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Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, is an important blinding disease in people over 50 years old.Various optical methods are used to detect retinal angiopathy and evaluate the progress of DR.However, there are also changes in microstructure and function of visual pathways in DR patients, which may occur earlier than retinal angiopathy.Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can detect ocular blood flow biological parameters and visual pathway function, and has the advantages of noninvasive procedure, precise positioning and high repeatability.fMRI includes perfusion-weighted MRI (PWI), voxel-based morphometry (VBM), magnetic resonance spectrum (MRS), diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), and blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI (BOLD-fMRI). PWI can be used to investigate the early retinopathy of DR, and manganese-enhanced MRI can be used to explore the changes of retina and choroid activity in the early stage of DR.Arterial spin labeling can be used to detect ocular blood flow.VBM is able to detect changes in gray matter.MRS can be used to detect biochemical reactions of the cerebrum by calculating the peak value of metabolites.DWI reflects brain injury by apparent diffusion coefficients.BOLD-fMRI is used to detect changes in the brain neuron activity and brain network function of DR.In this paper, the role of fMRI in the functional evaluation of visual pathways in DR was reviewed.
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Objective To observe the ocular surface function changes of dry eye patients with seborrheic dermatitis and discuss the significance of seborrheic dermatitis in ocular surface damage. Methods A cohort study was performed. Forty-nine patients (49 eyes) who were initial diagnosed with dry eye enrolled in General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from October 2015 to March 2016 were divided into 2 groups,including 21 patients with seborrheic dermatitis and 28 patients without seborrheic dermatitis. Gender, age, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), eyelid margin scores, eyelid secretions scores, meibomian gland imaging scores, conjunctival congestion scores,ocular surface disease index ( OSDI) ,Schirmer Ⅰtest ( SⅠt) ,break-up time of tear film ( BUT) ,fluorescent integral score were examined and compared. The study was followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (No. IRB2015-YX-069). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before entering the study. Results There were not significant differences in gender and ages (χ2=1. 536,P=0. 215;t=0. 642,P=0. 524). The rate of MGD in seborrheic dermatitis group was 57. 15％,which was significantly higher than that in the non-seborheic dermatitis group (25. 00％),with significan difference between the two groups (χ2 =5. 222,P=0. 022). There were significant differences in eyelid margin scores,eyelid secretions scores,meibomian gland imaging scores,fluorescent integral scores between the two groups (Z=2. 105,3. 303,3. 368, 3. 036,all at P<0. 05). The OSDI in the seborheic dermatitis group was 26. 43±8. 05,which was significantly larger than that in the non-seborheic dermatitis group (16. 75±5. 74);the BUT in the seborheic dermatitis group was (6. 14± 1. 98)s,which was significantly shorter than that in the non-seborheic (8. 75±1. 38)s (t=4. 918,5. 434;both at P<0. 05). Conclusions Seborrheic dermatitis may aggravate ocular surface dysfunction in dry eye patients.
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Objective@#To observe the ocular surface function changes of dry eye patients with seborrheic dermatitis and discuss the significance of seborrheic dermatitis in ocular surface damage.@*Methods@#A cohort study was performed.Forty-nine patients (49 eyes) who were initial diagnosed with dry eye enrolled in General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from October 2015 to March 2016 were divided into 2 groups, including 21 patients with seborrheic dermatitis and 28 patients without seborrheic dermatitis.Gender, age, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), eyelid margin scores, eyelid secretions scores, meibomian gland imaging scores, conjunctival congestion scores, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer Ⅰtest (SⅠt), break-up time of tear film (BUT), fluorescent integral score were examined and compared.The study was followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (No.IRB2015-YX-069). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before entering the study.@*Results@#There were not significant differences in gender and ages (χ2=1.536, P=0.215; t=0.642, P=0.524). The rate of MGD in seborrheic dermatitis group was 57.15%, which was significantly higher than that in the non-seborheic dermatitis group (25.00%), with significan difference between the two groups (χ2=5.222, P=0.022). There were significant differences in eyelid margin scores, eyelid secretions scores, meibomian gland imaging scores, fluorescent integral scores between the two groups (Z=2.105, 3.303, 3.368, 3.036, all at P<0.05). The OSDI in the seborheic dermatitis group was 26.43±8.05, which was significantly larger than that in the non-seborheic dermatitis group (16.75±5.74); the BUT in the seborheic dermatitis group was (6.14±1.98)s, which was significantly shorter than that in the non-seborheic (8.75±1.38)s (t=4.918, 5.434; both at P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Seborrheic dermatitis may aggravate ocular surface dysfunction in dry eye patients.
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Background Chrysin has many biological activities,and its anti-inflammatory effect has been confirmed.However,whether it can treat experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is still not elucidated.Objective This study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of chrysin on EAU and explore the potential mechanism.Methods EAU animal models were established in 30 SPF C57BL/6J mice by the subcutaneous injection and ball pad injection of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein1-20 (IRBP1-20)/complete Freund adjuvant (CFA),and then the models were randomized into the model control group and chrysin-treated group.Chrysin solution dissolved by 10 μl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)+140 μl PBS was administrated by gavaging in the mice with the dlose 25 mg/kg from 3 days before immunization through 21 days everyday in the chrysin group,and equal volume of solvent was used in the same way in the model control group.Retinas were examined by indirect ophthalmoscope once per day,and inflammation and pathological scores of retina were performed based on the criteria of Caspi on the 21st day after injection.The apoptosis of retinal cells was assayed by TUNEL staining,and the relative expressions of proinflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ),interleukin-17 A (IL-17A),IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1),STAT3,p-STAT1,p-STAT3 in mouse retinas were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the model control group,the inflammation scores and pathological scores of retinal inflammation were significantly reduced in the chrysin group (inflammation scores:0.50± 0.45 vs 1.58±0.92,t=2.600,P=0.026;pathologic scores:0.58±0.38 vs 1.83±0.75,t=3.638,P=0.005).The infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells,retinal vasculitis and granulomatous lesions were found in mouse retinas in the model control group,however,the morphology of mouse retinas in the chrysin group was normal based on hematoxylin-eosin staining.The number of apoptotic cells was remarkable lessened in the chrysin group compared with the model control group under the fluorescence microscope.Western blot assay resolved that significantly downregulation in the expressions of IFN-γ,IL-17A,IL-6 and TNF-α was seen in the chrysin group in comparison with the model control group (t =7.802,P =0.001;t =14.906,P =0.000;t =10.241,P =0.001;t =3.304,P =0.030),and the relative expression levels of STAT1,STAT3,p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 were considerably lower in the chrysin group than those in the model control group (t=8.965,P=0.001;t=8.358,P=0.001;t=4.864,P=0.031;t=4.730,P=0.009).ConclusionsChrysin or chrysin-like flavonoids ameliorate intraocular inflammatory symptoms in EAU mice by inhibiting the activity of STAT signal pathway.