Clinical Application of Fresh Plantaginis Herba in Acient and Modern Medical Works / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical application law and provide literature support and development ideas for the modern application of fresh Plantaginis Herba. MethodThe literature about the application of fresh Plantaginis Herba was retrieved from the fifth edition of Chinese medical dictionary， China national knowledge infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP， Wanfang data， and Chinese medical journals and analyzed. ResultFresh Plantaginis Herba appeared frequently in ancient books， with the effects of clearing heat， cooling blood， promoting urination， and relieving stranguria. It was used for the treatment of stranguria， urine retention， bloody urine， sore and carbuncle， epistaxis， red and swelling eye， suppurative inflammation in the throat， and gynecological and pediatric diseases. According to modern medical publications， fresh Plantaginis Herba is mainly used to treated diseases in the kidney， five sense organs， spleen， stomach， lung， liver， gallbladder， and skin and gynecological and pediatric diseases. Specifically， it is mainly used to treat the syndrome of dampness and heat in kidney and skin diseases caused by the accumulation of dampness and heat toxin， with the effects of clearing heat， removing toxin， promoting urination， and relieving stranguria. Since ancient times， there have been reports of using fresh Plantaginis Herbausing for food and health care. ConclusionFresh Plantaginis Herba is widely used in clinical practice and has a high medical value and economic value. However， its modern application lags behind， so it is necessary to promote the development of fresh Plantaginis Herba from the aspects of medicinal material production， storage， transportation， preparation research and development， and clinical application.

Application of Animal Models of Corneal Neovascularization Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo provide a reference for the establishment of an ideal corneal neovascularization （CNV） animal model by summarizing the modeling characteristics of CNV animal models. MethodWith "CVN" as the theme word， this paper searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang， Chinese medical journals full-text database， and PubMed database and screened out relevant literature on CNV animal experiments from 2013 to 2023. The database was established by Excel 2021， and the experimental animal strain， gender， modeling method， detection index， and application category were sorted out. The characteristics of the CNV animal model were analyzed. ResultAfter comparative analysis， it was found that the animal strains were Sprague-Dawley rats （87 times， 29.49%） and New Zealand white rabbits （52 times， 17.63%）. Male animals were recommended. Most modeling methods for efficacy verification and mechanism studies were the alkali burn method. Index detection methods included apparent index observation， histopathological detection， immunohistochemistry （IHC）， Western blot， and various polymerase chain reaction （PCR） tests. Detection indexes included apparent indication， corneal histopathology， CNV regulation， etc. ConclusionThe CNV model of SD rats induced by the alkali burn method is recommended for model replication， and the indexes are mainly selected from the growth of CNV， corneal histopathological test， and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）-related test. In addition， according to the demand， the corneal apparent indication and the basic indexes related to the regulation of CNV， such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 （VEGFR2）， basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）， and secretogranin Ⅲ （Scg3） are also selected. Clinical treatment of CNV relies on anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-VEGF drugs， and there is a lack of application of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， so the model needs to be improved by adding elements of TCM syndromes.

BMP7 expression in mammalian cortical radial glial cells increases the length of the neurogenic period

The seat of human intelligence is the human cerebral cortex, which is responsible for our exceptional cognitive abilities. Identifying principles that lead to the development of the large-sized human cerebral cortex will shed light on what makes the human brain and species so special. The remarkable increase in the number of human cortical pyramidal neurons and the size of the human cerebral cortex is mainly because human cortical radial glial cells, primary neural stem cells in the cortex, generate cortical pyramidal neurons for more than 130 days, whereas the same process takes only about 7 days in mice. The molecular mechanisms underlying this difference are largely unknown. Here, we found that bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) is expressed by increasing the number of cortical radial glial cells during mammalian evolution (mouse, ferret, monkey, and human). BMP7 expression in cortical radial glial cells promotes neurogenesis, inhibits gliogenesis, and thereby increases the length of the neurogenic period, whereas Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling promotes cortical gliogenesis. We demonstrate that BMP7 signaling and SHH signaling mutually inhibit each other through regulation of GLI3 repressor formation. We propose that BMP7 drives the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian cortex by increasing the length of the neurogenic period.

