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@#Objective To investigate the prognostic survival status and influence factors for surgical treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in pathological stage T1b (pT1b). Methods The patients with ESCC in pT1b undergoing Ivor-Lewis or McKeown esophagectomy in Lanzhou University Second Hospital from 2012 to 2015 were collected, including 78 males (78.3%) and 17 females (21.7%) with an average age of 61.4±7.4 years. Results The most common postoperative complications were pneumonia (15.8%), anastomotic leakage (12.6%) and arrhythmia (8.4%). Ninety-three (97.9%) patients underwent R0 resection, with an average number of lymph node dissections of 14.4±5.6. The rate of lymph node metastasis was 22.1%, and the incidence of lymph vessel invasion was 13.7%. The median follow-up time was 60.4 months, during which 25 patients died and 27 patients relapsed. The overall survival rate at 3 years was 86.3%, and at 5 years was 72.7%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that lymph node metastasis (P=0.012, HR=2.60, 95%CI 1.23-5.50) and lympovascular invasion (P=0.014, HR=2.73, 95%CI 1.22-6.09) were independent risk factors for overall survival of pT1b ESCC. Conclusion Esophagectomy via right chest approach combined with two-fields lymphadenectomy is safe and feasible for patients with pT1b ESCC. The progress of pT1b ESCC with lymph node metastasis or lymphovascular invasion is relatively poor.
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Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of artificial intelligence assisted pulmonary nodule diagnosis system in detection pulmonary nodule and predicting the malignant probability of pulmonary nodule.Methods:A retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 199 patients with lung nodules in the Thoracic Surgery Department of Lanzhou University Second Hospital from May 2016 to July 2020. The preoperative chest CT was imported into the artificial intelligence system to record the detected lung nodules, to measure nodal diameter and density classification and malignant probability prediction value of each nodule. The detection rate of pulmonary nodules by artificial intelligence system was calculated, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio of artificial intelligence system in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules were calculated and compared with manual film reading. and the sensitivity and specificity in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules under the condition of different size and density of pulmonary nodules.Results:A total of 204 pulmonary nodules were pathologically diagnosed by surgical resection, and the detection rate of pulmonary nodules by artificial intelligence system was 100%. The artificial intelligence system can distinguish benign and malignant pulmonary nodules with a sensitivity of 95.83%(95% CI: 0.8967-0.9883), specificity 25.00%(95% CI: 0.1717-0.3425), and a positive likelihood ratio of 1.27(95% CI: 1.14-1.44), negative likelihood ratio 0.17(95% CI: 0.06-0.46), Manual reading for the differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules has a sensitivity of 87.36%(95% CI: 0.7850-0.9352), specificity 72.17%(95% CI: 0.6214-0.8079), and a positive likelihood ratio of 3.14(95% CI: 2.26-4.37), the negative likelihood ratio is 0.18(95% CI: 0.10-0.31). 5mm≤diameter of pulmonary nodule<10 mm, sensitivity 100%(95% CI: 0.6637-1.0000), specificity 50.00%(95% CI: 0.01258-0.98740), 10 mm≤diameter of pulmonary nodule <20 mm, sensitivity 94.29%(95% CI: 0.8084-0.9930), specificity 29.83%(95% CI: 0.1843-0.4340), 20 mm≤ diameter of pulmonary nodule ≤30 mm, sensitivity 96.15%(95% CI: 0.8679-0.9953), specificity 18.37%(95% CI: 0.0876-0.9953), sensitivity of subsolid lung nodules: 100%(95% CI: 0.9051-1.0000), specificity 20.00%(95% CI: 0.0051-0.7164), solid lung nodule sensitivity 93.22%(95% CI: 0.8354-0.9812), specificity 25.24%(95% CI: 0.1720-0.3476). Conclusion:The artificial intelligence assistant diagnosis system of pulmonary nodules has a strong performance in the detection of pulmonary nodules, but it can not meet the clinical requirements in the differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. At present, the artificial intelligence system can be used as an auxiliary tool for doctors to detect pulmonary nodules and assist in the diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of postoperative adjuvant therapy on patients with locally advanced pathologic T3N0M0 (pT3N0M0)esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).Methods:In this retrospective study,we evaluated patients who underwent esophagectomy at Lanzhou University Second Hospital.Patients were divided into 4 groups:surgery-alone(S),surgery+radiotherapy group(S+RT),surgery+chemotherapy(S+CT),and surgery+chemoradiotherapy(S+CRT)groups.Both the clinicopathologic informa-tion and the long-term follow-up results were analyzed.Results:From January 2010 to April 2014,a total of 177 patients with a medi-an age of 61 years(range 43-78),were enrolled into the study.Among them,79 received surgery alone;the remaining 98 patients re-ceived adjuvant therapy,of whom 28 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy,38 received adjuvant chemotherapy,and 32 received ad-juvant chemoradiotherapy.Overall survival and disease-free survival were better in Group S+Adjuvant than in Group S(P=0.012,P=0.007,respectively).Comparisons among the four groups showed that the overall survival was higher in Group S+CRT than in Group S (P=0.031).Group S+RT was associated with better overall survival and disease-free survival than Group S(P=0.038,P=0.011,respec-tively).Conclusions:Patients with pT3N0M0 ESCC could benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy,as radiotherapy could help achieve better locoregional control.
