Membranous nephropathy complicated by Nocardia infection: 1 case report and literature review / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of membranous nephropathy complicated with Nocardia infection, and to improve the understanding of Nocardia infection.Methods:The clinical data of a patient with membranous nephropathy complicated by Nocardia infection who were hospitalized in the department of respiratory medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were retrospectively analyzed. Using " Nocardiosis" and " membranous nephropathy" on China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) and Wanfang databases, and using " Nocardiosis" and " menbranous nephropathy" as keywords to search the pubmed database to summarize the clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment points of patients with membranous nephropathy complicated by Nocardia infection.Results:This patient is a 47-year-old middle-aged male. He was admitted to the respiratory medicine department in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University due to " coughing and expectoration of sputum for 2 months, and a mass in the left lower extremity was found for 20 days" . Lung computed tomography (CT) showed that multiple nodules and changes in pleural effusion were seen in the right pleura. The sputum smear showed Gram-positive bacilli, and the smear of the mass puncture fluid of the left lower extremity showed Gram-positive bacilli (branched). After treatment with compound sulfamethoxazole, meropenem and levofloxacin successively, the phlegm was obviously improved, and the mass in the left lower extremity was basically absorbed. After 2 months of follow-up, the pleural effusion and the mass in the left lower extremity were completely absorbed. A total of 4 literatures were collected in the literature search, including 6 cases of this case, including 3 cases (50%) of Nocardia anthracis, 1 case (16.7%) of Nocardia otitis in guinea pigs, and 1 case of Nocardia stellariformis (16.7%). 1 case (16.7%) was not classified.Conclusions:Although Nocardia anthracis is rare in patients with membranous nephropathy, it can easily cause systemic disseminated infection. Therefore, in immunocompromised patients, attention should be paid to the occurrence of Nocardia infection. Co-sulfamethoxazole should be used empirically before Nocardia infection is confirmed. For sulfonamide-resistant strains, linezolid and other drugs can be used for anti-infective treatment.

Effects and Mechanism of Qiwei Qinggan Powder on Hepatic Fibrosis Based on Proteomics / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the anti- hepatic fibrosis （HF）effects of Qiwei qinggan powder and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS ：Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank group ，HF model group ，Qiwei qinggan powder low-dose，medium-dose and high-dose groups [ 135，270，405 mg/（kg·d），by total amount of crude drugs] ，with 12 rats in each group. Except for blank group ，other groups were given 50％ CCl4-peanut oil solution intragastrically （2 mL/kg，twice a week ，for consecutive 8 weeks） to induce HF model. At same time ， blank group and model group were given constant volume of 0.5％ CMC-Na solution intragastrically ；administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically ，once a day ，for consecutive 8 weeks. General situation of rats were observedand liver morphology was observed after last administration and hepatic indexes were detected. The contents of liverfunction indexes （ALT，AST，ALP，HYP）in serum and the expression of α-SMA in hepatic tissue were determined ， and HE and Masson staining were performed to observe the histopathology. Using the difference multiple of expression quantity as the index ，TMT technology was used to screen the differentially expressed protein in medicine group （combining the liver tissue samples of Qiwei qinggan powder groups ）and HF model group. Uniprot-GOA database and KAAS ，KEGG mapper online tools were used to analyze GO and KEGG pathway enrichment. RESULTS ：The rats in the blank group were in good health ；the liver was bright red and smooth ，the liver lobules were intact ，no degeneration and necrosis ，inflammatory cell infiltration or fibrous tissue proliferation was found. Compared with blank group ，the rats in HF model group had poor diet ，depressed spirit ，disordered and lusterless fur ；the liver was dark red or yellow with rough surface ，hard texture ，inflammatory cell infiltration ，fiber tissue destruction ，bridge connection and so on ；the hepatic index ，the contents of liver function indexes and the expression of α-SMA were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with HF model group ，above symptoms of rats were improved to different extent in different dose groups of Qiwei qinggan powder ；hepatic index in Qiwei qinggan powder low-dose group ，the content of ALP in high-dose group ，the contents of ALT，AST and HYP and the expression of α-SMA in different dose groups were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. A total of 42 differentially expressed proteins related to HF were screened ，of which 15 were up-regulated and 27 were down-regulated in expression，including fatty acid binding protein 4（FABP4），cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase（CYP7A1）. The results of enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in extracellular space ，blood particles and other cell parts，involving the molecular functions of oxidoreductase activity and fatty acid binding ，the biological processes of the regulation of heterotypic cell adhesion ，protein activation cascade ，as well as retinol metabolism ，arachidonic acid metabolism ，PPAR and other signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS ：Qiwei qinggan powder can reduce the hepatic index ，ALT，AST，ALP and HYP contents in serum ，down-regulate the expression of α-SMA，improve the degree of inflammation and fibrosis of liver tissue ，and have a certain protective effect on rats. The anti-HF mechanism of it involves multiple targets and signal pathways ，such as FABP 4， CYP7A1 and PPAR.

