Effects of ginkgo biloba extract on oxidative stress and the balance of excitation/inhibition of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of depressive model mice / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on oxidative stress in medial prefrontal cortex and excitatory/inhibitory balance of pyramidal neurons in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive model mice.Methods:Totally 48 SPF grade 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups according to random number table method: control+ saline group (CTRL+ Veh), control+ GBE group (CTRL+ GBE), model+ saline group (CUMS+ Veh), model+ GBE group (CUMS+ GBE), with 12 mice in each group.Mice in CUMS+ Veh group and CUMS+ GBE group were established by CUMS method, and mice in CTRL+ GBE group and CUMS+ GBE group were intraperitoneally injected with GBE (70 mg/kg) once a day, and mice in CTRL+ Veh group and CUMS+ Veh group were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9% sodium chloride solution.Then, the sucrose preference test, forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed to evaluate the depressive-like behavior of mice, and open field test (OFT) was performed to evaluate the autonomous locomotion and exploration ability and anxiety-like behavior.The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mPFC were determined by ELISA.Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) were detected by whole-cell recording.SPSS 23.0 was used for data analysis and two-factor analysis of variance(whether to get GBE, whether to mold, show as GBE×CUMS) was used for statistical analysis.Results:(1) Behavioral results: the the time spent in center and total distance of OFT and sugar preference rate of the four groups of mice were compared, and the interaction of GBE×CUMS was significant( F=24.90, 4.82, 3.91, all P<0.05). The results of simple effect analysis showed that the time spent in center ((47.15±3.58) s), the total distance((19.33±0.86) m) and the sugar preference rate((59.11±8.79)%) of the mice in CUMS+ Veh group were lower than those in the CTRL+ Veh group((61.55±2.49) s, (23.24±1.21) m, (84.02±7.45) %) (all P<0.01), and the above indexes in CUMS+ GBE group ((56.51±3.53) s, (20.75±1.31) m, (70.80±11.79)%) were higher than those in CUMS+ Veh group (all P<0.05). In the immobility time of FST and TST of mice in the 4 groups, the interaction of GBE×CUMS were significant( F=85.53, 83.39, both P<0.01). The immobility time of FST and TST in CUMS+ Veh group were higher than those in CTRL+ Veh group (both P<0.01 ), and the above indexes in CUMS+ GBE group were lower than CUMS+ Veh group(both P<0.05). (2)The results of ELISA showed that the interaction of GBE×CUMS of SOD level of mice in the 4 groups was not significant ( F=3.52, P=0.07), but the main effects of GBE factor and CUMS factor were both significant ( F=4.69, 46.93, both P<0.05). The interaction of GBE×CUMS of MDA level was significant( F=16.61, P<0.01). The level of SOD in the CUMS+ Veh group was lower than that in the CTRL+ Veh group ( P<0.01), and the level of SOD in the CUMS+ GBE group was higher than that in the CUMS+ Veh group ( P<0.05). The level of MDA in the CUMS+ Veh group was higher than that of the CTRL+ Veh group ( P<0.01), and the level of MDA in CUMS+ GBE group was lower than that of the CUMS+ Veh group ( P<0.01). (3) The results of whole-cell recording showed that the interaction of GBE×CUMS of frequency and quantification of sEPSC in the four groups were significant ( F=5.45, 6.94, both P<0.05). The sEPSC frequency and quantification in the CUMS+ Veh group were lower than those in the CTRL+ Veh group (both P<0.01), and the sEPSC frequency and quantification in CUMS+ GBE group were higher than those of CUMS+ Veh group (both P<0.05). The interaction of GBE×CUMS of frequency and quantification of sIPSC in the four groups were significant ( F=7.78, 8.96, both P<0.01). The sIPSC frequency and quantification of the CUMS+ Veh group were higher than those of CTRL+ Veh group (both P<0.01), and the above indexes of CUMS+ GBE group were lower than those of CUMS+ Veh group (both P<0.01). As for the sEPSC/sIPSC ratio, GBE×CUMS interaction was significant ( F=5.45, P=0.02). The sEPSC/sIPSC ratio of CUMS+ Veh group (0.09±0.01) was lower than that of CTRL+ Veh group (0.28±0.04) ( P<0.01), and the sEPSC/sIPSC ratio of CUMS+ GBE group (0.14±0.03) was higher than that of CUMS+ Veh group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Ginkgo biloba extract can improve the depression-like behavior of mice induced by CUMS, reduce the oxidative stress of mPFC and improve the excitation/inhibition balance of pyramidal neurons in depressive model mice.

