How silicon fertilizer improves nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient availability in paddy soil? / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

In order to reveal the mechanism of silicon (Si) fertilizer in improving nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient availability in paddy soil, we designed a series of soil culture experiments by combining application of varying Si fertilizer concentrations with fixed N and P fertilizer concentrations. Following the recommendations of fertilizer manufacturers and local farmers, we applied Si in concentrations of 0, 5.2, 10.4, 15.6, and 20.8 μg/kg. At each concentration of added Si, the availability of soil N and P nutrients, soil microbial activity, numbers of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and P-decomposing bacteria which means that the organic P is decomposed into inorganic nutrients which can be absorbed and utilized by plants, and urease and phosphatase activity first increased, and then decreased, as Si was added to the soil. These indicators reached their highest levels with a Si application rate of 15.6 μg/kg, showing values respectively 19.78%, 105.09%, 8.34%, 73.12%, 130.36%, 28.12%, and 20.15% higher than those of the controls. Appropriate Si application (10.4 to 15.6 µg/kg) could significantly increase the richness of the soil microbial community involved in cycling of N and P nutrients in the soil. When the Si application rate was 15.6 μg/kg, parameters for characterizing microbial abundance such as sequence numbers, operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number, and correlation indices of microbial community richness such as Chao1 index, the adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) index, Shannon index, and Simpson index all reached maximum values, with amounts increased by 14.46%, 10.01%, 23.80%, 30.54%, 0.18%, and 2.64%, respectively, compared with the control group. There is also a good correlation between N and P mineralization and addition of Si fertilizer. The correlation coefficients between the ratio of available P/total P (AP/TP) and the number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AP/TP and acid phosphatase activity (AcPA), AP/TP and the Shannon index, the ratio of available N/total amount of N (AN/TN) and the number of ammoniated bacteria, and AN/TN and AcPA were 0.9290, 0.9508, 0.9202, 0.9140, and 0.9366, respectively. In summary, these results revealed that enhancement of soil microbial community structure diversity and soil microbial activity by appropriate application of Si is the key ecological mechanism by which application of Si fertilizer improves N and P nutrient availability.

Analysis of risk factors for pulmonary infection in elderly kidney transplant recipients / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors of pulmonary infection in elderly (aged 60+ years) kidney transplant recipients.Methods:The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for 119 elderly kidney transplant recipients from January 2010 to January 2019 . According to whether or not pulmonary infection occurred after renal transplantation, the recipients were divided into infected group (n=40) and non-infected group (n=79). Clinical data was analyzed for two groups. The relevant risk factors of gender, age, donor type, body mass index, history of smoking, preoperative dialytic time, preoperative dialysis, immune induction, immune maintenance, presence or absence of delayed graft function, leucopenia, serum creatinine before infection, venous hormone shock therapy or not, diabetic history before or after surgery, history of coronary heart disease, history of hepatitis B virus, prophylactic dosing of compound sulfamethoxazole, prophylactic valganciclovir or ganciclovir, were examined by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:The incidence of pulmonary infection in elderly kidney transplant recipients was 33.6% (40/119). In infected group, 15 patients died of severe pulmonary infection with a mortality rate of 37.5%(15/40). History of smoking (OR=10.58, 95%CI: 1.98-56.40, P=0.006), venous hormone shock therapy (OR=25.06, 95%CI: 4.25-147.71, P<0.001) and preoperative dialytic time (OR=1.032, 95%CI: 1.003-1.062, P=0.033) were the risk factors for pulmonary infection in elderly kidney transplant recipients. Conclusions:The incidence and mortality of lung infection are higher in elderly kidney transplant recipients. Smoking history, venous hormone shock therapy and long preoperative dialytic are associated with pulmonary infection in elderly kidney transplant recipients.

