Breeding and variety characteristics of a new variety of Fritillaria thunbergii "Zhebei 3" / 中国中药杂志

A new variety "Zhebei 3(Zhejiao Pharmaceutical 2018002)" was selected and bred from multi seeded Fritillaria thunbergii mutants by systematic breeding method. From 2012 to 2016, the traits assessment, disease resistance appraisal, plot ratios and regional trials of the variety were continuously carried out. The results showed that "Zhebei 3" emerged early and had late seedlings. The average growth period was about 100 days, which was 6 days and 12 days higher than the "Zhebei 1" and "Zhebei 2". The average yield was 5 095.5 kg·hm~(-2), which was 14.42% and 17.71% higher than of the control respectively. The average proliferation rate of bulbs was 261.2%, which was 37.46% and 31.58% higher than that of the control, respectively. The propagation coefficient of bulbs was about 1∶2.6, and the total amount of peimine and peiminine was 0.172 2%, which was 4.49% and 29.47% higher than the control, respectively. The identification of disease resistance showed that it was resistance to bulb stem(soft) rot, better than the control. "Zhebei 3" has stable characters, high yield, good quality, strong disease resistance, and moderate propagation coefficient which is suitable for planting in Zhejiang province.

Effect of Flurbiprofen Axetil on Low-frequency Fluctuation Amplitude of Resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Trigeminal Neuralgia / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To observe the changes of brain function in patients with trigeminal neuralgia after administration of flurbiprofen axetil by using the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)and based on the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF). Methods Resting fMRI data of 20 patients with trigeminal neuralgia before and after treatment with flurbiprofen axetil were collected by 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging system.The resting fMRI data were pretreated by Statistical Parametric Mapping and DPABI(a toolbox for Data Processing and Analysis for Brain Imaging)software,and the difference of low-frequency oscillation amplitude of brain spontaneous activity before and after treatment with flurbiprofen axetil was analyzed by ALFF. Results The Visual Analogue Scale of pain intensity after flurbiprofen axetil injection was significantly lower than that before administration,and the pain relieved significantly(P=0.000).The ALFF values of right dorsolateral prefrontal lobe,bilateral medial prefrontal lobe,and right middle cingulate gyrus in patients treated with flurbiprofen axetil at rest were significantly lower than those before administration(P=0.000). Conclusions The analgesic effect of flurbiprofen axetil is exerted on the central system.This agent can inhibit the abnormal brain function caused by chronic pain stimulation and thus reduce pain.However,the specific mechanism needs further investigations.

Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of Actin gene in Fritillaria thunbergii / 中成药

AIM To clone the Actin gene in Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.and to make bioinformatics analysis.METHODS The total mRNA in roots,stems,leaves,flowers and bulbs of F.thunbergii was extracted,and the degenerate primer was designed and synthesized.With total mRNA in leaves as a template,the conserved fragments of Actin gene was cloned by RT-PCR and Ta cloning technology.Using this gene as a reference gene,tissue specificity expression analysis was adopted in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) gene.RESULTS One gene sequence (463 bp) was obtained by RT-PCR amplification and Ta cloning.The Actin gene in F.thunbergii showed high similarities to those in Lilium regale Wilson,Tulipa gesneriana,Ornithogalum caudatum Jacq.,Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo,Diospyros kaki Thunb.,Betula luminifera H.Winkl.and Zea mays L.(84％-98％),the homologies of its amino acid sequence to Drosera adelae F.Muell,Brassica napus L.,Vanilla peanigoeia Ancer,L.regale,Jatropha carcas L.,Lycium barbarum L.and Rhizophora stylosa amino acid sequences were all more than 89％,and the Actin protein had close genetic relationships with Lotus corniculatus L.,L.regale and T.gesneriana.The expressions of HMGR gene in various parts of this plant showed obvious differences,which was in sequence of bulbs ＞ flowers ＞ leaves ＞ stems ＞ roots.CONCLUSION It is the first time that Actin gene (named as FtActin) is coloned in F.thunbergii,which can lay the basis for its effective application.