Correlation analysis of blood trimethylamine N-oxide level with heart failure and its influencing factors in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To investigate the level of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), one of gut metabolites, in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) accompanied by congestive heart failure (HF) and its influencing factors.Methods:Those patients of 18-75 years old who received three or more times of hemodialysis sessions per week for three months or longer during Nov 2018 and Mar 2019 were enrolled. Those attended health checkup at the same time without obvious kidney abnormality served as non-kidney disease controls. Serum TMAO concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The levels of TMAO were compared between patients on hemodialysis and controls, between those with heart failure and without heart failure using logrithmically transformed TMAO (lnTMAO). Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate factors influencing TMAO levels.Results:A total of 195 patients undergoing MHD and 40 controls were enrolled. Among them, 30 hemodialysis cases (15.4%) manifested as heart failure symptoms and/or left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50%. Males accounted for 67.2% in patients on hemodialysis and 37.5% in controls ( χ2=12.426, P<0.001) respectively, while the median ages in both groups were 62.0(48.0, 71.0), 45.0(33.3, 55.0) years old respectively ( Z=5.685, P<0.001). TMAO concentrations were significantly higher in patients on hemodialysis than controls [5.54(3.84, 8.91) mg/L vs 0.17(0.11, 0.30) mg/L, after log transformed, t=21.687, P<0.001]. However, there was no statistically significant difference between those with heat failure and those without in male [63.3% vs 67.9%, χ2=0.238, P=0.626], age [64.5(56.8, 71.0) years old vs 61.0(47.0, 72.0) years old, Z=0.894, P=0.372] and TMAO [5.17(3.30, 9.46) mg/L vs 5.57(3.87, 8.95) mg/L, after log transformed, t=-1.537, P=0.135]. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that in all the participants, serum urea was the main risk factor for TMAO [standardized coefficient ( SB)=0.483]. lnTMAO=0.078×[serum urea(mmol/L)]+0.001×[serum creatinine (μmol/L)]-0.002×[serum uric acid (μmol/L)]-0.003×[platelet (×10 9/L)]+0.014×[age (years old)]+0.344 (if diabetic)-1.266. While in those undergoing MHD, ultrafiltration volume had the most significant effect on TMAO levels ( SB=0.279). lnTMAO=0.249×[ultrafiltration volume(L)]+0.059×[serum albumin (g/L)]+0.008×[age (years old)-0.526 (if heart failure existed)-1.865. Conclusions:MHD patients have gut dysbiosis, while those hemodialysis patients accompanied by heart failure may have peculiar gut microbiota which induces lower serum TMAO levels than those without heart failure after adjusting for multiple related factors. Serum TMAO levels may be associated with ultrafiltration volume and nutrition status etc.

Construction of Integrated Emergency Management Model for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic Prevention and Control in Hospital Pharmacy Department / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for improving emergency capacity of the hospital pharmacy department in response to the novel coronavirus pneumonia （COVID-19） epidemic. METHODS ：According to the related regulations and requirements of Law of the People ’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases ，combined with the situation of COVID- 19 epidemic prevention and control ，and management experience of relevant hospitals ，on the basis of in-depth analysis of drug supply and quality assurance ，drug dispensing management ，provision of clinical pharmaceutical services and other related material support of hospital pharmacy department，integrated emergency management model was constructed for COVID- 19 epidemic prevention and control ，and the precautions and response measures of each link were sorted out. RESULTS ：Integruted emergency management mode for COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control in hospital pharmacy department included but was not limited to human resource management，drug and disinfection products supply management （mainly including key treatment drugs and disinfection product list formulation，control，inventory increase ，etc.）；drug dispensing management （mainly including prescription ，pharmacy window ， planning quantitative reserve ， drug return ， etc.）；clinical pharmaceutical care management （mainly including providing pharmaceutical information support ，online pharmaceutical service ，monitoring drug safety ，etc.）；personnel protection and disinfection （mainly including personnel protection ，environment and window ，equipment and container ，paper prescription disinfection，etc.）；special management of donated drugs ；prevention and control knowledge training ；pharmaceutical education and scientific research management ，etc. CONCLUSIONS ：The integrated emergency management model for epidemic prevention and control is helpful for hospital pharmacy to manage public health emergencies. During the outbreak of COVID- 19，hospital pharmacy department should start integrated emergency management mode for epidemic prevention and control ，strengthen the risk control of each link ，and play a good role in the key functional departments in the special period.