MICM classification for a case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia M / 临床检验杂志

Objective@#To describe the MICM (morphology, immunology, cytogenetics and molecular biology) characteristics of a case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia M 4C . @*Methods@#The medical history data of the case of M 4C admitted to our hospital was reviewed. The results of bone marrow cell morphology, cytochemical stains, bone marrow biopsy, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, molecular test and NGS (next-generation sequencing) of the case were analyzed. @*Results@#The bone marrow smear showed markedly active proliferation of bone marrow cells in which the myelomonocytic cells accounted for 85.6%. Cytochemical stains showed peroxidase (POX) stain partially and weakly positive; specific esterase AS-DCE partially positive; non-specific esterase α-NBE partially positive and smothered by sodium fluoride; non-specific esterase AS-DAE partially positive and smothered by sodium fluoride. Bone marrow biopsy showed hyperproliferative cells and diffused hyperplasia of blasts. Immunophenotype analysis showed that the abnormal cell population was positive for CD11B, CD64, CD56, cMPO, CD33, CD41, CD61, CD38 and CD58, but negative for CD13, CD34, CD117, CD7, CD123, HLA-DR, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD2, CD14, CD235, CD15, CD303, CD304, CD25, cCD79a, cCD3, cCD22, CD1a and TDT. Cytogenetic analysis showed 47, XY, t(9;11) (p22;q23),+mar. The molecular test for leukemia showed MLLT3/KMT2A gene rearrangement. NGS showed NRAS and TET2 mutation. The case was finally diagnosed as AML (acute myelomonocytic leukemia) M 4C with t(9;11)(p22;q23), MLLT3-KMT2A. @*Conclusion@#Leukemia M 4C may show the characteristics of both granulocytes and monocytes with complex morphological features. The combined examination of MICM should be necessary for the diagnosis of M 4C with great significance.

Analysis of contamination of blood culture specimens from 2013 to 2015 / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the rate of blood culture contamination,pollution path,the proportion of contaminated bacteria of First People′s Hospital of Kunming city from 2013 to 2015,and provide a basis for effective prevention and control of pollution.Methods A total of 34 713 cases of blood culture samples from 2013 to 2015,were retrospectively analyzed.Results A total of 2860 culture positive samples from 34 713 cases were found,from which 361 cases were polluted(1.04%).According to the classification of the year,the lowest rate of blood culture contamination was 2015 According to the classification in the quarter,there was no significant difference between the 4 seasons;According to the classification of internal and surgical systems,,the pollution rate of internal medicine system was 1.06%,while the surgical system was 0.96%.According to the classification of departments:the hemodialysis center has the highest pollution rate(2.71%),followed by ICU (2.23%).Galactophore Department has the highest pollution rate (2.30%) in the surgical system and followed by orthopedics(1.92%).According to the statistics of contaminated bacteria,Staphylococcus aureus was the highest,accounting for 32.41%,followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis,accounting for 31.30%.Conclusion Hospital has a high blood culture contamination rateand diversification pollution waywhich can not be ignored.The pollution of bacteria in the blood culture mainly for bottle of single positive coagulase negative Staphylococcus.