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Objective HLA-G widely participates in immune tolerance by its combination with immunoglobulin-like tran-scripts IL-2 and IL-4 on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs).The aim of the article was to explore the effects of recombinant adnovirus-mediated HLA-G transfection in macaca mulatta immature dendritic cells on T cell proliferation . Methods Marrow blood was collected from macaca mulattas by the puncture needle after anesthesia .Density gradient centrifugation method was applied in separating mononuclear from the extracted blood on which CD 34+cells were collected and pu-rified by means of immunomagnetic separation .Small doses of cyto-kines were added to get the immature dendritic cells after induced dif-ferentiation of CD34+cells.After the recombinant adnovirus-mediated HLA-G transfection in macaca mulatta immature dendritic cells , observation was done on the viral infection efficiency and western blot was used in detecting the expression of HLA -G in immature den-dritic cells.Taking T cells in macaca mulatta as responders and DCs transfected by recombinant adnovirus -mediated HLA-G as stimu-lators, mixed lymphocyte test was conducted .T cells were divided into 5 groups: mDC group ( mature DCs ) , imDC group ( immature DCs), imDC(L) group(addition of 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide after getting imDC at 7th day) , imDC(V) group (imDCs infected by recombinant adnovirus-mediated HLA-G) , imDC( L+V) group ( imDCs infected by recombinant adnovirus-mediated HLA-G along with the addition of 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide in culture process ) . Results We obtained the immature dendritic cells and recom-binant adenovirus of HLA-G expressed in these cells .Flow cytometry showed DC purity was up to 92.3 %, imDC purity was up to 72.39%and positive percentage of CD 4+T was greater than 80%.In comparison with imDC group ,the proliferation of stimulated T cells in mDC and imDC(L) groups was obviously intensified (P<0.01).In comparison with imDC(V) group, the proliferation of stim-ulated T cells in imDC, mDC, imDC(L), and imDC(L+V) groups was obviously intensified (P <0.01).In comparison with imDC(L+V) group, the proliferation of stimulated T cells in mDC and imDC(L) groups was obviously intensified(P<0.01). Conclu sion Im-mature DCs infected by recombinant adnovirus can inhibit the proliferation of T cells effectively .
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Objective To investigate the influence of gestational vitamin A(VA) deficiency on lipid synthesis in offspring liver tissue by using the rat model of gestational vitamin A deficiency.Methods The rat model of gestational VA deficiency was established and divided into the normal AV,VA deficiency and VA deficiency and supplement (VAD) groups.The offspring blood lipid levels were detected.The mRNA expression changes of lipid synthesis molecule ACC1,FAS and SREBP1 in liver were detected;the lipid droplet deposition situation after HE staining in offspring liver tissue section was observed.Results The HDL-C level of the VAD group was significantly lower than that of the VA normal group(VAN group and VAS group,P＜0.05),and the difference between the VAN group and VAS group had no statistical difference(P＞0.05).The TG level had statistically significant difference among the three groups(P＜0.05).The ACC1,FAS and SREBP1 mRNA expression levels in the VAD group were significantly increased.The liver in the VAD group appeared more lipid droplet deposit with partial lipid droplet vacuoles in cytoplasm;while the liver cells in the VAS and VAN groups showed the regular arrangement without obvious lipid droplet deposit.Conclusion Gestational VA deficiency may induce the abnormal activation of liver lipid synthesis pathway in rat offspring and causes lipid metabolic disturbance.
