Separation and purification of total flavonids of Astragalus membranaceus with ethanol/phosphate aqueous two-phase system / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study separation and purification of flavonids with ethanol/phosphate aqueous two-phase system.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The diversity of phase separation ability and the distribution of target products in various systems were taken as indicators to analyze aqueous two-phase extraction systems and phase diagrams formed by ethanol and some common salts, screen out EtOH/ K2HPO4 system as the optimla system for extracting total flavonids, and study the impact of proportion of components in EtOH/K2 HPO4 system on the partition coefficient and phase ratio of flavonids.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>The EtOH/K2 HPO4 system with omegaEtOH 36.05% and omegaKHPO4 18.20% has been proved as the optimal conditions for separating and purifying total flavonoids of Astragalus (TFA). Under this optimal condition, the partition coefficient and the extraction yield of TFA reached 10.33 and 96.6%, respectively. After extraction, the contents of A. membranaceus saponins and A. membranaceus polysaccharides in top and bottom phases were determined at the same time, showing that A. membranaceus saponins in the removal rate reached 92.01%, and A. membranaceus polysaccharides were totally concentrated in bottom water phase, indicating a removal rate of 100%. Therefore, this is beneficial to separate and purify total flavonids from A. membranaceus crude extracts.</p>

Analysis on the changing trends of non-communicable diseases in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,from 1998 to 2008 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the changing trends of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps from 1998 to 2008.Methods A stratified-cluster random sampling based cross-sectional NCDs survey was carried out in 2008,and using the data of NCDs from the health service surveys in 1998 and 2004,in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.The prevalence rate of NCDs was standardization according to age proportion of the population being surveyed in 1998.Results In 1998,2004 and 2008,the prevalence rates of NCDs in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps were 17.26%,25.61%,24.85% while the Standardized rates of NCDs were 17.26%,23.54% and 20.49% respectively.The prevalence rates of NCDs were statistically significant different in 35-,45-,55- and over 65 age groups in 1998,2004 and 2008 which showed an consecutive upward trend.The prevalence rates of hypertension,diabetes,cerebrovascular disease,coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increased significantly from 1998 to 2008.The prevalence rate of hypertensive disease among 25- age group,diabetes among 35- age group,cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease among 45- age groups showed an increasing trend.Conclusion Cardiovascular and cerebrovaseular diseases,together with diabetes were the fastest increasing ones over the past 10 years and becoming the major diseases,making the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps an aging population.NCDs should be prioritized in the health development plan.Targeted health education should be carried out in the whole population,together with other interventions as well as management programs on chronic diseases to reduce the prevalence of NCDs.

Establishment of embryogenic cell suspension culture and plant regeneration of edible banana Musa acuminata cv. Mas (AA) / 生物工程学报