Electrotaxis of alveolar epithelial cells in direct-current electric fields / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#This study aims to elucidate the electrotaxis response of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) in direct-current electric fields (EFs), explore the impact of EFs on the cell fate of AECs, and lay the foundation for future exploitation of EFs for the treatment of acute lung injury.@*METHODS@#AECs were extracted from rat lung tissues using magnetic-activated cell sorting. To elucidate the electrotaxis responses of AECs, different voltages of EFs (0, 50, 100, and 200 mV/mm) were applied to two types of AECs, respectively. Cell migrations were recorded and trajectories were pooled to better demonstrate cellular activities through graphs. Cell directionality was calculated as the cosine value of the angle formed by the EF vector and cell migration. To further demonstrate the impact of EFs on the pulmonary tissue, the human bronchial epithelial cells transformed with Ad12-SV40 2B (BEAS-2B cells) were obtained and experimented under the same conditions as AECs. To determine the influence on cell fate, cells underwent electric stimulation were collected to perform Western blot analysis.@*RESULTS@#The successful separation and culturing of AECs were confirmed through immunofluorescence staining. Compared with the control, AECs in EFs demonstrated a significant directionality in a voltage-dependent way. In general, type Ⅰ alveolar epithelial cells migrated faster than type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, and under EFs, these two types of cells exhibited different response threshold. For type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, only EFs at 200 mV/mm resulted a significant difference to the velocity, whereas for, EFs at both 100 mV/mm and 200 mV/mm gave rise to a significant difference. Western blotting suggested that EFs led to an increased expression of a AKT and myeloid leukemia 1 and a decreased expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein and Bcl-2-like protein 11.@*CONCLUSION@#EFs could guide and accelerate the directional migration of AECs and exert antiapoptotic effects, which indicated that EFs are important biophysical signals in the re-epithelialization of alveolar epithelium in lung injury.

Assessment of ergonomic load on the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in ICU nurses / 中国职业医学

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs) among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, assess its relationship with ergonomic load and overall exposure levels. Methods: A total of 272 ICU nurses from two tertiary hospitals in a city were selected as the research subjects using convenient sampling method. The Chinese Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of WMSDs among the ICU nurses. The Quick Exposure Check (QEC) was used to assess the ergonomic load on the back, shoulder/arm, hand/wrist, and neck during different clinical nursing operations. Results: The annual prevalence of WMSDs was 75.7% among ICU nurses. The annual prevalence of WMSDs in different body parts, from high to low, was as follows： lower back, neck, shoulder/arm, back, knee, hip/leg, hand/wrist, ankle/foot, and elbow (54.8% vs 43.4% vs 40.8% vs 36.0% vs 21.3% vs 19.9% vs 18.8% vs 18.4% vs 8.1%, P<0.01). ICU nurses had the highest QEC scores on the back (dynamic), shoulder/arm, hand/wrist, and neck with assisting patient turning (all P<0.05) among the six clinical nursing items. During the operation of patient turning, patient lifting, patient bathing, and bed sheet changing for bedridden patients, the back (dynamic) and shoulder/arm were at a high load level, while the hand/wrist and neck were at a mild load level. When nurses were providing tracheostomy care and oral care for intubated patients, their back (static), shoulder/arm, hand/wrist, and neck were at a mild load level. The overall exposure rate for assisting patient turning, patient lifting, oral care for intubated patients, bed sheet changing for bedridden patients, patient bathing, and tracheostomy care were 77.8%, 66.5%, 63.6%, 60.2%, 58.5%, and 57.4%, respectively. The risk for assisting patient turning was classified as level four, while the risk for other clinical nursing items was level three. Conclusion: The prevalence of WMSDs in ICU nurses is high. Both ergonomic load level and total exposure rate of back, shoulder/arm, hand/wrist and neck were high during clinical nursing operations.