Safety and efficacy of microscope-assisted insertion of screws into fused C1-occipital condyle complex for occipital cervical fixation in atlantal cervical nonsegmentation patients / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the safety and efficacy of the insertion of screws into fused C1-occipital condyle(CC)complex without image guidance in atlantal-cervical nonsegmentation patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The occipital condyle junction was fixed posteriorly in 10 basilar invagination patients with atlantal-cervical nonsegmentation using polyaxial titanium screws(3.5 mm)inserted unicortically into the CC complex and C2 pedicles,followed by fixation to a 3 mm rod. Drilling was guided by anatomic landmarks. The entry point was at the center of posterior surface of the CC complex. The angle of medicalization was 10-15 degrees. In the sagittal plane,the angle for maximal superior screw angulation was also 10-15 degrees. The screw length to obtain unicortical purchase was 16 to 22 mm. CT scans were obtained before and after the surgery. The length,width,and height of CC complex were measured on computed tomography(CT)preoperatively. The position of screws and the condition of fixation were analyzed on postoperative CT scan. Postoperative complications were recorded. The mean follow-up was(30.2±4.38)months(range: 24-36 months).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The width,length,height of left side CC complex were(7.96±2.23)mm,(16.06±2.73)mm,and(13.76±2.06)mm,and the width,length,height of right side CC complex were(7.84±1.38)mm,(16.66±2.58)mm,and(12.81±2.62)mm. No fracture was identified. There was no screw malposition or neurovascular complication related to screw insertion. No screw loosening or construct failure was observed during the follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In patients with atlantal cervical nonsegmentation,the CC complex screws can be safely inserted assisted by microscope without image guidance. Occipital condyle junction fixation using polyaxial CC complex screws is feasible and can be a good alternative where other fixation techniques are not satisfactory.</p>

Individualized treatment of the atlantoaxial dislocation in craniovertebral junction abnormalities / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To analyze the clinical characteristics of the atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) in craniovertebral junction (CVJ) abnormalities and to study the setup of its surgery strategy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 2009 to November 2011, 56 patients of AAD and CVJ abnormalities including 22 male and 34 female patients who had received surgery were analyzed. There were 2 cases of reducible AAD and 54 cases of irreducible AAD. The age of the patients ranged from 9 to 56 years (mean 34 years). Among them, 14 cases achieved reduction/partial reduction via direct posterior fixation, 41 cases had transoral anterior deconpression and occipito-cervical/C₁-C₂ fusion and 1 case had the posterior odontoidectomy and spinal fusion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifty-three cases had a follow-up between 6 months and 36 months (mean 20 months) and 3 cases lost follow-up (had improvement at discharge). Seven cases had complications as follows: 1 case had irreversible spinal cord injury and muscle weakness of extremities, 2 cases had cerebrospinal leak, 2 cases had pulmonary infection, 1 case had local granuloma hyperplasia and 1 case had delayed healing of the incision. The later 6 cases all got recovery after reasonable treatments. The grades of Nurick at last follow-up were as follows: 6 cases (11.3%) improved by 3 grades, 30 cases (56.6%) improved by 2 grades, 13 cases (24.5%) improved by 1 grade, 3 cases (5.7%) without change, 1 case (1.9%) get worse.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Reducible AAD could achieve direct reduction and fixation via posterior pathways. Irreducible AAD needs individualized treatment. To choose the direct reduction and fixation or transoral odontoidectomy and posterior fixation and fusion should consider the pathogenetic condition, the image data and personal clinical experience.</p>