Conventional breeding for dual resistance of disease and pest of Musa cultivars remains a difficult endeavor, as the plant is polyploidic and high in sterility. Biotechnological techniques, eg., genetic engineering, in vitro mutation breeding, or protoplast fusion, may overcome the difficulties and improve the germplasm. Establishment of a stable embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) is a prerequisite for any of the biotechnological breeding methods. In this study an embryogenic cell suspension was established from immature male flower of Musa acuminata cv. Mas (AA), a popular commercial variety of banana in the South-East Asian region. After culture for 5-6 months on callus induction media, which consisted of MS salts, different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4.1 micromol/L biotin, 5.7 micromol/L indoleacetic acid (IAA), 5.4 micromol/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), other vitamins, 87 mmol/L sucrose, and solidified with 7 g/L agarose, meristematic globules and yellow, friable embryogenic cultures were induced from the explants of 1-15th row young floral hands of immature male flowers. Of the four treatments of 2,4-D, 9 micromol/L was the most effective on the callus induction, it transformed 40.96% and 7.45% of the cultivated male floral hands into callus and embryogenic callus respectively. The explants to produce highest frequency of the embryogenic calli were floral hands of 6 to 12th rows, which generated 5.79% of the embryogenic calli. Suspension cultures were initiated from these embryogenic calli in liquid medium supplemented with 4.5 micromol/L 2, 4-D. After sieving selection of the cultures using a stainless steel metallic strainer with pore sizes of 154 microm at 15 day intervals for 3 months, homogeneous and yellow embryogenic cell suspensions, composed of single cells and small cell aggregates, were established. Based upon the growth quantity and growth rate of ECS, it was determined that the appropriate inoculum was 2.0 mL PCV ECS/30 mL medium in 100 mL flask, and the appropriate subculture cycle was 15 days. Planting of 6 months old ECS on semi-solid medium of somatic embryo induction and development (MSD) resulted in approximately 280 x 10(3) somatic embryos/mL PCV ECS. MSD contained SH macronutrients, micro-nutrients, Fe-EDTA and MS vitamins supplemented with 4.5 micromol/L biotin, 680 micromol/L glutamine, 2 mmol/L proline, 100 mg/L malt extract, 1.1 micromol/L NAA, 0.2 micromol/L zeatin, 0.5 micromol/L kinetin, 0.7 micromol/L N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine, 29 mmol/L lactose, 130 mmol/L sucrose and solidified with 2g/L gelrite. After 3 months of maturity on MSD, 17.28% of the somatic embryos were germinated on germination media (MG), consisted of MS salt, Morel and Wetmore vitamins, 0.2 micromol/L 6-BA, 1.1 micromol/L IAA, 87 micromol/L sucrose and solidified with 2 g/L gelrite; and 14.16% of the somatic embryos could develop into normal plantlets on rooting media contained the same composition as that of MG but without auxin and cytokinin.

Identification of an auxin response factor-like protein cDNA from mango cotyledon section / 生物工程学报

Auxin-responsive elements (AuxRE) interact with a new class of plant-specific transcription factors, auxin response factors (ARFs). Some of ARFs have been shown to repress or activate expression of genes with an AuxRE promotor element. In Arabidopsis, ARFs play important roles in early embryo development and vascular strand formation (ARF5), floral patterning (ARF3) and photo- and gravitropic responses (ARF7). Two cut surfaces (distal and proximal) of mango (Mangifera indica L. var. Zi-Hua) cotyledon showed different patterns of adventitious root formation, with only the proximal cut surface, but not the distal one, could be induced to form the roots. Thus, the mango cotyledon is a good system for studying adventitious root formation. A cDNA fragment homologous to the Arabidopsis auxin response factor-like protein and relates to adventitious root formation from the cut sections were isolated using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH). Two cDNA clones, designated as MiARF1 (mango auxin response factor 1 gene, GenBank accession number AY255705) and MiARF2 (mango auxin response factor 2 gene, GenBank accession number is AY300808), were identified by 3'RACE. MiARF1, 3 272bp long, contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 2 523bp, 5'UTR of 285bp and 3'UTR of 464bp, MiARF2, 1 474bp long, contains an ORF of 981bp, 5' UTR of 285bp and 3'UTR of 208bp. The deduced MiARF1 and MiARF2 are homologues of auxin response factor (ARF) family of transcriptional regulators, and show high similarity to ARF of Arabidopsis in conserved domains. The motifs of MiARF1 EL-WHACAGPL in DBD (DNA binding domain) and GDDPW in IV domain are identical to that of ARF-like protein of Arabidopsis. MiARF2 is identical to MiARF1 in a large part of DBD, but lacks a carboxyl-terminal domain containing conserved motifs III and IV. Virtual Northern blot showed that the expression of MiARF2 was high in rooting tissue of cultured cotyledon sections but low in non-rooting tissue, and the MiARF1 was expressed both in the rooting and non-rooting tissues. We suggest that the MiARF2 is related to adventitious root formation of mango cotyledon section.