Quality evaluation and genetic study of anti-coagulation therapy of warfarin in stable period after mechanical valve replacement / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To evaluate the quality of warfarin anticoagulant therapy in patients with stable stage after mechanical valve replacement surgery, to observe the effect of compound salvia miltiorrhiza tablet on the anticoagulant effect of warfarin in patients after mechanical valve replacement, and to understand the impact of genetic polymorphisms of VKORC1, CYP2C9 and CYP4F2 on warfarin resistance in patients with mechanical valve replacement in the stable period. Methods    From July 2011 to February 2014, 1 831 patients who had ≥ 6 months after mechanical valve  replacement surgery were enrolled at the outpatient follow-up. The basic clinical data were recorded. Anticoagulant therapy uses a target international normalized ratio（INR, 1.60–2.20) and a weekly warfarin dose adjustment strategy. Forty-six patients who needed compound salvia miltiorrhiza tablet were screened and the INR values. Before and after taking tablets were recorded and compared. The patients were divided into three groups according to the percentile of warfarin dosage including a warfarin sensitive patients group, a control patients group, and a warfarin resistance patients group. And 101 of them were selected. TIANGEN blood DNA Kit blood genomic DNA extraction kit was used to extract samples and polymerase chain restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RELP) was used to determine the genotypes of patients. The detected gene loci included CYP4F2: rs2108622C>T locus; VKORC1:1639G>A locus; VKORC1:1173C>T locus; CYP2C9*2: rs1799853C>T locus; CYP2C9*3:1061A>C locus. Results    The time in therapeutic range (TTR) and fraction of time in therapeutic range (FTTR) in the target INR range of the patients included in the study period was 27.2% and 49.4%, respectively, and the TTR and FTTR in the acceptable INR range was 34.25% and 63.36%, respectively. Before and after the addition of compound salvia miltiorrhiza tablets, the INR value was 1.55±0.03 and 1.69±0.30, respectively, and the difference was statistically different (P<0.05). A total of 101 patients with genetic testing, in which the C/T composition of the VKORC1: 1173C>T locus increased in the warfarin sensitivity, contrast and warfarin resistance patients, while the ratio of allelic loci of C/T in CYP2C9*3: 1061A>C loci decreased in turn. There was no difference in the CYP4F2 gene, VKORC1639 gene, and CYP2C9*2 locus. The IWPC model predicts that warfarin dose is only consistent with the actual warfarin dose in warfarin sensitive patients. Conclusion    Relatively low TTR and FTTR are acceptable in patients with stable stage after mechanical valve replacement. It is beneficial to the patients with compound salvia miltiorrhiza tablets in terms of some appropriate patients. VKORC1: 1173C>T site and CYP2C9*3: 1061A>C site mutation is the main pharmacological gene factor of warfarin dose sensitivity and warfarin resistance in stable period after mechanical valve replacement. The IWPC dose prediction model is only consistent with the actual dose of warfarin sensitive patients.

Excessive bleeding and reexploration after cardiac surgery is a simple and worth thinking about issue / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#The incidence of postoperative excessive bleeding and reexploration is relatively high, and it will bring a series of serious complications, such as an additional surgery, a longer intensive care unit stay, longer time on mechanical ventilation, an increase need of allogeneic blood product transfusions and increased mortality. However, the understanding of postoperative excessive bleeding and reexploration in China is significantly different from the international level, and the understanding of postoperative excessive bleeding and reexploration after cardiac surgery in clinical work is still not enough. This review will focus on some problems, such as related factors analysis of postoperative excessive bleeding, hemostatic process optimization and the serious complications of reexploration after cardiac surgery.

Progress of anticoagulant therapy of the patients with mechanical prosthetic valve replacement / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#The patients with mechanical prosthetic valve replacement need anticoagulant therapy for all their life. The incidence of thromboembolism and anticoagulation-related bleeding events still account for major postoperative complications after mechanical heart valve replacement. Most of the complications happen in the first half year after operation. Therefore, early anticoagulation therapy is very important. Of course, so far most guidelines focus stating their opinions on long-term anticoagulant therapy. However, there is no consensus about anticoagulant therapy in the early period of postoperation. In this review, we summarize early anticoagulant therapy of the patients with mechanical heart valve replacement through consulting domestic and abroad relevant research in recent years and give an overview of the present situations of early anticoagulant therapy.