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Objective To investigate the expression of interleukin-34 (IL-34) after corneal transplantation in rats and its mechanisms of action in immune rejection.Methods SD rats were used as donors and Wistar rats as the recipients to establish corneal transplantation experimental models.Together 60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the random number table methods,and rats in B group was transplantated with autologous cornea,while C and D groups received allogeneic corneal transplantation.Another 10 rats were collected as normal controls (A group).After B,C group was treated with postoperative Tarivid eye drops,D group was treated with TobraDex eye drops postoperatively.The survival rate of corneal grafts and survival analysis were evaluated in the 10 rats from the 4 groups,and then the corneal grafts were taken from the rest of rats at the fourteenth day after the operation for hstopathological,immunohistochemical and RT-PCR examinations.Results Survival analysis showed that immune rejection did not occur in A and B group,and the mean survival time (MST) was (26.00 ± 0.97) days in D group,which was much higher than that in group C[(10 ± 1.55) days] (P ＜0.001).HE staining showed that there was obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and neovascularization in the corneal tissue of C group,and there were only a few inflammatory cells and neovascularization in D group.Immunohistochemistry showed that IL-34 protein expression in C group (0.089 4 ± 0.005 6) was significantly higher than that of A group (0.037 7 ± 0.002 3),B group (0.068 4 ±0.004 4) and group D (0.044 5 ± 0.004 5) (F =145.21,P ＜ 0.01),and its expression was mainly located in the epithelial and stromal layer.RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of IL-34,IL-1β,IL-17A,TNF-α mRNA in corneal tissue of C group were significantly higher than those in A,B and D group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion IL-34 may involve in the rejection after corneal transplantation in rats,and TobraDex eye drops can delay the rejection by inhibiting the expression of IL-34 and related signaling pathways.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in rat cornea tissue and their role in corneal allograft rejection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With 15 Wistar rats as the normal control group, 22 Wistar rats received autologous corneal graft transplantation, and 44 Wistar rats received transplantation of corneal graft from SD rats with penetrating keratoplasty. From the rats with allograft transplantation, 22 were selected randomly for treatment with TobraDex eye drops for 30 days after the operation (twice a day), and the remaining 22 rats were treated with normal saline only. Clinical assessment of the corneal grafts was carried out using Larkin's method; histopathological observation, immunohistochemistry, and real-time quantitative PCR of the corneal grafts were performed on days 5 and 9 after the transplantation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Graft rejection occurred in none of the rats in autograft group. In rats treated with TobraDex, the graft survival time was significantly longer than that in rats with saline treatment (24∓0.32 vs 10∓0.36 days, P<0.001), and histopathological examination revealed numerous inflammatory cells and neovascularization in the allografts in the latter group. SDF-1 and CXCR4 mRNA expression in the corneal tissue increased significantly in rats receiving allograft transplantation and saline treatment (P<0.001 on day 5 and P<0.01 on day 5), and their expression was obviously lowered in rats with TobraDex treatment. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the expression of SDF-1 and CXCR4, found mainly in the corneal epithelium and stroma, was significantly increased in the allografts in rats with saline treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SDF-1/CXCR4 may participate in corneal graft rejection in rats early after transplantation possibly through the mechanism that SDF-1 specifically induces CXCR4cell maturation and chemotaxis toward the allograft to promote corneal neovascularization.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of intubation-surfactant-extubation (INSURE) method in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), and to investigate its possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-four premature infants, who were admitted for NRDS and treated with pulmonary surfactant from March 2010 to March 2012, were enrolled in the study. They were randomly divided into INSURE (n=32) and conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) groups (n=32). The two groups were compared in terms of respiratory function, ventilation time, duration of oxygen therapy, complications, and prognosis, as well as expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and serum ferritin (SF).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Oxygenation index in the INSURE group was significantly higher than in the CMV group at 48 hours after treatment (P<0.05). Compared with the CMV group, the INSURE group showed significantly lower incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and significantly shorter duration of oxygen therapy (P<0.05 for all comparisons). There were no significant differences in ventilation time and the incidence of pneumothorax, intracranial hemorrhage, necrotizing enteroolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and pneumorrhagia between the two groups (P>0.05). The levels of TNF-α and SF were significantly lower in the INSURE group than in the CMV group at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment (P<0.05), while the level of IL-10 was significantly higher in the INSURE group than in the CMV group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>INSURE method can improve the oxygenation function of the lung, decrease the incidence of VAP and shorten the duration of oxygen therapy in neonates with NRDS, which is probably due to the fact that this method can reduce the production of TNF-α and SF and inhibit the decrease of IL-10.</p>