Trans-extradural approach to resect trigeminal schwannomas involving the cavernous sinus region / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the techniques and effect of extradural approach for the resection of trigeminal schwannomas involving the cavernous sinus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-three patients (range 26-63 years, mean age 46.2 years) with trigeminal schwannomas involving the cavernous sinus treated by middle fossa extradural approach were retrospectively analyzed. Frontotemporal orbitozygomatic extradural approach was performed in 2 patients. Frontotemporal zygomatic extradural approach was carried out in 21 patients. The first follow-up visit was on the 3rd month after surgery, and if residual was observed on enhanced MRI, then the patient was followed up every 6 months; otherwise, the patient was followed up every 8-12 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The length of hospital stay after surgery was 7-13 days (mean 8.5 days). Two tumors originated from the ophthalmic branch, 2 from the maxillary branch, 5 from the mandibular branch and 14 from the gasserian ganglion. Total resection was achieved in 21 of the 23 patients (91.3%) and subtotal resection in the other 2 patients. All the patients were followed up from 3 months to 4 years. Median follow-up time was 19 months. The most common symptom was facial hypoesthesia, occurring in 18 patients. This symptom improved in 10 patients and worsened in 8 patients after surgery. New postoperative facial hypoesthesia was observed in 2 patients. Facial pain was observed in 3 patients and subsided after surgery. Two patients had loss of hearing, this symptom improved in 1 patient and worsened in 1 patient after surgery. Diplopia was observed in 6 patients. In 1 of these 6 patients, diplopia resulted from palsy of the oculomotor nerve. In the other 5 patients, diplopia resulted from palsy of the abducens nerve. This symptom improved postoperatively in all these 6 patients. New postoperative atrophy of the temporalis muscle was observed in 3 patients. There was no operation-related mortality. Tumor recurrence was only found in 1 patient after 24 months and was treated by Gamma knife.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The middle fossa extradural approach may be an ideal option for the resection of trigeminal schwannomas involving the cavernous sinus. This approach produces no further impairment, less complication, and is less likely to injured the trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, trochlear nerve and internal carotid artery.</p>

Surgical treatment of large or giant cavernous sinus hemangiomas via epidural approach / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the curative effect of surgically treated large or giant cavernous sinus hemangiomas (CSH) via epidural approach.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 1999 to June 2011, 19 cases of CSH including 15 female and 4 male patients, ranging from 26 to 70 years (mean 45.3 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Ptosis/ocular motility disorders (10 cases), headache/ophthalmalgia (7 cases), decreased visual acuity (7 cases) and facial hyperesthesia (4 cases) were the most common presenting complaints. The epidural approach was taken and the tumor dissection was performed at the interval between trochlear nerve and ophthalmic nerve and the interval between ophthalmic nerve and maxillary nerve. The curative effect was followed up regularly.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Gross total resection was attained in 13 cases, near-total resection in 4 cases, subtotal resection in 1 case and partial resection in 1 case. The follow-up period was between 6-144 months (mean 41.5 months). The results of last follow-up were as follows: among the 10 patients with ptosis/ocular motility disorders, complete remission was achieved in 5, improvement in 2, no change in 2 and lost follow-up in 1. Facial hypoesthesia symptom got complete remission in 2 patients and partial remission in the other 2 patients. The other symptoms mentioned above were all relieved. One patient got complication with impairment of vision and ocular motility disorders.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Combined with skilled skull base techniques, surgical treatment of large or giant CSH via epidural approach is an effective method and the preservation of cranial nerves could be attained to an acceptable level.</p>

Extracranial-intracranial revascularization techniques in the treatment of complex aneurysms and prevention and management of occlusion of bypass vessels / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the revascularization techniques in the treatment of intracranial complex aneurysms and occlusive reasons of bypass vessel.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 20 complex intracranial aneurysms who underwent saphenous bypass treatment from November 2006 to November 2008 were retrospectively analyzed and the occlusive reasons were studied. Of the 20 patients, 12 were female and 8 were male, mean age was 54.5 years (ranged 27 - 65 years). The distribution of the lesions included 13 cavernous sinus aneurysms, 4 para-clinoid aneurysms, 2 supraclinoid aneurysms, and 1 basilar trunk aneurysm. Four aneurysms were giant (diameter > 25 mm), 12 aneurysms were large (15 - 25 mm), and 4 aneurysms were medium (10 - 15 mm) size.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One saphenous vein was occluded intraoperatively and one saphenous vein was occluded postoperatively. At discharge, 18 out of the 20 patients had Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score of 4 or 5, 2 patients had score of 3, and 1 patient had score of 1. At 6 months follow up, 18 of 19 survivors had GOS score of 4 or 5 and 1 patient had score of 3.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Extracranial-intracranial revascularization technique is a safe and effective method in the treatment of complex aneurysms. Mechanical and hemodynamic factors are two leading reasons for occlusion of bypass vessels. Long-term bypass vessels patent rate still needs further observation.</p>

