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Objective To investigate the infection status and changing trend of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection in hospitalized patients in medical institutions,and provide reference for formulating HCV infection prevention and control strategies.Methods HCV infection surveillance results from cross-sectional survey data reported to China Healthcare-associated Infection(HAI)Surveillance System in 2020 were summarized and analyzed,HCV positive was serum anti-HCV positive or HCV RNA positive,survey result was compared with the survey results from 2003.Results In 2020,1 071 368 inpatients in 1 573 hospitals were surveyed,738 535 of whom underwent HCV test,4 014 patients were infected with HCV,with a detection rate of 68.93％and a HCV positive rate of 0.54％.The positive rate of HCV in male and female patients were 0.60％and 0.48％,respectively,with a statistically sig-nificant difference(x2=47.18,P＜0.001).The HCV positive rate in the 50-＜60 age group was the highest(0.76％),followed by the 40-＜50 age group(0.71％).Difference among all age groups was statistically signifi-cant(x2=696.74,P＜0.001).In 2003,91 113 inpatients were surveyed.35 145 of whom underwent HCV test,resulting in a detection rate of 38.57％;775 patients were infected with HCV,with a positive rate of 2.21％.In 2020,HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales were 0.46％-0.63％,with the highest in hospital with bed numbers ranging 600-899.Patients'HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales was statistically signifi-cant(X2=35.34,P＜0.001).In 2020,12 provinces/municipalities had over 10 000 patients underwent HCV-rela-ted test,and HCV positive rates ranged 0.19％-0.81％,with the highest rate from Hainan Province.HCV posi-tive rates in different departments were 0.06％-0.82％,with the lowest positive rate in the department of pedia-trics and the highest in the department of internal medicine.In 2003 and 2020,HCV positive rates in the depart-ment of infectious diseases were the highest,being 7.95％and 3.48％,respectively.Followed by departments of orthopedics(7.72％),gastroenterology(3.77％),nephrology(3.57％)and general intensive care unit(ICU,3.10％)in 2003,as well as departments of gastroenterology(1.35％),nephrology(1.18％),endocrinology(0.91％),and general intensive care unit(ICU,0.79％)in 2020.Conclusion Compared with 2003,HCV positive rate decreased significantly in 2020.HCV infected patients were mainly from the department of infectious diseases,followed by departments of gastroenterology,nephrology and general ICU.HCV infection positive rate varies with gender,age,and region.
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Objective To understand the distribution and antimicrobial resistance changes of bacteria isolated from pleural and peritoneal effusion in Hunan Province,and provide reference for correct clinical diagnosis and rational antimicrobial use.Methods Data reported by member units of Hunan Provincial Antimicrobial Resistance Survei-llance System from 2012 to 2021 were collected.Bacteria antimicrobial resistance surveillance method was imple-mented according to technical scheme of China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System(CARSS),and WHO-NET 5.6 software was used to analyze the data of bacteria isolated from pleural and peritoneal effusion as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.Results From 2012 to 2021,a total of 28 934 bacterial strains were iso-lated from specimens of pleural and peritoneal effusions from member units of Hunan Provincial Antimicrobial Re-sistance Surveillance System,with 5 752 strains from pleural effusion and 23 182 from peritoneal effusion.The top five bacteria isolated from pleural effusion were Escherichia coli(n=907,15.8％),Staphylococcus aureus(n=535,9.3％),Klebsiella pneumoniae(n=369,6.4％),Staphylococcus epidermidis(n=452,7.9％),and Staphy-lococcus haemolyticus(n=285,5.0％).The detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MR-SA)from pleural effusion was 24.3％-39.2％,and that of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus(MRCNS)was 58.8％-77.1％.The top five bacteria isolated from peritoneal effusion were Escherichia coli(n=8 264,35.6％),Klebsiella pneumoniae(n=2 074,9.0％),Enterococcus faecium(n=1 458,6.3％),Staphylo-coccus epidermidis(n=1 383,6.0％),and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(n=1 152,5.0％).The detection rate of MRSA from peritoneal effusion was 22.1％-52.4％,which presented a decreasing trend(P=0.004).The detec-tion rate of MRCNS was 60.4％-79.4％.The resistance rates of Enterobacterales from peritoneal effusion to ce-fazolin,cefuroxime,ceftriaxone and cefepime all showed decreasing trends(all P＜0.05).Vancomycin-,linezo-lid-,and teicoplanin-resistant Staphylococcus strains were not found in pleural and peritoneal effusions.The resis-tance rates of Enterococcus faecium to most tested antimicrobial agents were higher than those of Enterococcus fae-calis.The resistance rates of Enterobacterales to imipenem and meropenem were ≤8.5％.The resistance rates of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli to imipenem and meropenem were ≤43.3％.Conclusion The data structure of Hunan Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System for pleural and peritoneal effusions from 2012 to 2021 is relatively complete.The constituent and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated pathogenic bacteria vary in different years.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antibiotics use in inpatients with hospitals under different scales.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On the day of August 7, 2003, antibiotics use among inpatients were investigated, medical order to each inpatient was checked and forms were filled.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Data showed that 54.86% of the 89,539 inpatients from 151 hospitals were using antibiotics, out of which 48.98% were used for therapeutic purposes while 35.44% for prophylaxis, and 15.58% for both therapy and prophylaxis. Among those who had received antibiotics, 61.43% received one, 33.65% received two and 4.92% received 3 or more agents. In patients who were on antibiotics for therapy, only 23.92% of the samples were sent for pathogens detection. The prevalence of antibiotics use was different among different hospitals, with teaching hospitals having the lowest and hospitals with less than 300 beds were higher than those with more than 300 beds. Departments of respiratory diseases, intensive care unit, and pediatrics had the higher use of antibiotics.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Inpatients in 151 hospitals had high prevalence of antibiotics use, especially for prophylaxis use but pathogen detection was seldomly done. It is necessary to strengthen the rational use and management of antibiotics use in the hospitals.</p>