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1.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 16(1): 35-42, jul. 2004. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-388834

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Comparar los criterios publicados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en 1999 acerca del uso de la prueba de glucemia en ayunas (PGA) y de la prueba de tolerancia a una dosis oral de glucosa con valoración a las dos horas (PTG2h) para identificar a adultos hiperglucémicos en Jamaica. Como la PTG2h no se administra normalmente en un contexto clínico, se investigaron los factores asociados con la inutilidad de la PGA para detectar a personas con hiperglucemia según la PTG2h. MÉTODOS: Se examinó una muestra aleatoria de 2 096 adultos de 25 a 47 años de edad que vivían en la ciudad de Spanish Town, Jamaica, para determinar la presencia de diabetes. Una vez que se eliminó a 215 personas por diversos motivos, entre ellos la ausencia de datos, quedaron 1 881 personas entre las cuales se encontraban 187 que se sabía de antemano que tenían diabetes y otras 1 694 que fueron sometidas tanto a la PGA como a la PTG2h. RESULTADOS: La PGA permitió detectar 83 casos de diabetes, mientras que la PTG2h permitió detectar 72. El estadístico kappa de comparación entre los dos criterios de valoración fue de 0,31 (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,28û0,34), valor que revela una concordancia moderada. Se observaron 261 casos de intolerancia a la glucosa tras la PTG2h y 92 casos de hiperglucemia en ayunas. En estas últimas 92 personas, la PTG2h sirvió para identificar 34 casos de intolerancia a la glucosa y 14 casos de diabetes. De las personas que se mostraron normoglucémicas según la PGA, 14% tenían intolerancia a la glucosa o diabetes, según la PTG2h. Algunos factores tuvieron valor pronóstico en relación con la falta de detección de la intolerancia a la glucosa o la diabetes. Estos fueron la edad, el índice de masa corporal, la concentración de la obesidad en el tronco y el abdomen, la tensión sistólica y el sexo femenino. De acuerdo con la curva de eficacia diagnóstica, una glucemia en ayunas de 5,1 mmol/L tendría valor pronóstico con respecto a la presencia de una glucemia de 7,8 mmol/L según la PTG2h. CONCLUSIONES: Algunas personas cuya glucemia en ayunas está dentro de lo normal tienen intolerancia a la glucosa o diabetes; por lo tanto, para identificarlas es necesario hacer la PTG2h. Se puede mejorar la detección de casos de intolerancia a la glucosa en Jamaica si se reduce el umbral de normalidad para la PGA o si se toman en cuenta los datos clínicos para identificar a las personas en alto riesgo.


Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glicemia/metabolismo , /epidemiologia , Intolerância à Glucose/epidemiologia , Hiperglicemia/epidemiologia , /sangue , /diagnóstico , Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Intolerância à Glucose/diagnóstico , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Programas de Rastreamento , Prevalência , Organização Mundial da Saúde
2.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 9(2): 65-72, feb. 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-323803

RESUMO

Objetivos. Evaluar la calidad de la atención a los pacientes diabéticos en tres consultorios (uno privado y dos públicos) de Jamaica, un país con ingresos medios y una alta prevalencia de diabetes (13 por ciento). Métodos. Durante un censo de 6 semanas realizado en 1995 se recogieron retrospectivamente datos sobre 437 pacientes diabéticos en estos tres consultorios: un ambulatorio de especialidades de un hospital público (AEP), una clinica privada (CP) y una policlínica pública (PP). Resultados. La mediana de edad de los pacientes osciló entre 56 años en el AEP y la CP y 63 años en la PP. La duración mediana del período de observación fue de 6,0 años en el AEP, 9,2 en la CP y 6,3 en la PP. menos de 10 por ciento de los pacientes fueron controlados únicamente con dieta. El tratamiento prescrito con más frecuencia en el AEP fue la insulina (46 por ciento, frente a 7 por ciento en cada uno de los otros dos consultorios). Las sulfonilureas, solas o combinadas con metformina, fueron los agentes más utilizados en la CP y la PP. en total 40 por ciento de los pacientes tuvieron un control satisfactorio de la glucemia (8 mmol/L en ayunas o 10 mmol/L tras las comidas) y no hubo diferencias significativas entre los consultorios con respecto al porcentaje de pacientes con control satisfactorio de la glucemia (P=0,26). La glucemia había sido registrada en el año anterior en 84 por ciento de los pacientes del AEP, 79 por ciento de la CP y 67 por ciento de la PP. Las determinaciones de la hemoglobina glucosilada fueron raras: 16 por ciento en el AEP, 10 por ciento en la CP y 0 por ciento en la PP. En total, en 96 por ciento de los pacientes se había vigilado la hipertensión y en 81 por ciento la proteinuria. La vigilancia de las complicaciones retinianas y podiátricas fue generalmente infrecuente y había sido registrada en las historias clínicas principalmente en los pacientes atendidos en el AEP (14 por ciento para las complicaciones podiátricas y 13 por ciento para las retinarias). Según las histórias clínicas, el personal de los tres consultorios raramente aconsejó a los pacientes sobre la dieta, el ejercicio y otras medidas no farmacológicas. La conducta clínica ante la diabetes en Jamaica no cumple las directrices internacionales y es necesario sensibilizar mejor a los profesionales sanitarios acerca de estas normas con el fin de reducir las consecuencias de la enfermedad