A fatal case of severe Nocardia farcinica pneumonia and literature review of 25 cases / 中国感染控制杂志

Nocardia is a genus of gram-positive,weakly acid-fast,filamentous aerobic actinomycetes,which mainly causes infection in immunocompromised persons. We reported a successfully treated fatal case of severe pneumonia caused by Nocardia farcinica in a hospital,then reviewed 25 domestic and abroad case reports about nocardiosis combined with severe pneumonia occurred since 2006,so as to improve health care workers'cognition on clinical manifestations,image features,pathogenic characteristics,and diagnostic and treatment schemes of se-vere pneumonia caused by Nocardia farcinica.

Clinical comparative analysis for pulmonary histoplasmosis and progressive disseminated histoplasmosis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

To compare clinical features, diagnosis and therapeutic effect between pulmonary histoplasmosis and progressive disseminated histoplasmosis.
 Methods: A retrospective analysis for 12 cases of hospitalized patients with histoplasmosis, who was admitted in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University during the time from February 2009 to October 2015, was carried out. Four cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis and 8 cases of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis were included. The differences of clinical features, imaging tests, means for diagnosis and prognosis were analyzed between the two types of histoplasmosis.
 Results: The clinical manifestations of pulmonary histoplasmosis were mild, such as dry cough. However, the main clinical symptoms of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis were severe, including recurrence of high fever, superficial lymph node enlargement over the whole body, hepatosplenomegaly, accompanied by cough, abdominal pain, joint pain, skin changes, etc.Laboratory examination showed pancytopenia, abnormal liver function and abnormal coagulation function. One pulmonary case received the operation of left lower lung lobectomy, 3 cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis and 6 cases of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis patients were given deoxycholate amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole or fluconazole for antifungal therapy. One disseminated case discharged from the hospital without treatment after diagnosis of histoplasmosis, and 1 disseminated case combined with severe pneumonia and active tuberculosis died ultimately.
 Conclusion: As a rare fungal infection, histoplasmosis is easily to be misdiagnosed. The diagnostic criteria depends on etiology through bone marrow smear and tissues biopsy. Liposomeal amphotericin B, deoxycholate amphotericin B and itraconazole are recommended to treat infection for histoplasma capsulatum.

Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on the expression of CXC chemokine ligand-10 in rat liver and the interventional effect of N-acetylcysteine / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on liver injury and to examine the expression of liver CXC chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL10) in the rats, and to explore the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC).
@*METHODS@#A total of 21 male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a CIH group and a CIH+NAC group (n=7 in each group). The control group exposed to normal gaseous environment, the other 2 groups were exposed to CIH for 5 weeks (8 h/d); the control group and the CIH group were given daily saline lavage, the CIH+NAC group daily received NAC solution. After the end of 5 weeks, the rats were killed, and the MDA content and SOD activity in rat liver tissues were detected. The liver sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and the liver pathology was observed. The expression of CXCL10 in the liver tissues was detected by immunohistochemical method.
@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the MDA levels in rat liver tissues were increased (P<0.05), and the SOD levels were decreased (P<0.05) in the CIH group and the CIH+NAC group. Compared with the CIH group, the SOD levels in the rat liver tissues were increased (P<0.05), and the MDA levels were decreased in the CIH+NAC group. Compared with the control group, the hepatic steatosis and inflammatory reactions were more severe in the CIH group and the CIH+NAC group (both P<0.01). Compared with the CIH group, the hepatic steatosis and inflammatory reactions were reduced in the CIH+NAC group (P<0.05). The liver damage in the CIH+NAC group was less than that in the CIH group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the CXCL10 expression in the CIH group and the CIH+NAC group was increased (both P<0.01). The CXCL10 expression in the CIH+NAC group was down-regulated compared with that in the CIH group (P<0.01).
@*CONCLUSION@#CIH can lead to liver injury and induce CXCL10 expression in rat liver tissues. The NAC can alleviate rat liver oxidative stress and inflammation caused by CIH, and in turn to improve the liver injury in rats.