Curative effect comparison of hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy operation and transvaginal operation treatment of patients after cesarean section uterine incision diverticulum / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of uterine incision diverticulum type repair after cesarean section treated by laparoscopy and transvaginal combined with repair in.order to provide the reference for the clinical operation scheme selection.Methods Fifty-two patients who underwent uterine incision diverticulum type repair after cesarean section in the Second People's Hospital of Jingzhou were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 26 cases in each.Patients in the observation group were treated with laparoscopy combined with repair treatment,and patients in the control group were treated with transvaginal repair treatment.The operation periods,cut bleeding volume,postoperative anal exhaust time for the first time,postoperative highest temperature and length of hospital stay were recorded to evaluate the repair and uterine diverticula recovery at 3 months after operation.Results The operation periods in the observation group was (119.91 ± 35.73) min,longer than that in the control group ((62.32 ± 31.83) min ; t =3.514,P ＜0.05).There were on significant differences between two groups in terms of the amount of bleeding,anal discharge first time,the highest postoperative temperature and contrast after a few days in hospital (P＞ 0.05).After treatment,the observation group menstrual recovery rate was 84.62％ and 88.46％ in the control group.The differences were not statistically significant (x2 =1.14,1.76,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Laparoscopy hemiorrhaphy and transvaginal repair are effective treatment for uterine incision diverticulum after caesarean operation.The corresponding treatment plan can be made according to the patient's condition.

CBCT assisted diagnosis and treatment of mandibular canine with apical periodontitis and double root canals in a case / 实用口腔医学杂志

A case of mandibular canine with apical periodontitis and double root canals was treated by CBCT assisted diagnosis and root ca-nal therapy.CBCT distinctly demonstrated the morphology of the root canal system in three dimensions and provided the information of canal varieties,prevented missed canals and conserved dentin.CBCT can guarantee the success of root canal therapy for the tooth with canal vareties.

Protective effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on severe sepsis patients with myocardial injury / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the protective effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on severe sepsis patients with myocardial injury.Methods Thirty-one patients with severe sepsis were divided into treatment group (17 cases) and control group (14 cases) by random digits table.All patients received partial enteral nutrition and partial parenteral nutrition with equivalent nitrogen and calorie values for 5 days.The control group was given routine therapy and the treatment group was given routine therapy and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids emulsion.The serum malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismutase (SOD),cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTnI),N-terminal pro-B urine sodium peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score was compared between two groups before and after treatment.Results There was no difference in indicators before treatment between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The MDA,cTnI,NT-proBNP and APACHE Ⅱ score in two groups after treatment 5 days was lower than that before treatment 1 day,and the SOD was higher than that before treatment (P ＜ 0.05).The MDA,SOD,cTnI and NT-proBNP after treatment 5 days in treatment group was better than that in control group [(7.50 ±2.06) mmol/L vs.(9.24 ± 1.79) mmol/L,(89.22 ± 16.21) mU/L vs.(76.60 ± 15.13) mU/L,(0.65 ± 0.34)μ g/L vs.(1.03 ± 0.62) μ g/L,(1267.13 ± 279.26) ng/L vs.(1532.47 ± 375.73) ng/L],and there was significant difference between two groups (P ＜ 0.05).The APACHE Ⅱ score was no significant difference between two groups after treatment 5 days.Conclusion ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce the oxidative stress and myocardial injury,decrease cTnI and NT-proBNP levels and improve heart function in the patients with severe sepsis.

Src kinases and cerebrovascular diseases / 国际脑血管病杂志

Src family kinases (SFKs) are the largest non-receptor tyrosine kinase family and play key roles in the regulation of cell morphology,proliferation,growth,adhesion,and motility.The activation of src kinases couples with many signals input on cell surface,including growth factor,cytokine,immune cell receptor,G protein-coupled receptor,integrin,and other cell adhesion molecules.In addition,as an important molecular switch connecting many extracellular and intracellular important signaling pathways,src kinases also play an important role in the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases.

Clinical sighificance of Blood glucose, AFP and cholinesterase levels on the early diagnosis and prognosis of severe hepatitis patients / 中国基层医药

Objective To study clinical value of blood glucose, AFP and cholinesterase levels on the diagnosis and prognosis of severe hepatitis. Methods Retrospective analysis of chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, chronic severe hepatitis, subacute severe hepatitis was carried out. In severe hepatitis patients, between the improved group and death group, blood glucose, AFP, cholinesterase differences, evaluate blood glucose, alpha-fetoprotein, cholinesterase levels on the diagnosis and prognosis of severe hepatitis value were compared. Results Subacute severe hepatitis, chronic severe hepatitis patients and blood cholinesterase levels were significantly lower than that in patients with chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis(all P ＜ 0.05) ;and alpha-fetoprotein level was significantly higher than the level of chronic hepatitis B patients(P ＜ 0. 01) ;improved levels of blood glucose in patients with severe hepatitis, AFP, cholinesterase levels were significantly higher than the level of death group (all P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Blood glucose, AFP, cholinesterase levels of liver disease progression and prognosis were important to determine the value.

