Patterns of skin diseases among outpatients attending Hospital of Dermatology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in 2019 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To clarify patterns of skin diseases among outpatients at first and return visits to Hospital of Dermatology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in 2019.Methods:Data were collected from the outpatient electronic medical record information system in Hospital of Dermatology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 1st to December 31st, 2019, and patterns of skin diseases among outpatients at first and return visits were analyzed retrospectively.Results:The total number of outpatient consultations was 1 440 580 in 2019, including 941 755 (65.37%) first visits and 498 825 (34.63%) return visits, and the daily average number of outpatient consultations was 4 332. The top 10 most prevalent skin diseases were eczema, acne, urticaria, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, vitiligo, neurodermatitis, pigmented nevus, tinea pedis and onychomycosis among outpatients at the first visits, with the number of outpatient visits being 739 175 and accounting for 78.49% of the total first visits; the top 10 most prevalent skin diseases among outpatients at the return visits were eczema, acne, psoriasis, urticaria, vitiligo, seborrheic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, pigmented nevus, keloid and rosacea, with the number of outpatient visits being 399 594 and accounting for 80.11% of the total return visits.Conclusion:In 2019, skin diseases predominated by common diseases, such as eczema and acne, among outpatients at Hospital of Dermatology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Epidemiological trends and features of syphilis in China, 2014—2019 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate epidemiological trends and characteristics of syphilis in China from 2014 to 2019, and to provide evidence for developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal, spatial and temporal distribution of syphilis cases reported in China from 2014 to 2019.Results:The reported incidence rate of syphilis in China increased from 30.93 per 100 000 in 2014 to 38.37 per 100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase rate of 4.41%. From 2014 to 2019, the average annual rates of decrease in primary and secondary syphilis and congenital syphilis were 10.95% and 26.16% respectively, and the average annual rates of increase in tertiary syphilis and latent syphilis were 1.61% and 10.75% respectively. The reported incidence rate was high in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Zhejiang, Hainan and Fujian, etc. From 2014 to 2019, the reported annual incidence rate of syphilis was slightly lower in males than in females, and the male-to-female ratio ranged from 0.86∶1 to 0.96∶1. The population aged 15-19 years showed a rapid yearly increase in the reported incidence rate, with an average annual increase rate of 13.54%. The reported annual incidence rate of syphilis peaked in the population aged 25-34 years during 2014-2018, and in the population aged 20-24 years in 2019. Syphilis cases were reported in all occupational groups, the largest proportion of cases was found in farmers and migrant workers (41.19%-46.80%) , and the highest average annual increase rate of 20.72% was observed in students. Among all stages of syphilis, the proportions of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis decreased yearly, while the proportion of latent syphilis increased year by year, and went up to 82.95% in 2019.Conclusion:There was a yearly increase in the total reported incidence rate of syphilis in China from 2014 to 2019, but the reported incidence rates of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis decreased yearly; a rapid increase in the reported incidence rate of syphilis was observed among young people; farmers and migrant workers were the most affected populations; some regions in northwest China and southeastern coastal provinces showed relatively high reported incidence rates.

Epidemiological trends and features of gonorrhea in China, 2015—2019 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate epidemiological trends and characteristics of gonorrhea in China in recent years, and to provide evidence for developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal, spatial and temporal distribution of gonorrhea cases reported in China from 2015 to 2019.Results:The reported incidence rate of gonorrhea in China increased from 7.36 per 100 000 in 2015 to 10.06 per 100 000 in 2017, and decreased to 8.45 per 100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase rate of 3.51%. From 2015 to 2019, the reported annual incidence rate in males was about 5 times that in females. During the 5 years, the reported incidence rate rapidly increased year by year in the groups aged 15 - 19 years and 20 - 24 years, with average annual increase rates of 33.67% and 22.77% respectively, but decreased or kept stable in the remaining age groups. High reported incidence rates were observed in the groups aged 25 - 29 years and 30 - 34 years from 2015 to 2018, but in the groups aged 20 - 24 years and 15 - 19 years in 2019. Gonorrhea cases were reported in all occupation groups, the largest proportion of cases was found in farmers and migrant workers (29.81% - 33.36%), and the highest average annual increase rate of 31.09% was observed in students. The reported incidence rate was high (> 12 per 100 000) in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, etc., but low (< 3 per 100 000) in Hebei, Tianjin, Tibet, etc.Conclusions:In general, the reported incidence rate of gonorrhea in China had been slightly increasing in the past 5 years, and was markedly higher in males than in females. The population with high incidence of gonorrhea tended to be younger, farmers and migrant workers were the most important affected populations, and the southeast coastal areas in China showed a relatively high reported incidence rate.