Content Determination of Chlorogenic Acid,Protocatechuic Acid and Total Phenolics in Chaenomeles sinersis from Different Areas / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of chlorogenic acid,protocatechuic acid and total phenolics in Chaenomeles sinensis,compare the content of total phenolics and 2 phenolic acids from different areas. METHODS:Wavelength switching HPLC method was conducted to determine the chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid. The column was Shim-pack CLC-ODS(M)with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phoephoric acid(15∶85,V/V),the detection wavelength was 259 nm(for protocatechuic acid)and 325 nm(for chlorogenic acid)and the switching time was 14 min. With the index of proto-catechuic acid,Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method was conducted to determine the total phenolics. RESULTS:The 2 methods of quantitative analysis showed that the precision,repeatability,recoveries and standard curves were all validated by methodology. The mass fraction of total phenolics was 0.87%-3.77% with the average of 2.16%;the chlorogenic acid was 0.053%-0.387% with the average of 0.192% and the protocatechuic acid was 0.024%-0.541% with the average of 0.087%. The order of total phenolics content in C. sinensis from different areas was Yunnan>Anhui Xuancheng>Sichuan>Hubei and the order of total amount of chlo-rogenic acid and protocatechuic acid from different areas was the same as the total phenolics. There were differences among the con-tents of C. sinensis from different areas,however,the positive correlation was found between the content of total phenolics and the total amount of chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid with the pearson correlation coefficient of 0.719(P<0.01).CONCLU-SIONS:The established method is simple,accurate and reproducible and can be used for the content determination of chlorogenic acid,protocatechuic acid and total phenolics in chaenomelis fructus.

Developmental anatomy of anomalous structure and investigation of medicinal parts Sophora flavescens / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To elucidate the composition structure of "annual rings" and the formation process of anomalous structures in Sophora flavescens, and further discuss the medicinal parts of S. flavescens.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Based on investigation on S. flavescens in its producing areas, the morphology of root systems was observed, and the developmental anatomy of roots was researched.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Creeping underground rhizomes of S. flavescen existed in some parts of the north place, there were many differences in appearance characters and microscopic features between these roots and rhizomes. Parenchyma cells in secondary xylem regained meristematic ability, became into anomalous cambia, and then developed into anomalous structures. "Annual rings" in transverse section of S. flavescens were not actually growth rings, they were made up of anomalous parenchyma girdle in secondary xylem and normal secondary structure.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Roots are the medicinal parts of S. flavescens. This paper suggests that "annual rings" in the decoction pieces of S. flavescens should be called "annular structure".</p>

Silencing gene of TLR4 down-regulates the effect of TLR2 signal transduction in RAW264.7 cells to anti-Aspergillus fumigatus conidia stimulation / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To study the role of TLR2 and TLR4 signal transduction in RAW264.7 monocyte-macrophages stimulated by Aspergillus fumigatus conidia,and to investigate the expression of TLR2 signal transduction after silencing gene of TLR4.Methods Macrophages were randomly divided into normal group ( N group),normal+stimulated with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia ( N +Af group ),normal + transfected with TLR4-siRNA [ TLR4 (RNAi) group ],normal+transfected with TLR4-siRNA +stimulated with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia[ TLR4(RNAi) +Af group].RT-PCR and Western blot were used to assay expression levels of TLR2,TLR4,MyD88 mRNA and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α protein when macrophages were stimulated 12 h by Aspergillus fumigatus conidia after tranfected 24 h with TLR4-siRNA by technology of RNAi.Results ( 1 ) Compared with N group,the expression of TLR2,TLR4,MyD88 mRNA and TNF-αprotein in N+Af group significantly increased before silencing gene of TLR4.(2) Silencing efficiency of macrophates was up to 83％ after transfected with TLR4-siRNA.(3)The expression of TLR2,MyD88 mRNA in TLR4 (RNAi) group significantly decreased contrast with normal group.Meanwhile the expression of TLR2,MyD88 mRNA and TNF-α protein also obviously reduced in TLR4(RNAi) +Af group when compared with N +Af group.Compared with TLR4 (RNAi) group,the expression of MyD88 mRNA in TLR4 (RNAi) +Af group significantly increased.However,the expression of TLR2 mRNA and TNF-α protein have no significant change after silencing gene of TLR4.Conclusion Signaling pathway of TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages was activated by given stimulus of Aspergillusfumigatus conidia and exerted the effect of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus spores stimulation through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α.Meanwhile,silencing gene of TLR4 down-regulate the effect of TLR2 signal transduction in RAW264.7 cells to anti-Aspergillus fumigatus conidia stimulation,and it found that TLR4 played an more important role by contrast with TLR2.