Effects of intravenous infusion of theophylline drugs combined with high-flow respiratory humidifier on serum procalcitonin and lactate clearance rates in elderly patients with COPD secondary to type Ⅱ respiratory failure / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of theophylline intravenous drip combined with high flow respiratory humidifier on serum pro Calcitonin (PCT) and lactate clearance rate (LCR) in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) secondary to type II respiratory failure.Methods:We prospectively selected 120 elderly patients with COPD secondary to type II respiratory failure who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from March 2020 to March 2022. They were randomly divided into the control group ( n=60) and the observation group ( n=60). The control group was treated with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation combined with theophylline intravenous drip, and the observation group was treated with high flow respiratory humidification therapy apparatus combined with theophylline intravenous drip. The sputum viscosity of the two groups was counted, and the pulmonary function [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1), FEV 1/FVC], blood gas analysis, respiratory mechanics, oxygen metabolism, and serum index levels, as well as the difference between acute physiology and chronic health assessment Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) scores after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results:The overall sputum viscosity of the observation group was better than that of the control group ( P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in lung function and blood gas analysis indicators between the two groups (all P>0.05); After treatment, the lung function indicators, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2), and oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) of both groups were significantly increased compared to before treatment (all P<0.05), while arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2) was significantly decreased compared to before treatment (all P<0.05), and the values of each indicator in the observation group after increasing or decreasing were significantly better than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in respiratory mechanics and oxygen metabolism indicators between the two groups (all P>0.05); After treatment, the arterial blood oxygen content (CaO 2) in the two groups was significantly higher than that before treatment (all P<0.05), while the oxygen uptake rate (ERO 2) in the two groups and the VO 2 max (VO 2Max), airway peak value, and respiratory resistance in the observation group were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05), and the values of each index in the observation group after rising or falling were significantly better than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in serum indicators and APACHE Ⅱ scores between the two groups (all P>0.05); After treatment, LCR and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the observation group were significantly higher than those before treatment ( P<0.05), while the scores of PCT, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), CRP and APACHE Ⅱ were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05), and the values of each index in the observation group after increase or decrease were significantly better than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Theophylline intravenous drip combined with high flow respiratory humidifier can improve respiratory mechanics, oxygen metabolism, reduce inflammatory reaction, and reduce the impact of disease on life in elderly patients with COPD secondary to type II Respiratory failure.

Therapeutic effects of adjuvant therapy with Yinhuang Qingfei Capsule on acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by accumulation of phlegm and heat in the lung / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of adjuvant therapy with Yinhuang Qingfei Capsule in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) caused by accumulation of phlegm and heat in the lung. Methods:A total of 300 patients with AECOPD admitted to Wenling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2019 to December 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into observation and control groups ( n = 150/group). The control group was treated with conventional therapy, and the observation group was treated with adjuvant therapy with Yinhuang Qingfei Capsule based on conventional therapy. All patients were treated for 14 consecutive days. The clinical efficacy, lung function indexes and serum inflammatory factors pre- and post-treatment as well as adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:Total response rate was significantly higher in the observation group than the control group [88.0% (132/150) vs. 75.3% (113/150), χ2 = 8.04, P < 0.05]. After treatment, cough score [(2.31 ± 0.49) points], sputum score [(1.93 ± 0.35) points] and wheezing score [(0.91 ± 0.22) points] in the observation group were lower compared with the control group [(2.89 ± 0.54) points, (2.22 ± 0.43) points, (1.36 ± 0.27) points, t = 9.30, 6.41, 15.82, all P < 0.001]. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) [(3.04 ± 1.25) μg/L], C-reactive protein [(26.44 ± 2.31) mg/L] and procalcitonin [(1.25 ± 0.97) μg/L] in the observation group were lower compared with the control group [(3.66 ± 1.32) μg/L, (31.39 ± 2.26) mg/L, (1.79 ± 1.06) μg/L, t = 4.18, 11.18, 4.60, all P < 0.001]. Forced vital capacity [(1.89 ± 0.54) L], forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1) [(64.22 ± 5.80)%] and FEV 1/FVC value [(59.16 ± 5.52)%] in the observation group were higher compared with the control group [(1.58 ± 0.57) L, (60.13 ± 5.77)%pred, (54.43 ± 5.37)%, t = 4.84, 6.12, 7.52, all P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Yinhuang Qingfei Capsule can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms of patients with AECOPD caused by accumulation of phlegm and heat in the lung, improves lung function, reduces inflammatory response, and has no obvious adverse reactions. This study is innovative and scientific and deserves clinical promotion.

