RESUMO
Objective@#To analyze the policies that are aimed at the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents, and to provide a reference for the adjustment and optimization of follow up policies.@*Methods@#Based on policy tool theory, content analysis was performed to construct a two dimensional framework of "policy tools-policy objects" and a quantitative analysis of 43 national level policy texts related to the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents.@*Results@#From the perspective of policy tools, environment oriented policy tools were the most widely applied (48.36%), followed by supply oriented tools (26.39%) and demand oriented tools (25.25%) which were used closely in frequency. From the perspective of policy objects, the texts put forward requirements in schools (26.15%) were the most and in society the least (6.18%).@*Conclusion@#The policies for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents should aim to improve the efficacy of supply based policy tools and increase the frequency with which demand based policy tools are adopted, while scientific research should be applied to optimize the quality of environment based policy tools.
RESUMO
Background:Medical treatment and surgery are the two main therapeutic approaches for esophageal variceal bleeding ( EVB),but studies showed that the efficacy of medical treatment was poor,and surgery was invasive and could lead to serious complications. Aims:To investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic variceal ligation combined with sclerotherapy for treatment of EVB. Methods:A total of 150 cirrhotic patients with EVB admitted from May 2011 to May 2012 at Wenling Oriental Hospital were enrolled and assigned into observation group and control group by random digital table. Patients in observation group were treated with endoscopic variceal ligation combined with sclerotherapy,and patients in control group were treated with somatostatin and pantoprazole. Overall clinical efficacy,recurrence and adverse effect were compared between the two groups. Results:In observation group,the overall clinical efficacy was 94. 7%(72/76), the recurrence rate was 3. 9%(3/76),and the adverse effect rate was 13. 2%(10/76);in control group,the overall clinical efficacy was 79. 7%(59/74),the recurrence rate was 14. 9%(11/74),and the adverse effect rate was 28. 4%(21/74). Overall clinical efficacy in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group(P<0. 05), while recurrence rate and adverse effect rate were significantly lower than those in control group( P all < 0. 05 ). Conclusions:Compared with medical treatment,endoscopic variceal ligation combined with sclerotherapy is effective in improving the clinical efficacy and reducing the recurrence and adverse effect for treatment of EVB. It is worthy of being used in clinical practice.
RESUMO
Sterols are one of the active classes of compounds in Inonotus obliquus for their effective therapy of many diseases. In field environment, this fungus accumulates large amount of sterols. In cultured mycelia, however, this class of compounds is less accumulated. For analyzing the factors responsible for differing sterol composition, the field-grown and cultured mycelia were extracted with 80% ethanol at room temperature and total sterols were prepared using silicon gel column chromatography followed by identification using either GC-MS or spectroscopic methods. For culturing Inonotus obliquus, the seed culture was grown either in basic medium consisting of glucose (2%), yeast extract (0.5%), KH2PO4 (0.01%), MgSO4·7H2O (0.05%) and distilled water at pH 6.5, or the basic medium supplemented with serial concentrations of AgNO3. The results indicated that field-grown mycelia contained lanosterol and inotodiol (comprised 45.47% and 25.36% of the total sterols, respectively) and other 10 sterols (comprising the remaining 30.17%) including ergosterol biosynthetic intermediates such as 24-methylene dihydrolanosterol, 4,4-dimethylfecosterol, 4-methyl fecosterol, fecosterol and episterol. Column chromatography also led to the isolation of lanosterol, Inotodiol, trametenolic acid, foscoparianol B and a new triterpenoid foscoparianol D in field-grown mycelia. In comparison, the cultured mycelia only contained three sterols with ergosterol as the predominant one (82.20%). Lanosterol only accounted for 3.68%. Supplementing Ag+ into the culture at 0.28 μmol·L-1 greatly enhanced content of lanosterol (accounting for 56.81%) and decreased the content of ergosterol (18.5%) together with the presence of intermediates for ergosterol biosynthesis. These results suggested that the sterol composition in mycelia of the fungus can be diversified by supplementing substances inhibiting enzymatic process towards the synthesis of ergosterol. Harsh growth conditions in field environment (I.e. temperature variation, UV irradiation etc.) can delay the synthesis of ergosterol and hereby diversify the sterol composition in the mycelia of Inonotus obliquus.