Activation of TLRs/NF-κB signal pathway and occurrence of different functional cytokines during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To study the activation of TLRs/NF-κB signal pathway and production of different functional cytokines during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis( IPA) , in order to probe the pathogene-sis of IPA. Methods Mouse were randomly divided into normal, normal + inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus( normal inoculation group), and immune suppression + inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus (IPAmodel group) , the mouse were killed at different time points after inhaling Aspergillus fumigatus spores by nose. Removing the lung tissue in a sterile manner and making pathological section respectively, counting Aspergillus fumigatus colony, dynamiclly detecting the expression of TLR2, TLR4 mRNA, variation of NF-κB p65 protein, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 levels in the lung tissue by RT-PCR and Western blot method during Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mouse. Results (1) When it's 72 h after inhaling Aspergillus fumigatus by nose, IPA model emerged severe lung tissue inflammation, and generated a large number of hyphae, meanwhile, burthen of Aspergillus fumigatus was higher than normal inoculation group at each time point. (2)Compared with the normal inoculation group, IPA group whose TLR2 mRNA was low expression at early stage of infection (24 h), and emerged high expression at late stage of infection (120 h, 144 h); and TLR4 mRNA has been at a state of low expression in the infection process; NF-κB p65 suddenly increased at early stage of infection(24 h) and then continued to decline. (3) After infected by Aspergillus fumigatus in normal mouse, proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β in lung exhibited high expression at the early stages of infection, and the highest expression levels appeared at 48 h or 72 h, then decreased and recovered to normal level. And the expression level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 rised at late stage of infection; The IP A mouse released a lot of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at early stage of infection, which significantly reduced at late stage, and released pro-inflammatory cyto-kines TNF-α, IL-1β at slow and low level. Conclusion The abnormal activation of TLRs/NF-β signaling pathway caused the loss of dynamic balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the occurrence and development of IPA.

Responsibility of mismatch negativity in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the characteristics and application of mismatch negativity in hyperbilirubinemia neonates.@*METHOD@#Eighty-six neonates with hyperbilirubinemia divided into low and high groups according to the bilirubin concentration of 342 micromol/L and 15 normal neonates for control group were measured with MMN and ABR. All subjects were enrolled and compared between the three groups,and followed up to 42 days old.@*RESULT@#There were significantly different between the 3 groups of MMN latency(P 0.05). The wave V latencies and III-IV, I-V interwave intervals of the ABR were significantly different and prolonged during test in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). But there were similar between the hyperbilirubinemia groups. The threshold of ABR in high group are significantly higher than the low group. During the follow up,the average MMN latency and the ABR wave latencies and interwave intervals except for interwave latency I-Ill , were significantly shorter.@*CONCLUSION@#Hyperbilirubinemia are toxic to the hearing pathway and may affect the speech recognition of neonates. The higher of the bilirubin concentration,the higher risk of impairments to the auditory system, but most of the impairments are reversible. MMN,as an objective measure of the central auditory discrimination function and central auditory development are available. Compared with ABR, MMN is more sensitive in the evaluation of the central auditory function; If the application of MMN combined with ABR in the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, a more comprehensive method in the auditory system evaluation can be obtained.

Effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor on the function of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary heart disease / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHi) tAUCB on the function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in EPCs in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).@*METHODS@#Mononuclear cells, from the peripheral blood of CHD patients, were isolated by ficoll density gradient centrifugation and cultured. After 7 days of culture in vitro, EPCs were identified by double staining and flow cytometry. EPCs were then stimulated by 0, 10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) mol/L of tAUCB for 24 h. Migration assay was performed in transwell chamber and tube formation assay was performed by Matrigel-Matrix in vitro model. The expression of VEGF in EPCs was measured by Western blot. EPCs from age and gender matched healthy subjects were also cultured as controls.@*RESULTS@#The migration and tube formation activities of EPCs from CHD patients were obviously damaged compared with those from healthy controls (P<0.05). The tAUCB could dose-dependently increase the migration and tube formation activities and increase the expression of VEGF in EPCs compared with those from CHD patients without treatment. The 10(-6) mol/L tAUCB increased those activities of EPCs and the expression of VEGF with statistical difference.@*CONCLUSION@#sEHi can positively modulate the function of EPCs from CHD patients, suggesting the potential predictive significance of sEHi in the therapy of CHD.