Exploration of the thinking and methods in treatment of cancer pain with acupuncture and moxibustion on the base of the fascia theory / 中国针灸

There is a commonality between jingjin (muscle region of meridian) and the fascial network for coordinating the balance in the body. The occurrence and the progression of tumor may disrupt the overall coordination between the fascial network and jingjin directly or indirectly, thereby, the impairment of this coordination may result in cancer pain. Rooted on the theory of overall balance of the fascial network, and combined with understanding of pain in jingjin theory, professor HUANG Jin-chang emphasizes the importance of "relaxing the knot" in treatment of cancer pain. It is recommended to select the fascia reaction point as the target point, in accordance with the principle of balance adjustment and apply various acupuncture and moxibustion therapies, such as Fu's subcutaneous needling, small-needle scalpel therapy, fire needling, and moxibustion.

Evaluation of Extrathyroidal Extension of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma With Three-Dimensional Tomographic Ultrasound Imaging / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To evaluate extrathyroidal extension (ETE) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) with three-dimensional tomographic ultrasound imaging (3D-TUI). Methods A total of 97 thyroid nodules of 79 patients with PTMC treated in PUMC Hospital from February 2016 to January 2018 were included in this study.Two ultrasound experts performed independent blinded assessment of the relationship between thyroid nodules and thyroid capsule by two-dimensional ultrasound (2D-US) and 3D-TUI.The results of 2D-US and 3D-TUI in evaluating ETE were compared with intraoperative findings and postoperative histological and pathological results. Results Among the 97 nodules,54 (55.7%) nodules had ETE.The diagnostic sensitivity (68.5% vs.37.0%;χ2=10.737,P=0.002),accuracy (74.5% vs.56.7%;χ2=6.686,P=0.015),and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve[0.761 (95%CI=0.677-0.845) vs.0.592 (95%CI=0.504-0.680);Z=3.500,P<0.001] of 3D-TUI were higher than those of 2D-US.However,3D-TUI and 2D-US showed no significant difference in the specificity (84.1% vs.81.4%;χ2=0.081,P=0.776),negative predictive value (67.9% vs.50.7%;χ2=3.645,P=0.066),or positive predictive value (84.1% vs.71.4%;χ2=1.663,P=0.240). Conclusion Compared with 2D-US,3D-TUI demonstrates increased diagnostic efficiency for ETE of PTMC.

Analysis of the characteristics of retracted scientific papers in the field of global liver diseases published by Chinese scholars / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of scientific papers in the field of global liver diseases published by Chinese scholars that were retracted for diverse reasons from the Retraction Watch database, so as to provide a reference to publishing-related papers. Methods: The Retraction Watch database was retrieved for retracted papers in the field of global liver disease published by Chinese scholars from March 1, 2008 to January 28, 2021. The regional distribution, source journals, reasons for retraction, publication and retraction times, and others were analyzed. Results: A total of 101 retracted papers that were distributed across 21 provinces/cities were retrieved. Zhejiang area (n = 17) had the most retracted papers, followed by Shanghai (n = 14), and Beijing (n = 11). The vast majority were research papers (n = 95). The journal PLoS One had the highest number of retracted papers. In terms of time distribution, 2019 (n = 36) had the most retracted papers. 23 papers, accounting for 8.3% of all retractions, were retracted owing to journal or publisher concerns. Liver cancer (34%), liver transplantation (16%), hepatitis (14%), and others were the main areas of retracted papers. Conclusion: Chinese scholars have a large number of retracted articles in the field of global liver diseases. A journal or publisher chooses to retract a manuscript after investigating and discovering more flawed problems, which, however, require further support, revision, and supervision from the editorial and academic circles.

Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a clinical analysis of four cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the clinical features and treatment strategies of multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of four children with MIS-C who were admitted to the Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical Universityfrom January to February 2023.@*RESULTS@#All four children had multiple organ involvements and elevated inflammatory markers, with a poor response to standard therapy for Kawasaki disease after admission. Two children were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy pulse therapy twice, and all four children were treated with glucocorticoids. The children had a good prognosis after the treatment.@*CONCLUSIONS@#MIS-C often appears within 4-6 weeks or a longer time after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, and anti-inflammatory therapy in addition to the standard treatment regimen for Kawasaki disease can help to achieve a favorable treatment outcome.

Thinking about development of multi-channel surveillance and multi-dimensional early warning system of emerging respiratory communicable diseases / 中华流行病学杂志

The world has paid a heavy price for the pandemic of the emerging respiratory communicable disease, so more concern about communicable disease surveillance and early warning has been aroused. This paper briefly reviews the establishment of the surveillance and early warning system of respiratory communicable diseases in China, discusses its future development and introduces the novel surveillance methods and early warning models for the purpose of establishment of a multi-channel surveillance and multi-dimensional early warning system of communicable diseases in the future and the improvement of the prevention and control of emerging respiratory communicable diseases in China.

The past, present and future of heart transplantation / 器官移植

Heart transplantation is one of the most effective strategies to treat end-stage heart failure. Multiple challenges, such as difficulty in preservation of heart allograft, rejection and postoperative complications, emerge in heart allotransplantation. After decades of research and practice, most problems have been resolved. Nevertheless, the shortage of donor organs has become increasingly prominent. To alleviate the shortage of donor organs, artificial heart and heart xenotransplantation have captivated attention, and obtained significant progress in recent years. The application of artificial heart in clinical practice has significantly enhanced the survival rate of patients with end-stage heart failure, which is expected to become the standard treatment for end-stage heart failure. Heart xenotransplantation still faces many challenges, which is still far from clinical application. In this article, the history of heart transplantation, development of heart allotransplantation, use of artificial heart and research progress on heart xenotransplantation were reviewed, and the future development direction of heart transplantation was predicted.

Malignant tumors in farmers over 60 years old of the high-risk population in a town in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To screen for malignant tumors and high-risk factors in rural residents over 60 years old， so as to prevent and control the occurrence and development of tumors in the future. Methods The survey was conducted with reference to part of the questionnaire in the "Urban Cancer Early Diagnosis and Treatment Project and Evaluation of High-risk Populations". Clinical examinations included serum tumor marker detection， CT screening for lung cancer， occult blood （+） plus colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer， and mammography screening. Individuals who were positive in the abovementioned clinical tests were defined as high-risk subjects. Results A total of 271 high-risk subjects （1.91%） were screened out of 14 161. Among the high-risk subjects， 71 cases of malignant tumors （26.19%） were found， with an incidence rate of 501.38 per 105. The top five tumors （63.38% of all diagnosed） were mainly concentrated in lung， upper digestive tract， blood system， urinary system， and rectum-colon. The proportion of malignant tumors detected by positive indicators was 61.54% of blood； 46.15% of carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 125； 23.08% of alpha-fetoprotein； 16.66% of lung CT； and 3.09% of prostate PSA. The positive indicators in the high-risk subjects were mainly for the tumors in the prostate， lungs， liver， and CEA/CA125. The subjects with positive test indicators had lower average annual income in the last 5 years than the normal subject group （χ2=3.380， P=0.040）. The subjects with positive test indicators had higher proportion in family history of tumors than the normal group （χ2=2.596， P=0.046）. People in thehigh-risk group had a higher proportion than the normal group in suffering from hypertension， liver disease， gastrointestinal disease， respiratory system disease， and surgical treatment. Patients with high-risk tumors were found to have higher proportion than the normal group in showing pre-tumor clinical symptoms in the last 1 year. Study of the tumor-related risk factors found that the high-risk group had a higher proportion of high-fat/high-cholesterol diet， alcohol drinking， passive smoking， and personality depression. Conclusion High tumor risk factors have been identified in this population. It is necessary to strengthen the corresponding intervention and follow-up treatment of precancerous diseases in the future. We recommend the government to conduct tumor screening among high-risk groups to improve cost-effectiveness.