Epidemiologic features of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection at national sexually transmitted disease surveillance sites in China, 2015—2019 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate epidemiological trend and characteristics of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in China in recent years, and to provide evidence for making Ct infection prevention and control strategies. Methods:A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal, spatial and temporal distribution of genital Ct infection cases reported from 105 national sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance sites in China from 2015 to 2019.Results:The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection increased from 37.18 per 100 000 in 2015 to 55.32 per 100 000 in 2019, with the average annual rate of increase being 10.44%. The reported incidence rates at national STD surveillance sites ranged from 0 to 1 309.38 per 100 000, which were relatively high in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces. Increasing trends in the reported incidence rate were observed among both females and males. From 2015 to 2019, the reported annual incidence rate in males was lower than that in females, and the male-to-female reported incidence rate ratio decreased from 0.43 (22.57 per 100 000 vs. 52.74 per 100 000) in 2015 to 0.32 (27.35 per 100 000 vs. 84.55 per 100 000) in 2019. The reported incidence rates increased yearly in the groups aged more than 15 years, and the average annual rate of increase was highest in the group aged 20 - 24 years (25.81%) , followed by the group aged 15 - 19 years (22.55%) ; the sexually active population aged 20 - 34 years showed the highest reported incidence rate among all the age groups, and the reported incidence rate was up to 184.70 per 100 000 in this age group in 2019. Genital Ct infection cases were reported among all occupation groups, and the largest proportion of cases was found in unemployed population (32.86% - 38.50%) , followed by commercial service population (25.29% - 27.84%) . General hospitals reported the largest number of genital Ct infection cases (68.30% - 74.59%) , followed by maternal and child health hospitals. Conclusions:The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection was high with an increasing trend in China from 2015 to 2019, and the southeastern coastal provinces of China showed a relatively high repoted incidence rate. Genital Ct infection affected a wide range of people in different occupations. The reported incidence rate in females was higher than that in males, and the population with a high incidence tended to be younger.

Spatial distribution characteristics and patterns of congenital syphilis in 2010 and 2015 in China / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate the spatial distribution characteristics and patterns of congenital syphilis in China,and to make suggestions and recommendations for precise prevention of motherto-child transmission of syphilis.Methods The geographic information system software ArcGIS 10.0 was used to conduct exploratory spatial data analysis on the basis of congenital syphilis cases reported from 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government in 2010 and 2015.Results In 2015,a total of 7 251 congenital syphilis cases were reported,which decreased by 40.00％ compared with the case number in 2010 (12 084 cases).The global spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed a positive spatial autocorrelation in the number of reported cases at the county level in China between 2010 and 2015,with Global Moran's I indices of 0.46 and 0.37,respectively.The degree of spatial clustering of congenital syphilis was lower in 2015 than in 2010.The local spatial autocorrelation analysis was further performed to output the hot-spot mappings of congenital syphilis at the county level in 2010 and 2015.In 2010,207 hot-spot counties with a high number of congenital syphilis cases (＞ 12 cases) were identified,and these counties were mainly distributed in 3 core areas including southwest China (Chongqing,eastern Sichuan and northern Guizhou),eastern China (southern Jiangsu,Zhejiang and northern Fujian),and southern and central China (Guangxi,Guangdong and mid-east Hunan).In 2015,72 hot-spot counties with a high number of congenital syphilis cases (＞ 12 cases)were identified,and mainly distributed in 5 core areas including northwest China (western Xinjiang),mid-east Qinghai,southwest and central China (Sichuan,Chongqing,Guizhou and Hunan),eastern China (Jiangsu,Anhui),and southern China and eastern China (Guangdong and Fujian).Conclusions In Zhejiang,Shanghai,Guangdong,Guangxi,Sichuan and Chongqing,the number of hot-spot counties with a high reported congenital syphilis cases was significantly lower in 2015 than in 2010,suggesting that the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis had achieved a primary success.At present,hot-spots counties with a high number of congenital syphilis cases are mainly distributed in western Xinjiang,mid-east Qinghai,Sichuan,Chongqing,Guizhou and so on,Therefore,the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis should be strengthened in these areas.