Role of nerve growth factor in differentiation of dendritic cells / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the  differentiation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro.
@*METHODS@#The bone marrow cells of femur and tibia from healthy C57B -L/6 mice were isolated and divided into 4 groups: a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group (PBS group), a NGF group, a granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin 4 (IL-4) group (GM-CSF+IL-4 group), and a GM-CSF plus IL-4 and NGF group (n=6 in each group). The positive rate of CD11c+ and the proportion of CD8a- were compared at the 7th day among the different groups by flow cytometry. The immature DCs were acquired by classic methods with GM-CSF and IL-4. The purified DCs were obtained by magnetic bead positive selection for CD11c+ cells. The immature DCs were divided into 4 groups: a PBS group, a NGF group, a LPS group, and a NGF+LPS group (n=6 in each group), which were incubated with PBS, NGF, LPS and NGF+LPS, respectively. Cytokine levels of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 were detected by ELISA after 24 hours..
@*RESULTS@#1) the percentage of CD11c+ DCs in the NGF group were more than that in the PBS group, and lower than that in the the GM- CSF+IL-4 group (both P0.05). CD8a- DCs were dominant in these four groups; 2) NGF could further up-regulate the LPS-induced cytokine secretion from DCs, such as IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 (all P<0.05), but NGF alone had no such effect (all P<0.05).
@*CONCLUSION@#NGF can promote the murine bone-marrow cells differentiation into CD11c+ DCs, with CD8a-subset; NGF could enhance LPS-induced cytokine secretion from DCs (IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12).

Endarterium injury and the related pathway in chronic intermittent hypoxia rats / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To examine the pathological change and intima thickness of thoracic aorta, detect the serum concentration of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in the rat model of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), and to determine the effect of CIH on endarterium injury and its possible pathway.Methods:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 4 groups:a CIH+N-acetylcysteine (NAC) group, a CIH+normal saline (NS) group, a CIH control group and a control group. CIH rats were subjected to alternating cycles of hypoxia (6%-8%O2 in N2 for 20-25 s) and normoxia (21%O2 in N2 for 2 min) every 180 s for 7 h/d. Rats in the control group were not treated. Rats in the CIH+NAC group were treated with NAC [800 mL/(kg.d)] intraperitoneal injection, and rats in the CIH+NS group were treated with NS [5 mL/(kg.d)] intraperitoneal injection. Atfer 42 day treatment, the rats were sacriifced, blood taken, and thoracic aorta cut off. hTe serum concentration of HIF-1α, ox-LDL, and PTX3 were detected by ELISA. hTe thickness of intima was taken by computer digital image analysis. Results:Vascular endothelial cell injury and detachment were found in the thoracic aorta in the CIH and the CIH+NS group. The intima in the CIH and the CIH+NS group was thicker than that in the control and the CIH+NAC group (P<0.001). The serum concentration of HIF-1α, ox-LDL, and PTX3 in the CIH and the CIH+NS group was higher than that in the control and the CIH+NAC group (P<0.001). The serum concentration of HIF-1α, ox-LDL, and PTX3 was pairwise positive correlation, and the serum concentration of ox-LDL and PTX3 was positively correlated with the thickness of intina (P<0.001). Conclusion:hTe vascular endothelial cell injury and endarterium thickening can be induced by CIH. It is an important pathway that CIH activates oxidative stress and elevates the levels of HIF-1α, ox-LDL, and PTX3.

