de la PCSK9 que pudieran disminuir su actividad y que esto se reflejara en receptores más activos para disminuir la LDL-C. El resto es una historia fascinante que ahora ofrece 2 inhibidores de la PCSK9, alirocumab y evolocumab, los cuales disminuyen la LDL-C en un 50%. Sin embargo, si no hay una contraindicación, las estatinas son el estándar de prevención para el paciente cardiovascular de alto riesgo e incluyen la prevención secundaria y primaria. Estos nuevos inhibidores están indicados en aquel paciente en el que no se obtiene el objetivo de tratamiento con la dosis máxima de una estatina o que no tolera ninguna de ellas. Debemos pensar en la aterosclerosis como una enfermedad metabólica y el clínico necesita darse cuenta de esta realidad y considerar las posibilidades disponibles para la prevención cardiovascular. Estos inhibidores pueden contribuir a la estabilización y regresión de placas ateroscleróticas y evitar episodios cardiovasculares mayores. (Estados Unidos)


Assuntos
Humanos , Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/fisiologia
2.
Rev. costarric. cardiol ; 13(1): 23-28, jun. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-637515

RESUMO

La deficiencia de la vitamina D está estimada hasta en 50 por ciento. Se ha encontrado relación entre niveles bajos de vitamina D y los componentes del síndrome metabólico: hipertensión, triglicéridos plasmáticos altos y defectos del metabolismo de la insulina, aunque causa solamente cambios mínimos en los niveles de las lipoproteínas de baja y alta densidad. Existe evidencia que la administración de vitamina D induce estabilización del endotelio y disminución de la inflamación arterial. Parece apropiado considerar un nivel bajo de vitamina D como un posible factor de riesgo cardiovascular pero es imprescindible sopesar el beneficio potencial de la terapia con suplemento de vitamina D, ya que no existen estudios aleatorizados con resultados definitivos


Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doença das Coronárias/dietoterapia , Vitamina D
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(4): 511-514, abr. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-553225

RESUMO

All statins inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase but each has a different chemical structure that may have individual advantages. Some pharmaceutical companies have minimized side effects and stated that dose has no relation to incidence. To the contrary, dose is related to side effects with all statins. Myopathy occurs in up to 10.5 percent of patients taking a high dose. There is an attempt to sell statins that have lost patent protection over-the-counter. However, evidence supports medical supervision as offering greatest patient safety. Concerns were raised about ezetimibe after the initial ENHANCE (effcacy) and SEAS (cancer risk) study but these concerns appear to have been answered. Fenofbrate can be used with a statin but gemfbrozil is contraindicated. Coenzyme Q-10 possibly helps to mitigate the risk of myopathy with a statin but evidence is not universally accepted. JUPITER represented a valid outcomes study but made a claim that rosuvastatin has special value in risk management because of decreased high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein. This actually occurs with any statin, a decrease also enhanced by ezetimibe. Statins have benefted the lives of our patients but, as with any treatment, the physician needs to look critically at all the problems and claims made.


Assuntos
Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/economia , Marketing , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/administração & dosagem , Medição de Risco
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