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Objective To summarize the clinical experiences of video-mediastinoscopy followed by stenting procedure in treating the superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS),and to investigate their application significant.Methods Nine patients with SVCS without clear histologic diagnosis before procedure were reviewed retrospectively,who were admitted into hospital from November 2007 to October 2013.All of 9 patients were received video-mediastinoscopy and they did not performed pathological check.They were placed the endovascular stent.Results Video-mediastinoscopy followed by stenting procedure 6 cases,parasternal TN mediastinoscopy 2 cases,joint neck and parasternal TV mediastinoscopy 1 case.Nine cases have received a clear pathological diagnosis.There was no death case in-hospital.The operative complication was hemorrhage of 1 case.The cubital venous pressures were (18.6±5.1) cmH2O at stending,(13.5±3.3) cmH2O,(11.3±2.5) cmH2O,(10.3± 2.0) cmH2O at 24,48,72 h after stending,and down to the normal at 72 h (F =67.245,P ＜0.01).The clinical symptoms were obviously relieved.All of them were remained free from SVCS during the follow-up.Conclusion The hybrid procedure of video-mediastinoscopy followed by stenting placement is a highly effective and safe treatment.It can accurately provide informations on diagnosis and treatment.
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Objective To establish a nude mice model for NB4/ShHMGA2 xenograft and explore the effect of HMGA2 knockdown on hematological malignancies. Methods NB4/ShHMGA2 or NB4/ShControl cell lines were established by transfecting the recombinant Lentivirus-HMGA2shRNA and the vacant Lentivirus-NC-marked into NB4 cells. The knockdown of HMGA2 was identified by RT-PCR and Western blot. Ten male BALB/c nude mice aged 4 ~ 5 weeks were equally divided into two groups. The mice irradiated by 4 Gy 60 Co were subcutaneously injected with 8 × 106 NB4/ShHMGA2 or NB4/ShControl cells into one side of axilla. The volumes of xenograft tumor were evaluated using the equation volume (mm3) = (L × W2)/2. The xenograft tumor section was detected by IHC with Ki-67 antibody. Results NB4 cell xenograft tumors developed in all mice of both the two groups. The NB4/ShHMGA2 cells in the nude mice grew at a lower rate than those in the controls. There were statistically significant differences in the volume and weight of xenograft tumor between the two groups [(1 484.25 ± 156.342)mm3 vs (3 228.674 ± 285.64)mm3, P < 0.05] and [(2 135.33 ± 198.05) mg vs (650.46 ± 85.12)mg, P < 0.05]. The Ki-67 protein level in NB4/ShHMGA2 cells xenografts was lower than that in the controls. Conclusion The knockdown of HMGA2 could inhibit proliferation of NB4 cells in NB4 cells xenograft tumor.
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A molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor for detection of cinchonine based on surface self-assembly of molecularly imprinted membrane on magnetic nanoparticles was developed. Cinchonine was used as template and lauryl mercaptan was used as assembling monomer. The morphology and particle size distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, and the infrared spectroscopy was used to study the structure and composition of cinchonine, molecularly imprinted membrane before and after elution. The results showed that, cinchonine could be specifically assayed with a linear relationship between the signal intensity and the logarithm of concentrations of cinchonine in the range of 1×10-10 mol/L to 9×10-8 mol/L. The detection limit for cinchonine was 3. 5×10-11mol/L. The sensor was used for the determination of cinchonine in serum samples, with the recoveries of 98. 8% to 104. 7%.