Research Progress of Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agent BR55 / 中国医学科学院学报

BR55 is an ultrasound contrast agent targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,which can be used to detect tumor neovascularization and improve the diagnostic accuracy.Overseas researchers have used BR55 for human ultrasound molecular imaging,which showed good safety and tolerance.We reviewed the research progress on BR55 applied in the evaluation of tumor neovascularization from the composition,characteristics,animal experiments,and clinical studies of BR55.

Status Analysis and Improvement Suggestions on Filing Review Trial Implementation of Shanghai's Class II Passive Medical Device Registration / 中国医疗器械杂志

This article collected the statistics of Shanghai's class II passive medical device registration filing review trial implementation. It summarized and analyzed the common issues in the filing review stage, and gave suggestions for registration applicants and reviewers in order to further improve the quality of application materials and improve the efficiency of review.

Research progress in nano-drug delivery systems for antitumor multi-drug combinational application / 药学学报

Due to the complexity of tumor pathology, the demand for the combined use of multiple drugs in clinical treatment has become increasingly clear-cut. Multi-drug combination can act on multiple pathways and multiple targets simultaneously to exert synergistic effects. However, the current delivery strategy for multi-drug combination still needs to be optimized. Nano-drug delivery systems can carry drugs to overcome physiological and pathological barrier to target tumor tissues and cells, achieve the goal of continuous, controllable, and targeted delivery, and enhance the efficacy of anti-tumor synergism and detoxification. To meet the new requirements for smarter and more accurate antitumor multi-drug combinational therapy, the nano-drug delivery system has been well-designed to realize more functions. For instance, delivery of multiple drugs in accurate proportions and doses can make the multi-drug synergistic effect more precise; stimulus-responsive drug release can improve selectivity and reduce side effects; controlling the time-course relationship of multiple drugs can realize sequential drug combination effect. It has shown broad prospects in the field of tumor multidrug therapy and has become one of the new directions of research and development. This article reviews the recent developments in the application of tumor drug combination therapy strategies and their delivery systems, and analyzes the new requirements and challenges of multidrug combination for the development of nano-drug delivery systems.