Epidemiologic features of genital herpes in China from 2008 to 2017 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate epidemiological features of genital herpes in China from 2008 to 2017,and to provide scientific evidences for developing control strategies.Methods A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal,spatial and temporal distribution of genital herpes cases reported from 105 sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance sites between 2008 and 2017.Results The reported incidence of genital herpes decreased from 8.30 per 100 000 in 2008 to 6.14 per 100 000 in 2017,with an average annual decline rate of 3.29％.There was marked variation in the reported incidence of genital herpes among different STD surveillance sites,with a range from ＜ 1 per 100 000 to 113.51 per 100 000.The reported incidence was relatively high in Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,Zhejiang,Fujian,Chongqing and Hubei,but low in north China and central China.In addition,no cases were reported at a few sites in rural areas.The reported annual incidence was higher in females than in males in 2016,but higher in males than in females in the other years.The ratio of male to female cases decreased from 1.77 ∶ 1 in 2008 to 1.03:1 in 2017.Among all the age groups,the sexually active population aged 20-39 years showed high reported incidence of genital herpes,with the highest reported incidence observed in the group aged 25-34 years (range,17.84/100 000-26.89/100 000).Among all kinds of medical institutions,general hospitals had the largest number of reported cases of genital herpes (range,58.13％-76.52％),followed by specialized dermatovenereology hospitals,gynecology hospitals and maternal and child health (MCH) hospitals.Conclusions Although the overall reported incidence of genital herpes shows a downward trend,the reported incidence is high in Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,Zhejiang,Fujian,Chongqing and Hubei.Therefore,different prevention strategies are needed to be developed according to the epidemiological features.

Epidemiologic features of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in national sexually transmitted disease surveillance sites in China from 2008 to 2015 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate epidemiologic features of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in China,and to provide scientific evidence for developing control strategies.Methods A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal,spacial and temporal distribution of genital Ct infection cases reported from 105 national sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance sites in China between 2008 and 2015.Results The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection increased from 32.48 per 100 000 in 2008 to 37.18 per 100 000 in 2015,with the average annual rate of increase being 1.95％.There was marked variation in the reported incidence of genital Ct infection (range,＜ 1/100 000-615.99/100 000) among different STD surveillance sites,which was relatively high in the Pearl River Delta region,Yangtze River Delta region,Minjiang River region and some ethnic minority areas in western China,but low in north China and central China.In addition,no cases were reported at a few sites in rural areas.The reported annual incidence rate was higher in females than in males from 2008 to 2015,and the ratio of male to female cases decreased from 0.61:1 in 2008 to 0.46:1 in 2015.Among all age groups,the sexually active population aged 20-44 years showed high reported incidence of genital Ct infection,with the highest reported incidence observed in the group aged 25-29 years (range,116.72/100 000-142.98/100 000);the group aged 15-19 years showed the highest average annual rate of increase (10.06％) in the reported incidence of genital Ct infection.Among all kinds of medical institutions,general hospitals had the largest number of reported cases (range,66.00％-74.22％),followed by gynecology hospitals,Maternal and Child Health (MCH) hospitals and specialized dermatovenereology hospitals.Conclusions Genital Ct infection has been one of important public health issues in China,more attention should be paid to its prevention,and effective preventive measures are needed to be developed according to epidemiologic features.

Mother-to-child transmission of syphilis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is a major route of transmission of syphilis,and may occur at any time during pregnancy.MTCT of syphilis can lead to many adverse pregnancy outcomes,seriously affects maternal and infant health,and has been a severe public health and social problem.The risk of MTCT of syphilis is associated with stage of syphilis in pregnancy,stage of pregnancy,receiving or not receiving treatment,and is especially high in patients with early syphilis.With the growth of incidence of syphilis,the prevention for MTCT of syphilis has been becoming more and more important.Screening for and early treatment of syphilis in pregnancy can effectively block MTCT of syphilis.To learn the epidemiology,route,risk,and associated factors of MTCT of syphilis will undoubtedly facilitate the development of strategies for syphilis prevention and control.