Effect of Early Rehabilitation at Bedside on Motor Function in Children with Acute Flaccid Paralysis / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of early rehabilitation at bedside motor function in children with acute flaccid paralysis （AFP）. Methods45 patients were divided into two groups. The treatment group (n=23) received rehabilitation when the vital signs were stable and nervous symptom did not advance. The control group (n=22) received rehabilitation after acute stage. ResultsThe muscular strength of treatment group recovered more significantly than the control group 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment （P＜0.05）.ConclusionEarly rehabilitation at bedside can facilitate the motor function recovery in AFP.

Detection Rate of Oral Candida albicans with Different Sampling Methods among Elderly:A Comparative Study / 中华医院感染学杂志

0.05).CONCLUSIONS There is high frequency of C.albicans in the elderly.There is no significant difference rate of detection rate among three groups.Mucosa swab sampling method may be a convenient and effective method for clinical study.

Liver functions after periesophagogastric devascularization / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To observe changes of hepatic hemodynamics and hepatic functional reserve after splenectomy and periesophagogastric devascularization. Methods From July 2006 to August 2007, thirty patients with portal hypertension caused by hepatitis B cirrhosis underwent splenectomy and periesophagogastric devascuiarization. The PVPG (portal venous pressure gradient) was measured by inductor continually during operation. The HAF (hepatic artery flow), PVF (portal venours flow) and hepatic arterial RI(resistant index) were measured with Doppler sonography. The EHBF(effective hepatic blood flow) and ICGR15 (indocyaninegreen retention rate at 15 minutes) were obtained respectively by indocyaninegreen clearance test before and after the operation. Results PVPG after laparotomy (19±4) mm Hg, ligating the splenic artery(14±4) mm Hg, splenectomy(14±3)mm Hg and periesophagogastric devascularization (12±4) mm Hg showed a tendency to decrease progressively. The PVF decreased [from (42±14) ml/s to (16±8) ml/s] and HAF increased in compensation after operation. The EHBF increased [from (0.48±0.10) L/min to (0.56±0.10) L/min], and the ICGR15 decreased (from 23%±8% to 18%±4%) postoperatively. Conclusion After splenectomy and periesophagogastric devascularization, the hepatic functional reserve improves at least in a short term notwithstanding the decrease of PVPG and PVF.

An Evaluation of the Performance of Remifentanil Target-Controlled Infusion System Under Inhalation and Intravenous Anesthesia / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the performance of the remifentanil target-controlled infusion(TCI) system(Minto model) during laparoscopic surgery under inhalation and intravenous anesthesia.Methods A total of 15 patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery received remifenanil by TCI,and the anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of isoflurane and intermittent intravenous vecuronium.The target remifentanil plasma concentration(Cp) was increased step by step,with the concentration changed at intervals of 30 minutes.The beginning Cp was 3 ng/ml,then increased to 6 ng/ml,9 ng/ml.Blood samples were taken from radial arterial before anesthesia induction and 30 minutes after adjustment of Cp to determine the concentration of remifentanil using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC/MS/MS).The performance of the TCI system was evaluated by median performance error(MDPE),median absolute performance error(MDAPE) and wobble.Results The MDPE,MDAPE and wobble of the remifentanil TCI system were 8.78%,16.11% and 14.55%,respectively.The measured concentrations of remifentanil were positively correlated with Cp(r=0.891,P=0.000).The linear equation was Y∧ =1.1046X+0.1837.Conclusions The remifentanil TCI system with Minto pharmacokinetic model can meet the requirements of clinical anestehesia for Chinese patients within clinical treating concentration.

Distribution of 3 kinds of periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaques of patients with chronic periodontitis / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg), Treponema denticola(Td) and Bacterides forsythus(Bf) subgingivally in diseased sites of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Samples of subgingival plaque were detected by 3 kinds of oligonucleotide DNA probe from 60 sites of CP patients and 10 healthy sites of 10 healthy people.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive rates of Pg, Bf and Td in patients were 91.67%, 90.00% and 95.67% respectively; Pg, Bf and Td were detected simultaneously in 83.33% patients and Pg, Bf and Td were found to be related with each other(P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pg, Bf and Td were prominent periodontopathic bacteria and related each other, might exist in complexes in subgingival plaque and coaggretate together.</p>