Evaluation of combination therapy with tolterodine and tamsulosin for the treatment of the double J stent-related symptoms / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of combination therapy of tolterodine and tamsulosin in improving symptoms in patients with indwelling double-J ureteral stents.Methods A total of 96 patients underwent placement of a double-J ureteral stent after retrograde ureteroscopy for urinary stone disease,which were prospectively randomized ( random numbers table) into two groups.The tamsulosin group ( n =48) was administered tamsulosin 0.2 mg once daily,the combination group (n =48) was administcred tamsulosin 0.2 mg once daily and tolterodine 2 mg twice daily.All the patients completed a validated Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ),the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS),the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) one day before he placement and 4 weeks after stent placement of stent.Results The mean urinary symptom index score (25.4 ± 4.0 vs 15.3 ± 2.9,P ＜ 0.0001 ),the mean pain index score (15.0 ±2.6 vs10.3 ±2.1,P ＜0.0001),the mean general health index score (15.4 ±2.2 vs 11.0±1.5,P＜0.0001),the work performance index score (13.0±2.2vs9.7±1.9,P＜0.0001),the sex index score (3.6 ± 1.1 vs 2.2 ± 0.9,P ＜0.0001 ) improved significantly in combination group than those in tamsulosin group.There was a statistically significant difference between tamsulosin group and combination group in the IPSS score ( 12.8 ± 2.0 vs 9.2 ± 1.7,P ＜ 0.0001 ) and OABSS score ( 6.7 ± 1.4 vs 4.2 ± 1.4,P ＜ 0.0001 ) at the 4 weekfollow-up.Conclusions Indwelling ureteral stents have a significant impact on health related quality of life.It is effective for improving symptoms in patients with indwelling double-J ureteral stents by combination therapy with tolterodine and tamsulosin.

Mechanisms of sympathetic activity in rats exposed to different patterns of hypoxia and the correlation with blood pressure / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of two different hypoxia patterns on blood pressure and the underlying mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Eighteen male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: the intermittent hypoxia group (IH group), the continuous hypoxia group (CH group) and the normal control group (NC group). The rats of the IH and CH group were subjected to intermittent hypoxia (7 h/d) and continuous hypoxia (7 h/d) for 42 days respectively. The NC group rats were untreated. The levels of arteria caudilis systolic pressure (ACSP) were measured with noninvasive rats arteria caudilis gauge before the experiment, at the end of 3rd, 6th week of the experiment. The concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) in serum and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in plasma were respectively measured by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the ability of inhibiting hydroxyl free radical in serum were analyzed by thiobarbituric acid colorimetric analysis (TBAR) at the end of 6th week.@*RESULTS@#At the end of 3rd week, the levels of ACSP were considerably higher than those before the treatment (P0.05). The levels of NE, NPY and MDA were positively related with ACSP (r=0.873, P<0.01; r=0.671, P<0.01; r=0.582, P<0.05). The correlation between the ability of inhibiting hydroxyl free radical and ACSP was negative (r=-0.790, P<0.01). the concentrations of MDA were positively related with NE and NPY respectively (r=0.843, 0.777, P<0.01) and the ability of inhibiting hydroxyl free radical was negatively related with NE and NPY respectively (r=-0.864, -0.717, P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Intermittent hypoxia can induce high blood pressure, which may be related to the sympathetic over-activity and the oxidative stress.

Study on apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549/DDP induced by ginsenoside Rh₂ in vitro / 中国肺癌杂志