HIV detection and prevalence among sexullay transmitted diseases clinic patients in seven provinces (Autonomous Region) / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the performance of HIV detection,prevalence and related factors in sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics and provide evidence for the improvement of HIV test and counsel services.Methods From January 2013 to December 2014,a survey was conducted in 9 sentinel STD clinics in Laoning province and other 6 provinces.Newly diagnosed STD patients were asked to fill out in STD reporting cards and encouraged to receive HIV test and counsel.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with the acceptance of HIV test.Results Of the 5 063 STD cases reported,2 668(52.7％) received the HIV screening test,in which,63(2.4％) were positive for HIV.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the acceptance of HIV test was associated with the location of STD clinic,patients' original living place,patient' s marital status,type of STD,and reasons for seeking medical care in STD clinic.Conclusion HIV counsel and test were well accepted by STD patients,and the HIV positive rate was high.More studies are needed to further explore factors that impede the acceptance of HIV counsel and test services in STD clinics.

Epidemiological characteristics and trends of gonorrhea in China from 2000 to 2014 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics and trends of gonorrhea in China, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies. Methods An epidemiological study was performed on gonorrhea cases reported from 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government between 2000 and 2014. Results The reported incidence rate of gonorrhea decreased from 22.92 per 100 000 in 2000 to 7.25 per 100 000 in 2014, with the average annual rate of decrease being 7.89%. There was a significant difference in the incidence of gonorrhea between different regions. The regions with the highest incidence rate of gonorrhea were Yangtze River Delta region(Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu)and Zhujiang River Delta region(Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), followed by northwest China (Xinjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia). The incidence of gonorrhea was higher in males than in females, and the average male/female ratio increased from 1.96 ∶ 1 in 2000 to 4.52 ∶ 1 in 2014. The population aged 20 - 44 years showed high incidence of gonorrhea, and the highest incidence rate of gonorrhea was observed in the age group 25 - 29 years in both men and women. The incidence of gonorrhea decreased in all the age groups from 2000 to 2014 except the age group 15 - 19 years with an annual growth rate of 4.18%. Of 20 occupations, peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (26.00%)of reported gonorrhea cases, and the number of reported gonorrhea cases showed a decreasing trend in all the occupations. Conclusions Gonorrhea remains a major public health issue in China, and effective measures based on epidemiological features are urgently needed to control gonorrhea.

Characterization of spatial distribution of syphilis in China, 2011 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To characterize the spatial distribution pattern of syphilis at the county level in China,and to provide a new method for syphilis surveillance and control.Methods A national geographic information system (GIS) database was developed based on reported cases of syphilis from all counties in China,2011.Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) methods were used to study the frequency distribution of incidence,global and local spatial autocorrelation,of syphilis.Results The median incidence rate of syphilis was 21.17/100 000 (range:0.00-515.34/100 000; 25th percentile 9.28/100 000,75th percentile 43.00/100 000) in 2 925 counties in the mainland of China in 2011,with a highly positively skewed distribution (skewness =3.11).The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a positive spatial autocorrelation of syphilis incidence at the county level in China (global Moran's index =0.576 2,P ＜ 0.001),with the type of correlation being high-high cluster (General G index =0.033 1,P ＜ 0.001).The local spatial autocorrelation analysis delineated hot spots of syphilis (including primary and secondary syphilis,latent syphilis) at the county level.Totally,117 counties,which were mainly distributed in the Yangtze River delta region,northwest,northeastern and south China,were identified as hot spots for syphilis,with the incidence rate of primary or secondary syphilis being higher than 50/100 000.Conclusions The GIS and exploratory spatial data analysis,with the advantages of visualization and accurate localization,may serve as an important novel tool for syphilis surveillance and control.