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A turn on model of electrochemiluminescence ( ECL)-Pb2+ biosensor based on G-quadruplex of aptamer probe was developed by using quantum dots ( QDs) as labels. The ECL-Pb2+ biosensor was prepared by immobilizing a hairpin aptamer probe with a thiol group at 5 '-end and an amino group at 3 '-end on gold electrode via an Au-S bond. In the presence of Pb2+, the G-rich hairpin aptamer probe opened the stem-loop and formed G-quadruplex, which exposed the amino group at 3'-end and then covalently linked to the carboxyl group on the surface of CdS quantum dots. The fabrication and reaction process of the Pb2+ biosensor were characterized. The responsive ECL intensity was linearly related to the Pb2+ concentration in the range of 2. 0×10-10-5. 0×10-8 mol/L, with the detection limit of 3. 74×10-11 mol/L. In addition, the ECL biosensor exhibited high sensitivity, good selectivity, satisfying stability, and repeatability.
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Objective:To study the relationship between dietary vitamin A intake and plasma vitamin A concentration , and establish the theoretical basis for dietary intake predicting vitamin A nutritional status . Methods:By using cluster sampling , 492 children aged 2-7 years in kindergartens in Banan district of Chongqing were selected .A cross-sectional nutrition and health survey was conducted , including the clinical examination , anthropometry , laboratory test and dietary survey .Results: Among the children surveyed, 229 were boys, and 263 girls, the mean age was (4.54 ±0.87) years, height (107.50 ± 7.20) cm, and weight (18.42 ±3.41) kg, the mean value of plasma vitamin A was (1.04 ±0.30)μmol/L.The prevalence of marginal vitamin A deficiency ( MVAD) was 43.5%.No cases of severe clinical vitamin A deficiency were found (plasma vitamin A≤0.35μmol/L).Clinical examination found no conjunctiva, corneaor skin abnormalities, and no Bitot’s spots.Prevalence of the last two weeks colds were 27.4% (135/492), no diarrhea and other gastrointestinal or digestive diseases were found .The proportion of insufficient dietary vitamin A intake ( <600 μg RE/d) was as high as 50.0%.By using correlation analysis, plasma retinol concentrations were related to dietary vitamin A intake (r=0.162, P<0.001), and to dietary energy intake (r=0.107, P=0.017).After adjustment for the effects of other non-dietary factors on vitamin A deficiency , the multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin A-rich foods of liver intake=0 g/d (OR=1.95, 95% CI:1.05-3.61, P=0.034), vitamin A-rich fruits intake=0 g/d (OR =1.55, 95% CI: 1.03 -2.33, P =0.034), vitamin A-rich vegetables intake<200 g/d (OR=3.47, 95%CI:1.37-8.75, P=0.009) were important risk factors of vitamin A deficiency .But we had not found the correlation between the intake of meat , eggs and milk and vita-min A deficiency .Conclusion:Dietary factors may be the major risk factor of vitamin A deficiency in the three kindergartens .The dietary vitamin A intakes are significantly related to plasma retinol concentra-tions, and the vitamin A-rich foods intakes can predict the body ’ s vitamin A nutritional status .
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Objective:To investigate the regulation mechanisms of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on lymphocyte pro -liferation of type I diabetic rats .Methods:The rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated , cultured and identified and the effect on lymphocyte proliferation of type Ⅰdiabetic rat was observed by MTT assay , and analyze the CD 4 +CD25 +regulatory T cell ra-tio, cell cycle and apoptosis of type I diabetes rat by flow cytometric .Results:B and C groups was significantly lower than the absor-bance values of group A,the differences between the data were statistically significant (P<0.05), C group was significantly lower than group B absorbance values, the difference was significant (P<0.05);the CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells of B and C groups were sig-nificantly higher than group A, the differences of the data were statistically significant (P<0.05), the CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cell ratio of C group significantly higher than that group B , the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05);the apoptosis levels of B and C groups were significantly higher than group A , the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), the apoptosis levels of C group were significantly higher in group B , the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion:Bone marrow mesen-chymal stem cells can significantly inhibit lymphocyte proliferation of type Ⅰdiabetic rats, and it may regulate CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells, promote apoptosis, thereby affecting the immune function of T lymphocytes , and play its rejection.