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde , Jamaica
3.
Cajanus ; 34(3): 127-134, 2001. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-387469

RESUMO

Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, which affects large numbers of Caribbean people. There is a perception that Caribbean culture is not only tolerant of obesity but actually encourages this state, especially among women. We carried out a survey among normal-weight and overweight adults in order to investigate their attitudes to obesity. Three hundred adults (245 women and 55 men) present at the Casualty department at the University Hospital during the study period were asked to participate. A questionnaire was given, and heights and weights were measured to determine Body Mass Index (BMI). The relation between BMI and attitudes to obesity was explored. Forty percent of the respondents agreed that fatness was a sign of happiness, 15 percent thought it represented wealth, and 10 percent thought it represented health. Just over half (58 percent) of the women who were overweight perceived themselves to be fat, while of the overweight men (42 percent) thought themselves fat. Fifty-six percent of the men, and 38 percent of the women preferred a slim partner. Most respondents were aware of the diseases associated with obesity and could name foods which contributed to obesity e.g. fried foods and sweets. These data suggest that obesity is viewed favourably, or not unfavourably, by nearly half of the sample, or the converse, over half of the respondents did not view obesity favourably. Although the problems of obesity are recognized, overweight people are not necessarily aware that they are in fact overweight and at risk. Health promotion efforts should take this into account.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Obesidade , Atitude , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Coleta de Dados , Jamaica , Prevalência
4.
West Indian med. j ; 49(3): 220-5, Sept. 2000. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-291977

RESUMO

To determine quality of monitoring and control of hypertension in Jamaica, 756 records of patients, aged > 30 years, attending a public general clinic (PUBMC) (n=500), a special hypertension clinic (SPMC) (n=119) and a private group general clinic (PRMC) (n=137), for more than one year, were reviewed. Duration of follow-up varied among clinics with the longest mean follow-up at PRMC (10.8 years) compared to 6.1 years and 4.7 years at the PUBMC and SPMC respectively. Mean age was greatest at the PUBMC (60 yrs) compared to 53 years in the SPMC and 50 years in the PRMC (p < 0.001). Sex distribution differed among clinics with 15 percent men in the PUBMC, 34 percent in the SPMC and 54 percent in the PRMC (p < 0.001). Over 92 percent of patients had blood pressure (BP) recorded at least once in the 12-month review period. Hypertension was defined as being prescribed antihypertensive medication in clinic records. By this definition 98 percent SPMC patients were hypertensive, compared to 87 percent PUBMC and 80 percent PRMC. Using BP < 160 / 95mmHg, the PRMC was 0.57 (0.34-0.97) compared to the other two clinics after adjustments for age, clinic type, duration of follow-up and gender. Only age was a significant covariate with older patients at greater risk of poor control. Only 18 percent of hypertensives were controlled to BP < 140 / 90mmHg with no difference among clinics. Diuretics were the commonest agent used at the PUBMC (76 percent) and SPMC (86 percent) followed by a-methyldopa, 41 percent and 27 percent, respectively. These agents were less commonly prescribed at the PRMC than at the other clinics (45 percent diuretics and 8 percent a-methyldopa, p < 0.001 for both agents compared to other clinics). PRMC used more angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 38 percent, compared to SPMC 23 percent and PUBMC 1 percent (p < 0.001). Between 9 percent and 15 percent of patients at the PUBMC and PRMC had recorded data on smoking and alcohol use compared to 69 percent at the SPMC. A record of body weight was found in 99 percent at SPMC compared to 82 percent at PRMC and 33 percent at PUBMC (p < 0.001). Surveillance for complications differed for proteinuria (PRMC 33 percent, PUBMC 15 percent, SPMC 15 percent) and fundoscopy (PUBMC 0 percent, PRMC 3 percent, SPMC 43 percent). These results show very limited adherence to recommended hypertension treatment guidelines in all three settings.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde , Assistência ao Paciente/normas , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus , Jamaica
5.
West Indian med. j ; 49(2): 118-22, Jun. 2000. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-291946

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge of hypertension, its management, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure (BP), medication use, and current lifestyles of patients with persistent hypertension. Patients (n=80) attending the Specialist Hypertension Clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) who had a baseline systolic BP> 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP> 90 mmHg were invited to participate in the study. Blood pressure, height, weight, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. A pretested questionannaire with 40 items eliciting demographic data, level of activity, dietary habits, knowledge of hypertension, medication compliance, use of alternative medicines, and substance use was administered to each participant. Mean BMI for men was 27.65 (95 percent CI 25.7 - 29.6); mean BMI for women was 30.89 (95 percent CI 26.1 - 35.7). In men, there was an association between BMI and WHR, r = 0.62, p<0.05, an association between BMI and diastolic BP and a negative association between BMI and activity level (r= -0.42, p<0.05). Although the majority of both men and women were classified as obese, only 12 percent of men and 7 percent of women recognized diet and overweight as contributing to high blood pressure. Reported diets tended to be high in fat, salt and meats and low in vegetables and fruits; the majority of the participants were sedentary. Medication compliance was good, with a mean of only four days of medications missed per month. These findings suggest that to lower blood pressure in this population, the use of nonpharmacologic theraphy involving lifestyle changes such as improved diet, weight loss and increased physical activity will be important.


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Estilo de Vida , Exercício Físico , Redução de Peso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Antropometria , Distribuição por Sexo , Dieta , Hipertensão/terapia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico
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