Estimation of syphilis epidemic through application of workbook method among populations aged from 15 to 49 years old in China in 2011 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To apply workbook method for the estimation on syphilis epidemic in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data on population size and syphilis infection were collected by national STD and HIV/AIDS surveillance system among six populations aged from 15 to 49 years old in 31 provinces in 2011. Six groups included female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), STD clinic attendee, drug users, pregnant women and general population. Meta analysis was applied to pool the different prevalence of the same population in the different sentinels of each province, and then workbook method was applied to estimate the syphilis epidemic in China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The estimation of syphilis epidemic(95%CI) was 2 979 422(1 504 000-6 063 309) among the populations aged 15 to 49 years old in 2011. The estimation among FSW was 54 624 (38 422-78 875) , that of MSM was 265 453 (162 586-506 520) , that of STD clinic attendee was 53 555 (31 256-98 057) , that of drug users was 94 244 (66 475-139 349) , that of pregnant women was 70 062 (39 942-136 584) and that of general population was 2 441 484 (1 165 319-5 103 924) . The proportion of general population in the whole estimation of syphilis infection was 81.94%, and that of MSM was 8.91%. The estimation of syphilis incidence was 1 489 711 among 15 to 49 years old, and the estimation of syphilis prevalence was 0.40% in the whole country. The estimation of incidence in this research was 5.2 times as the number of reported cases from China information system for diseases control and prevention.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Workbook method was a scientific and feasible toolkit for the estimation of syphilis epidemic in China, and the estimation outcomes were greatly significant for syphilis control.</p>

Syphilis in China from 2000 to 2013: epidemiological trends and characteristics / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate the trends in and characteristics of syphilis epidemiology in China,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies.Methods An epidemiological study was performed on syphilis cases reported from 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities between 2000 and 2013.Results The reported syphilis incidence increased yearly from 6.43 per 100 000 person-years in 2000 to 32.86 per 100 000 person-years in 2013,with an average annual growth rate of 13.37％.Syphilis was reported in most (99％) counties/districts in China mainland except for a few remote mountain areas,with a significant difference in the incidence of syphilis between different regions.The regions with a high incidence of syphilis included minority areas in Northwest China (Xinjiang,Qinghai and Ningxia),Minjiang River area,Yangtze River Delta (Zhejiang,Shanghai),Zhujiang River Delta (Guangxi,Guangdong),etc.There had been a rapid increase in the incidence of syphilis in some regions previously reported to have a low incidence (such as Guizhou,Shaanxi,Henan,etc).Among the reported cases,female patients predominated with an average male/female ratio of 0.92 ∶ 1.The incidence of syphilis was highest in the age group of 20-39 years,but increased yearly by more than 30％ in the population aged ＞ 60 years.Of 20 occupations,peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (31.56％) of syphilis cases,and retired population showed the most rapid increase by about 27.35％ per year.The constituent ratio of primary and secondary syphilis in all the syphilis cases had declined yearly,while that of latent syphilis increased by more than 50％ after 2010.Conclusions Syphilis remains a major public health issue in China,and measures based on the epidemiological features are urgently needed to effectively control epidemic syphilis.

Club drug use and its association with syphilis infection among female sex workers / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence rates of club drug use and how it associated with syphilis infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in different areas of China so as to provide reference for developing intervention programs.Methods In each of the study site,different kinds of venues where FSWs solicited clients were mapped and grouped into three strata.The number of FSWs at each venue was enumerated.A stratified proportional sampling design was adopted to recruit FSWs.Questionnaire survey was conducted to gather data on demographic information,club drug use and sexual behaviors.Blood samples were taken and tested for syphilis.Factors associated with syphilis infection and club drug use were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.Results Results of the 1 630 participants,120 (7.4％) used club drugs in the past 12 months,and 5.4％ (88/1 630) tested positive for syphilis.Syphilis positive rate was not significantly different between FSWs who used club drugs and those who did not.Data from multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that club drug use was associated with following factors as sites of the study,hometown of the FSWs,marital status,education level,having had STD symptoms or history of injecting drugs in the past 12 months of the sex workers.Conclusion Club drug use was highly prevalent among FSWs.Further studies are warranted to fully explore the association between club drug use and the risk of HIV/STD transmission.