Primary studies of toxicity-reducing and efficacy-maintaining action of fungal fermentative products in Tripterygium wilfordii by a novel bi-directional solidstate fungal fermentation / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To get the detoxification and retentive-acting (keep the effect of immunosuppression) fungal substance of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The medicinal fungal new type bi-directional solid fermentation engineering was adopted. T. wilfordii was used as medicinal substance and diverse medicinal fungus were used as fermentative strains. Fermented under certain conditions, all kinds of fungal substance that we got were dealt with preliminary research on chemistry and toxicity.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Two kinds of fermentative fungus which had effects of detoxification and keeping immunosuppression were selected and appropriate zymotechnique was found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Medicinal fungal new type bi-directional solid fermentation technique can be applied in the area of the detox and retentive-acting effect of T. wilfordii.</p>

Influence of heat and moisture exchanger on sputum of patients with tracheotomy receiving hyper baric oxygen treatment / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To observe characters of sputum of patients with tracheotomy by heat and moisture exchanger(HEM)undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)in multi-person chamber.Methods In randomly block design,239 patients were selected and received HBOT using HEM combined with L-shape tube(group HEM,n=128)and by L-shape tube(group L,n=111)respectively.The characters and volume of sputum,times of sucking sputum and cases of sealing/extubation of tubes were assessed over first and tenth sessions of HBOT.Results The times of sucking and volume of sputum over first session of HBOT in the group HEM were more than those in group L.The sputum was changing from ropiness over first session to tenuity over tenth sesion(P＜0.01).Cases with sealing/extubation of tubes in group HEM were more than those of group L(P＜0.01).Conclusions It is helpful to humidify and discharge deposited sputum of patients over routine hyperbaric oxygen by HEM.And the case8 of sealing/extubation of tubes are also reduced.

The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mice / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To study the roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in the progress of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis(IPA) in experimental mice.Methods The mice were divided into three groups including the group of normal mice,the group of normal mice infected with A.fumigatus and the group of IPA mice.The mice were sacrificed at four time points(8 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h) after infection.The lung tissues from each group were collected for pathological analysis and RT-PcR for detecting the expression level of,TLR2,TLR4 and β-tublin.The ratio of density value of band of each PCR product on electrophoresis to the density value of β-tublin was used to evaluate the expression level of each gene like TLR2.TLR4 and TNF-α.Re-suits The pathological analysis showed the normal structure and no inflananatory reaction in the lungs in the group of normal mice.The infiltration of inflammatory cells,weak injuries and no germination of spore into hypha in the lungs of normal mice infected with A.fumigatus,and serious injuries like destruction of alveolar structure,bleeding,infiltration of inflammatory cells and germination of spore into hypha in the lungs of IPA mice.The expression level of TLR4 at 8 h,24 h,48 h and TNF-α at 24 h and 48 h were lower in IPA mice than that in healthy mice with infection(P<0.05).Conclusion There was low expression of TLR4 and TNF-α in IPA mice lung tissues.Typical pathological injuries in the lungs and germination of spore into hy-pha in IPA mice were observed by the microscope.

Effect of cinnamaldehyde and citral on DNA and RNA in Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatus cells / 中草药

Objective To investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde and citral on DNA and RNA of Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatus cells and their mechanisms. Methods A. flavus and A. fumigatus were incubated on Czapeks agar plate (treated with cinnamaldehyde and citral at different concentrations) at 26.5 ℃ for 3—6 d. The normal and treated cells were observed by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and image analysis to describe the DNA and RNA levels by quantity and localization. Results DNA and RNA levels were changed greatly and multinucleate coniospores appeared in the treated cells. Conclusion Cinnamaldehyde and citral have directly or indirectly interfered the conventional synthesis of fungal hereditary DNA and RNA and normal differentiation of conidiophore in A. flavus and A. fumigatus, thus inhibiting the normal cell cycle and the growth and propagation of fungi.