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in mankind. To exploit antitumor drug from plant has been a highlight at home and abroad. The aim of this study is to investigate the apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549/DDP induced by ginsenoside Rh₂ (G-Rh₂) and to explore its possible molecular mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The growth inhibition effect of G-Rh₂ on A549/DDP cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis, apoptosis index and tumor related gene expression were detected by flow cytometry. The changes of sApo-1/Fas level in the cell culture supernatant were determined by ELISA method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) G-Rh₂ significantly inhibited the growth of A549/DDP cells in a dose-time-de-pendent manner. (2) After 24 hours' treatment with G-Rh₂, apoptosis index of trial group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.001). The proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase in trial group was much higher than that in control group (P < 0.01), while proportion in S phase in trial group was markedly lower than that in control group (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in proportion in G2/M phase between trial group and control group (P > 0.05). (3) The positive expression rate of p53 and Fas in trial group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.001), while the positive expression rate of Bcl-2 in trial group was significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.001). (4) The level of sApo-1/Fas in A549/DDP cell culture supernatant in trial group was remarkably lower than that in control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>G-Rh₂ can induce the apoptosis of A549/DDP cells. Its molecular mechanism may be up-regulating expression of p53 and Fas and down-regulating expression of Bcl-2.</p>

Identification of Podophyllum Species and Radix Clematis and Radix Gentiana by HPLC/UV Fingerprint Analysis / 中成药

Objective: To establish a method for indentification of the podophyllum emodi species, Radix Clematis and Radix Gentiana species. Methods: HPLC/UV fingerprint analysis method of toxic ingredient podophyllotoxin and its derivatives were developed, and the method had been evaluated. Results: The methodological evaluation showed that this method had a good repeatability and reproducibility, and different samples had different HPLC fingerprints. Conclusion: This method can be used to differentiate podophyllum emodi from two commonly used medicinal herbs of a different genus but having similar appearance, Radix Clematis and Radix Gentiana.

Quality standard for Radix Aconiti / 中成药

AIM: Radix Aconite is unprocessed parent root tuber of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.containing toxic diterpenoid alkaloids such as mesaconitine,aconitine and hypaconitine.To establish the quality standard for this potent herb. METHODS: The microscopic examination technique,HPLC-UV and LC-MS-MS methods had been used. RESULTS: These methods can be used to analyse the quality of this potent herb. CONCLUSION: This paper proposes microscopic examination technique and physio-chemical methods such as HPLC-UV and LC-MS-MS for the identification and quantitative analysis of the herbs.

Quality standard for Euphorbia / 中成药

AIM: Euphorbia is the unprocessed root of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata or Euphorbia Fischeriana Steud,or Stellera chamaejasme L.To establish the quality standard for these potent herbs. METHODS: The microscope examination techniques,physio-chemical methods such as HPLC/UV and LC-MS-MS had been used. RESULTS: The content of ebracteolata compund B in E.Fischeriana was 0.01%,and in E.ebracteolata was(0.01%)-0.02%.But the skimmetine,chamaechromone and neochamaejasmin A had not been chekout in both species.The content of skimmetine,chamaechromone and neochamaejasmin A was 0.57%-2.12 %,0.86%-(1.6%),and 0.45%-0.96% in S.chamaejasme.But the ebracteolata compund B had not been chekout in this specie. CONCLUSION: The method can be applied to conventional testing of Euphorbia.

Study on quality standard for Guijiu / 中成药

AIM: To establish the quality standard of Guijiu(Rhizome or root of Podophyllum emodi(Wall.) Ying,Dysosma versipellis(Hance) M.Cheng or Dysosma pleiantha(Hance) Woodson.which herbs contained lignans including podophyllotoxin. METHODS: The microscopic examination, physio-chemical method such as LC-MS had been used. RESULTS: These methods can be used for the identification and quantitative analysis of Guijiu. CONCLUSION: The method proposes microscopic examination technique and physio-chemical method such as LC-MS fingerprint and LC-MS-MS for the identification and quantitative analysis of the herbs.

Quality standard for Baijiangdan / 中成药

AIM: Baijiangdan is a mineral herb containing mercuric chloride and mercurous chloride.To establish the quality standard for this mineral herb. METHODS: The microscope examination techniques,titration methods and X-ray diffractometry methods were used. RESULTS: These methods can be used for (identification) and quantitative (analysis) of Baijiangdan. CONCLUSION: This paper proposes microscopic examination techniques and physio-chemical methods such as X-ray diffractometry and titration methods for the identification and quantitative analysis of the herb.