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ThemagneticFe3O4nanoparticlesweresynthesizedbyco-precipitationmethod,andthenmagnetic Fe3 O4@Au nanoparticle was synthesized to improve the affinity of particle surface. L-Cys-GA3 was grafted on the surface of gold clad by self-assembly method, and then dropped it on glassy carbon electrode, for further manufacture of MIP/Fe3 O4@Au by using electropolymerzation L-Cys. The surface morphology and particle size distribution of Fe3 O4@Au were studied by TEM. The structure and composition of gibberellins A3, MIP and nMIP were studied by IR. The test system was optimized, and the results showed that when the cycles of electropolymerization was 30, acetic acid:methanol (1:8, V/V) was chosen as eluent, elution time was optimized for 5 min and rebinding time for 7 min, the sensor got a high stability and good recognition ability for gibberellins A3 . The concentration of gibberellins A3 in the range of 1 . 0 × 10-11-1 . 0 × 10-8 mol/L had a relationship with the oxidation peak current of probe, with the detection limit of 2. 57×10-12 mol/L. The sensor was successfully used for the determination of GA3 in beer sample.
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Objective To explore the rationality of pancreaticojejunostomy and double purse embedded pancreaticogastrostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy through comparing the short-term effects between pancreaticojejunostomy and double purse embedded pancreaticogastrostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods A retrospective review was performed for 38 patients who were underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at the second affiliated hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2010 to December 2012.Results All 38 pancreaticoduodenectomy were performed successfully.The pancreatic fistula (0％),operationtime [(327.50±32.56) min],postoperative hospital days [(10.31 ±2.44) d] were found to be significantly lower in double purse embedded pancreaticogastrostomy group than those of pancreaticojejunostomy group [3/12,(425.83 ± 33.77) min,(14.33 ± 4.14) d],which has statistical significance(P＜0.05).Although the incidence of bile leakage,postoperative abdominal bleeding,delayed gastric emptying,infection of incision,infection of lung,intraoperative amount of bleeding are also lower than that of pancreaticojejunostomy group,which has no statistical significance.Conclusions Double purse embedded pancreaticogastrostomy is a digestive tract reconstruction which is safer and more reasonable than pancreaticojejunostomy.The former one is operated simply and the operation time is shorter.There are great advantages in the prevention of complications such as pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Objective To investigate the sexual problems during early postpartum period and the awareness of postpartum sexual health. Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out in 109 women who received routine postpartum check-up in our outpatient department between October and November 2010 to identify postpartum sexual problems and the awareness of postpartum sexual health. Results The first postpartum check-up was received 6 to 12 weeks after the delivery. Of 109 participants,6 (5.5%), 17(15.6%) and 46 (42.2%) resumed sexual activity within 6,6 to 8,and 12 weeks after the delivery,respectively. Postpartum sexual problems included dyspareunia (35/46,76. 09% ), vaginal dryness (29/46,63.04% ), hypoactive sexual desire (25/46,54. 35% ) and lack of orgasm ( 11/46,23.91% ). 10. 87% (5/46)took contraceptive measures,21.10% (23/109) understood the appropriate time to resume sexual activity, 12. 84% (14/109) was aware of the possible postpartum sexual problems, 13.76% (15/109) knew how to avoid pregnant,6.42% (7/109) would visit a doctor in case of the sexual disorders,and 9. 17%(10/109) hoped that their husband know about sexual health. Conclusion Postpartum sexual problems may be common and maternal awareness of postpartum sexual health could be low.
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Different degrees of HCV re-infection exist in patients with hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Its pathogenesis is different according to different phases of the disease. Factors affecting its recurrence include HCV gene type, viral load, HLA matching between donor and recipient, time of recurrence, donor's age and so on, in which the application of immunosuppressants is the most important influencing factor. The virological response can be used to evaluate the effects of treatment. Now, it is widely accepted that the best choice and therapeutic plan is Pegy interferon alfa-2a/2b combined with Ribavirin.
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Objective To explore the influential factor and management of biliary tract complica-tions after liver transplantation. Method Clinical data of 57 patients who underwent liver transplantation between May 2006 and November 2007 were studied retrospectively. Results Among the 57 patients, 8patients (14.04%) developed postoperative bililary tract complications,4 patients with biliary leakage, 2patients with anastomosis stricture, 1 patient with intrahepatic biloma, all above eases were fully recover, 1patient with anastomosis stricture and intrahepatie biliary tract casting mould received liver retransplantation.Conclusions The management of biliary tract complications after liver transplantation are difficult. To at-tach importance to influential factor and prevention, timely diagnosis and treatment will improve patients' sur-vival time and quality of life.