Functional neuro-navigation and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging for the resection of gliomas involving eloquent language structures / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To explore the clinical value of functional neuro-navigation and high-field-strength intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) for the resection of intracerebral gliomas involving eloquent language structures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 2009 to April 2010, 48 patients with intracerebral gliomas involving eloquent language structures, were operated with functional neuro-navigation and iMRI. Blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI) was used to depict both Broca and Wernicke cortex, while diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based fiber tracking was used to delineate arcuate fasciculus. The reconstructed language structures were integrated into a navigation system, so that intra-operative microscopic-based functional neuro-navigation could be achieved. iMRI was used to update the images for both language structures and residual tumors. All patients were evaluated for language function pre-operatively and post-operatively upon short-term and long-term follow-up.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In all patients, functional neuro-navigation and iMRI were successfully achieved. In 38 cases (79.2%), gross total resection was accomplished, while in the rest 10 cases (20.8%), subtotal resection was achieved. Only 1 case (2.1%) developed long-term (more than 3 months) new language function deficits at post-operative follow-up. No peri-operative mortality was recorded.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>With functional neuro-navigation and iMRI, the eloquent structures for language can be precisely located, while the resection size can be accurately evaluated intra-operatively. This technique is safe and helpful for preservation of language function.</p>

High-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging suite with neuronavigation system: implementation and preliminary experience in the pituitary adenoma operation with transsphenoidal approach / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To review the preliminary clinical experience with high-field-strength intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) suite with neuronavigation system in the pituitary adenoma operation with transsphenoidal approach.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2009 to December 2010, 31 patients [range, 29 - 76 years, mean age (47 ± 11) years]of pituitary adenoma were operated with transsphenoidal approach and intraoperatively with a movable 1.5 T high-field-strength iMRI suite in combination with neuronavigation system. Tumor size was 1.8 - 7.3 cm, mean (3.5 ± 1.2) cm. Twenty-five cases were non-functional pituitary adenoma, 4 cases were prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma, 2 cases were growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. Thirty patients' resection with transnasal transsphenoidal approach were performed, one patient with transoral transsphenoidal approach was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 12 cases of 30 patients who planed to totally remove tumor, iMRI had revealed residual lesions and resulted in the change of the surgical strategy, 2 invasive cavernous sinus cases no further resection of the tumor because of internal carotid artery encasement, the other 10 cases resected further, eventually. Finally, 8 cases were totally removed. The ratio of total removal tumor was enhanced to 86.7% (26/30) from 60.0% (18/30). There was no perioperative mortality.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>High-field-strength iMRI suite with neuronavigation system provides valuable information of tumor resection that allows intraoperative modification of the surgical strategy. It could be very helpful to maximize the resection of the pituitary adenoma and minimize the injury to neurological function.</p>

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of tight carotid stenosis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the specialty of diagnosis and surgery of tight carotid stenosis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>From January 2000 to December 2009, 53 patients with tight carotid stenosis (> 95%) were operated on. All 53 patients had tight carotid stenosis more than 95% on one side in whom 28 had contralateral carotid stenosis or occlusion. The clinical and imaging data as well as surgical outcomes of the patients were retrospectively analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Forty-five patients had postoperatively done well without any complications. There were 3 cases of hemodynamic instability and one case of cardiac ischemia which resolved in one to two days. One patient developed mild hoarseness. One complicated with bacteremia due to deep vein catheter insertion. Two patients experienced brain hemorrhage. None of this series occurred perioperative brain ischemia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Tight carotid stenosis indicates a need for expeditious carotid endarterectomy with very low rates of brain ischemia. Intraoperative shunting is seldom necessary. Postoperative hyperperfusion syndrome and brain hemorrhage should be worried. Micro-endarterectomy can effectively prevent from restenosis.</p>

The analysis of intracranial aneurysms undergoing surgical treatment / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the surgical principles and treatment options of intracranial aneurysms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and thirty nine patients with intracranial aneurysms were retrospectively studied, including 80 open-surgery cases and 59 endovascular-treated cases from January to December in 2009. Open surgical methods included clipping, trapping or wrapping and interventional methods included simple coiling or stent-assisted coiling. Intra-operative electroencephalogram and somatosensory evoked potentials monitoring were regularly used. Microvascular doppler ultrasonography and indocyanine green videoangiography were used to assess blood flow in parent and branch vessels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventy-three aneurysms were directly clipped, 6 were trapped and 1 was wrapped. Thirty-three aneurysms were coiled and 26 were coiled assisted with stents. At discharge, 71 of the 80(88.8%) surgical treated patients had Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 4 or 5 points, 3 points in 6 patients (7.5%), 2 points in 1 patient (1.2%), and 1 point in 2 patients (2.5%). Fifty-four out of 59 cases underwent endovascular treatment scored 4 or 5 points (91.5%) and 3 points in 5 patients (8.5%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Surgical clipping and endovascular coiling are two major treatment choices for intracranial aneurysms. The treatment option should be individualized based on the patients' specific conditions, which could have a safe, effective and durable outcome.</p>