The clinical usefulness of Periocheck in the assessment of periodontal curettage / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the usefulness of Periocheck in clinical application before and after periodontal curettage.Methods:Periocheck was applied in 65 sites in 65 adult patients with periodontitis within 15 min before and after scaling and root planing to monitor peptidase activity produced by Porphyromones gingivalis (Pg),Treponema denticola(Td) and Bacterides forsythus (Bf) in subgingival plaque. The peptidase activity was determined both spectrophotometrically and by using color standard.Results:The peptidase concentrations (Try U/L) before and after treatment were 0.44±0.23 and 0.34±0.26 (P<0.05),while Periocheck positiveness was found in 65/65 and 43/65 (P<0.01) of the patients,respectively.After treatment clinical parameters such as GI, PD,AL and peptidase concentration decreased (P<0.05) in 22 Periocheck positive patients,while those did not (P>0.05) in 43 negitive.Conclusion:Periocheck might provide a promising chair-side monitoring tool for the evaluation of scaling and root planing.

Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaques in the patients with chronic periodontitis / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To determine the distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in subgingival plaques in the patients with chronic periodontitis(CP). Methods: Samples of subgingival plaque were detected for Aa distribution by oligonucleotide probe from 60 sites of CP patients and 10 healthy sites of healthy people.Each sample was obtained from each site of each people. Results: Aa was detected in 19 out of 60 diseased sites(31.67%); Aa wasn't detected in healthy sites.The age(28.68±7.33) of Aa-positive patients was younger than that (44.48±12.48) of Aa-negative patients(P<0.05).Conclusion: Aa is possibly to cause chronic periodontal infection in younger people.

The effects of lipopolysaccharide on mCD14 expression in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To study the distribution of CD14 in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and the effects of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) on mCD14 expression in HGFs in vitro. Methods:HGFs were in vitro cultured and exposed to LPS at 0.1-10 ?g/L.The expression of mCD14 in the cells was examined by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot.Results:mCD14 was found on healthy human HGF cell membrane surface and LPS at 1 ?g/ml and 10 ?g/ml increased the expression of mCD14 in 1-12 h exposure.Conclusion:LPS may regulate mCD14 expression of HGFs.

Effects of Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide on the gene expression in periodontal ligment cells / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To study the gene expression in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) stimulated by Prevotella intermedia(Pi) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods:PDLCs of passage 7 were treated with Pi LPS at 100 ?g/ml for 24 h, then gene express of the cells was examined by a gene chip of 512 genes. Results: Genes of Z46973,M62810,AF109632,U45879,X81882,M10051,D14520 and L36529 were downregulated.Conclusion:Some genes in PDLCs can be downregulated by Pi LPS.

The effects of recombinant human insuline-like growth factor-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor on the proliferation of periodontal ligament cells / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To observe the effects of human insuline like growth factor 1 (rhIGF 1) and/or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the proliferation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Methods: PDL cells were exposed to rhIGF 1 and/or bFGF at various concentrations for 1,3,5 and 7 d respectively. The proliferation of the cells was studied with MTT assay.Results: rhIGF 1 at 3.125～25.000 ?g/L or bFGF at 0.1～10 ?g/L promoted PDL cells growth in a dose and time dependant way.3.125 ?g/L of rhIGF 1 and 1 ?g/L of bFGF showed stronger effects on cell growth than both used individually.Conclusion: rhIGF 1 and/or bFGF can promote the proliferation of PDL cells.

Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing general anesthesia / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia.Methods Ten ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ adult patients of either sex undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study.The patients were premedicated with atropine 0.5 mg.Anesthesia was induced with fentany1-2 ?g?kg~(-1),lidocaine 0.5-1.0 mg?kg~(-1),propofol 1.5-2.0 mg?kg~(-1) and vecuronium 0.1 mg?kg~(-1) and maintained with isoflurane -O_2 inhalation and intermittent i.v.boluses of vecuronium after tracheal intubation.The patients were mechanically ventilated.P_(ET)CO_2 was maintained at 30-40 mm Hg. Remifentanil 5 ?g?kg~(-1) was injected i.v.over lmin after induction of anesthesia.Arterial blood samples were taken before(baseline)and at 1,2,3,5,7,10,15,20,25,30,45,60 and 90 rain after drug administration for determination of blood remifentanil concentration using high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed using 3P87 pharmacokinetic program.Results The pharmacokinetic profile of remifentanil was best described by a “two-compartment” model.The distribution half-life(t_(1/2?))(1.6?0.5)min,the elimination half-life(t_(1/2?))(22?10)min,total clearance(CL)(2.1?0.4)L/min and the volume of distribution (V_d)(66?29)L.Conclusion The volume of distribution calculated in this study is significantly different from that reported in previous studies,indicating that there may be some difference in the pharmacokineties of remifentanil between different populations.