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Objective TO evaluate the efficacy and safety of three adjuvant chemotherapy regimens after curative resection for stage III colorectal cancer,and present clinical evidence for proper choice.Methods 256 cases with stage Ⅲ colorectal cancer randomized to receive de Gramont,modified FOLFOX4(mFOLFOX4) and XELOX regimens.3-year disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS) were compared within the three groups and subgroups.Therapeutic adverse events were recorded and analyzed with Kaplan-Meier.Results Compared with de Gramont regimen,mFOLFOX4 and XELOX had superior efficacy.The two former could significantly improve 3-year DFS(79.7% vs.66.2%,P=0.015;81.5% vs.66.2%,P=0.004) and medium survival time(40.2 mon vs.37.8 mon,P=0.024;41.4 mon vs.37.8 mon,P=0.014).Meanwhile they could respectively decrease the ratio of recurrence risk 18%(P=0.024) and 21%(P=0.003).The relative benefit of mFOLFOX4 versus XELOX didn't differ for 3-year DFS [hazard ratio(HR): 0.84,95% confidence interval(CI): 0.79～1.12,P=0.13] and OS(HR: 0.87,95%CI: 0.84~1.06,P=0.54).In advanced analysis of DFS in subgroup,XELOX had better trend of survival advantage.mFOLFOX4 had higher adverse events within these regimens,especially in grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and peripheral neurologic adverse events.Conclusion XELOX maintains its efficacy and safety ratio in advanced colorectal cancer.Patients have good tolerance and compliance.The regiment is deserved to be applied in clinic.
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Objective To investigate nutrition and health behavior situation and mental situation on puerperal women of Chongqing,in order to provide scientific basis on their pertinent health education. Methods 424 puerperal women were chosen to take health care questionnaire and anxiety self-test table,and investigated by interviewers who had been through professional training,and then doing statistical analysis. Results Women in puerperal in Chongqing had some unreasonable nutrition and health knowledge and mental situation,diet behavior inhibition and so on. Among them,only 49.51% needed calcium supplementation,only 79.37% held that they could have fruit during confinement in childbirth,as high as 66.02% went out after confinement,only 33.49% washed during puerperal,20.39% had over light anxiety. Conclusion It is necessary to reinforce health education and puerperal health guide to puerperal women in Chongqing to improve nutrition and health level and mental situation of puerperal women.
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Objective To compare tacrolumus (FK506) with cyclosporine A (CsA) in clinical application to organ transplantation.Methods The literature in recent years has been reviewed and compared. Results FK506 was a powerful immunosuppression with a mechanism of action similar to that of CsA, but significantly superiori to CsA in terms of prophylaxis and treatment of allograft acute rejection, delay of chronic rejection, and withdrawal of steroid in early period. The cardiovascular mortality and chronic graft nephropathy (CGN),such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia were less frequently seen in FK506-treated patients and FK506 also had an acceptable safety profile, including a low incidence of hypertrichosis,gingival hyperplasia and infections.However, CsA had been showed a better result in prevention of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM ) and more economic agent than FK506. Pharmacokinetic studies showed CsA in the form of Sandimmun Neoral showed less inter- an intrapatient variability than FK506.Meanwhile, the combination of MMF and FK506 or CsA has been proved effectively with excellent graft and patients survival. Conclusion FK506 and CsA are safe and effective long term maintenance immunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation with wonderful prospect.
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Objective To investigate the effect of peer-education model on clinical practice of undergraduate interns.Methods Thirty-six undergraduate interns were arranged into control and experimental group.Twelve postgraduates were selected as peer-educators.Medical ethics and style,attitude,clinical thoughts,operations and satisfactory of patients were used to judge their work.They had to take exams at the end of the clinical practice.Results Undergraduate interns in experi-mental group got higher scores than control group.Conclusion Peer-education model has a posi-tive effect on clinical practice of undergraduate interns.