Ceftriaxone in the treatment of early syphilis: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To retrieve clinical evidence for the efficacy of ceftriaxone in the treatment of early syphilis.Methods Several international and national medical databases were used to search original articles published from 1985 to 2012 and reporting the efficacy of ceftriaxone or penicillin for the treatment of early syphilis.Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) were identified and retrieved.The quality of studies was assessed using the Jadad scale.Eligible studies were selected according to an established strategy.A meta-analysis was performed by the Stata software version 12.0.Results A total of 14 RCTs or CCTs were eligible for this meta-analysis,including five high-quality trials.Response rate ratios were calculated for ceftriaxone-treated patients compared with penicillin-treated patients.The meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the efficacy between ceftriaxone and penicillin at 6-,12-and 24-month follow-up visits.The response rate was 92.3％ (95％ CI:88.5％-96.1％) and 90.4％ (95％ CI:87.4％-94.4％) in ceftriaxone-and penicillintreated patients respectively at the 12-month follow-up visit.Funnel plots were approximately symmetrical,indicating little publication bias.Conclusions Ceftriaxone may serve as an alternative treatment for early syphilis with reliable efficacy.However,multi-centered RCTs with large sample sizes are still needed to optimize the therapeutic dose and course of ceftriaxone for early syphilis.

Coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in 2005 in China / 中国艾滋病性病

Objective To determine the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in China,and provide information for managing STD case-reporting,investigating under-reporting and evaluating STD epidemic.Methods The gonorrhea and syphilis case-reporting data from 31 provinces in 2005 were collected with systematic sampling by months of February,May,August and November through National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention,and the coverage of the casereporting by county category in 31 provinces were analyzed.Results The average coverage of gonorrhea case-reporting were 56.66%,66.33%,68.90% and 68.27% in February,May,August and November in 2005,respectively,while the average coverage of syphilis were 42.61%,55.56%,59.46% and 60.59% in these months,respectively.The coverage of case reporting in developed or southeast ern areas,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Chongqi,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,and Fujian provinces was higher by more than 80%.However,the coverage in economically less-developed or west ern areas,including.Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Yunnan,Guizhou,Qinghai and Tibet provinces,was lower by less than 50%.Conclusions Overall,the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in the country is relatively low,which directly compromises the accuracy of STD case reporting data.It is suggested that management,surveillance and evaluation of STD case reporting should be strengthened,especially in economically less-developed or western areas.

Genotyping of Human Papillomavirus in Condyloma Acuminata / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To systematically investigate the molecular epidemiological profiles of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with condyloma acuminata(CA). Methods Two hundred and one samples of HPV DNA isolated from CA were PCR amplified by the PGMY09/11 primer system. The PCR products were simultaneously hybridized to 37 specific HPV probes immobilized on a nylon strip and then genotyped. All DNA templates were further PCR amplified using HPV 6 and 11 type specific primers for verification. Results All samples were HPV DNA positive consisting of totally 31 genotypes, the types of which were type 11(53.7%, 108/201), 6(43.8%, 88/201), 16(6.5%, 13/201), 52(6.0%, 12/201), 33(5.5%, 11/201), cp6108 (5.5%, 11/201) and 42 (5.0%, 10/201). The samples infected with a single and mixed types of HPV accounted for 60.2% (121/201) and 39.8% (80/201) respectively. Consistent results were found with the detection of HPV6 and 11 between hybridization assay and type-specific PCR. Conclusions At least 31 HPV genotypes are associated with CA. HPV 11 predominates while 68, 40, 54, 67, 73, 82, 35, 64 and 83 are rare in CA. Type cp6108 is detected in CA for the first time with a high prevalence. HPV26, 69, 70, 71,72 and IS39 might be not associated with CA. CA infected with a single and mixed HPV types accounts for 60.2% and 39.8%, respectively.

Treatment of Keloid with Centella Tripterpenes After Surgical Excision and X-Ray Irradiation / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To validate the therapeutic effect of Centella Triterpenes after surgical excision and X-ray irradiation.Methods Surgical excision was performed on one hundred and six patients with keloid,after operation superficial X-ray irradiation was given to the patients.Then,they were divided into three groups:36cases in group A treated with higher dose of Centella Triterpenes;39cases in group B treated with lower dose of Centella Triterpenes;31cases took placebo as controls.All patients were followed up for12months after treatment.Results All patients were healed completely after operation.The effective rate was significantly higher in Centella Triterpenes groups than that in the control group(P