Effect of Polysaccharides from Root， Stem， Leaf and Fruit of Schisandra chinensis on Exercise Endurance in D-galactose-induced Aging Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of polysaccharides from root， stem， leaf and fruit of Schisandra chinensis on exercise endurance in the aging mice induced by D-galactose. MethodMale ICR mice were randomly assigned into six groups： blank control group， model group， root polysaccharide group， stem polysaccharide group， leaf polysaccharide group and fruit polysaccharide group. The mice were administrated with distilled water or root， stem， leaf and fruit polysaccharide （total sugar content of 35 mg·kg-1） by gavage. Thirty minutes after the administration， the blank control group was subcutaneously injected with normal saline， and the other groups with D-galactose （300 mg·kg-1）， once daily for 6 weeks. The anti-fatigue effects were evaluated by rotarod test， forelimb grip strength test， and weight-loaded swimming test. The fatigue and oxidation indicators such as blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， serum lactic acid （LD）， lactic dehydrogenase （LDH）， creatine kinase （CK）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）， and reactive oxygen species （ROS） were measured by chemical colorimetry. The protein levels of pro-apoptotic protein B cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）-associated X protein （Bax）， anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and cleaved cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-3 （cleaved Caspase-3） in mouse skeletal muscle were detected by Western blot. ResultIn the rotarod test， the time on rod was shorter in the model group than in the blank control group （P<0.01） and the root， stem and fruit polysaccharide groups （P<0.01）. In the forelimb grip strength test， the forelimb grip strength in the model group was lower than that in the blank control group （P<0.01） and the root， stem， leaf and fruit polysaccharide groups （P<0.01）. In the weight-loaded swimming test， the weight-loaded swimming time in the model group was shorter than that in the blank control group （P<0.01） and the root， stem， leaf and fruit polysaccharide groups （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the blank control group， the BUN， LD， LDH and CK levels significantly increased in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The increases in BUN and LDH levels were decreased by the root， stem and fruit polysaccharides （P<0.05， P<0.01） and those in LD and CK by the root， stem， leaf and fruit polysaccharides （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank control group， the model group showed decreased SOD and GSH-Px activities （P<0.01） and increased MDA and ROS content （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the root， stem， and fruit polysaccharide increased the SOD activity （P<0.05， P<0.01） and decreased ROS content （P<0.01）. The root and stem polysaccharides decreased the MDA content （P<0.01） and increased the GSH-Px activity （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank control group， the model group showed up-regulated protein levels of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 and down-regulated protein level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the root， and stem polysaccharides down-regulated the protein levels of cleaved Caspase-3 （P<0.05） and up-regulated protein level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe polysaccharides from the root， stem， leaf， and fruit of S. chinensis have anti-fatigue effect in D-galactose-induced aging mice. The polysaccharides may exert such effect by improving the antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells.

Burden of disease and risk factors among children under 5 years in China from 1990 to 2019: a perspective of international comparison / 中华预防医学杂志

Based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, the standardized mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of children under 5 years old were selected as evaluation indicators to compare and analyze the current situation and differences of disease burden of children under 5 years old between China and other regions from 1990 to 2019. The change trend and difference of disease burden of children under 5 years old in China were analyzed by sexes. From 1990 to 2019, the all-cause standardized mortality rate of children under 5 years old in China decreased from 1 153.81/100 000 to 160.39/100 000, and the all-cause standardized DALY rate decreased from 104 426.40/100 000 to 16 479.01/100 000. In 2019, neonatal preterm birth, congenital heart anomalies and lower respiratory infections ranked the top three disease burden of children under 5 years old in China. Except that the disease burden of neonatal preterm birth was lower than that in North America, they were much higher than that in Western Europe and North America in the same period. The burden of unintentional injury diseases, including pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway and drowning, was higher than that in Western Europe and North America. The standardized mortality and DALY rate of the top ten diseases and injuries in boys and girls under 5 years old in China showed a downward trend (P<0.05), and most of them were higher in boys than girls (P<0.05). From 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of children under 5 years old in China decreased significantly. However, compared other regions, it is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of neonatal premature birth, birth defects and unintentional injuries, and take different sex-specific interventions to improve the overall health of children.

The applications of ionic liquids in drug delivery / 药学学报

Ionic liquids (ILs) are liquid mixtures formed by anions and cations in a certain stoichiometric ratio under certain conditions. They are widely used in various fields because of their simple preparation process, low volatility, high stability, high conductivity and non-flammability. Here, we firstly introduce their formation principles, classification, and physical and chemical properties in detail. Then, we summarize their functions in pharmaceutical preparations, such as improving the solubility of insoluble drugs, enhancing the stability of drugs, and promoting the permeability of drugs, as well as their role as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) to fabricate new drug delivery systems of API-ILs. Finally, we reviewed the applications of ILs in different administration routes, including oral, transdermal, mucosal, and injection routes, and meanwhile offer perspectives for the further use of ILs.