The strategy of management for bilateral carotid atherosclerotic stenosis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the indication, time and strategy of surgery for patients with bilateral carotid atherosclerotic stenosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-four patients with bilateral carotid atherosclecrotic stenosis were admitted to our hospital from February 1987 to December 2007. In 34 patients who presented with unilateral symptoms and underwent ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA), contralateral CEA or carotid artery stenting (CAS) was performed in 8 because of severe stenosis (> 70%) or unstable plaque. Thirty-eight patients presented with bilateral symptoms. Among them, 15 underwent CEA on both sides, 3 were performed CEA on one side and CAS on the other side, while 20 underwent unilateral CEA only. In 2 asymptomatic patients, CEA was also performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ninety-three cases of CEA were performed in 74 patients. Sixty-eight patients were uneventful after operation. Neurological deficits deteriorated in 2 patients. Four patients developed cardiac ischemia, cerebral hemorrhage and hoarseness respectively. Sixty-seven patients were followed-up for 4.9 years. No cerebral ischemia relevant to operated carotid artery developed in 63 patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>If the indication is obvious, CEA should be performed no matter how contralateral carotid artery is. The strategy of therapy is individual. Whether using shunt depends on intra-operative monitoring.</p>

Surgical management of large and giant intracavernous and paraclinoid aneurysms / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Due to their location, large and giant intracavernous and paraclinoid aneurysms remain a challenge for vascular neurosurgeons. We identified characteristics, surgical indications and treatment strategies of large and giant intracavernous and paraclinoid aneurysms in 36 patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The pterional approach was routinely used. The cervical internal carotid artery was exposed for proximal control of parent vessel and retrograde suction decompression. Paraclinoid aneurysms were directly clipped, intracavernous pseudoaneurysm was repaired and the intracavernous aneurysms were trapped with extracranial-intracranial bypass of saphenous vein graft. Intraoperative electroencephalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring were used to detect cerebral ischemia during the temporary occlusion of parent arteries. Microvascular Doppler ultrasonography was used to assess blood flow of the parent and branch vessels. Endoscopy was helpful particularly in dealing with internal carotid artery posterior wall aneurysms. Postoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed in 33 of the 36 patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirty-two paraclinoid aneurysms were directly clipped, 1 intracavernous pseudoaneurysm was repaired and the other 3 intracavernous aneurysms were trapped with revascularization. Except for two patients who died in the early postoperative stage, 34 patients' follow-up was 6 - 65 months (mean 10 months) and a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 4 to 5 at discharge. At the 6-month follow-up examination, Rankin Outcome Scale scores were 0 to 2 in 32 patients. EEG and SSEP monitoring changed in six patients. Twelve clips were readjusted when insufficient blood flow in parent and branch vessels was detected. Three posterior wall aneurysms were clipped.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Intracavernous aneurysms not amenable to endovascular treatment should be treated surgically and surgical treatment is the first option for paraclinoid aneurysms. The temporary parent vessel occlusion, retrograde suction decompression, endoaneurysmectomy, parent vessel reconstruction, vascular anastomosis, electrophysiological monitoring, Doppler ultrasonography and endoscopy are essential techniques in the treatment of the large and giant intracavernous and paraclinoid aneurysms.</p>

Investigation and management of wound on head and neck from the disaster area in Wenchuan earthquake / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate and analyze the wounded's state of ear, nose, throat, neck and head injury in Wenchuan earthquake.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 206 wounded cases, who was treated in No. 452 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, were investigated specially with emphasis on injury cause, severity and treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The injured 165 cases among the 206 were in hospital, while the cases who related to the injury of ear, nose and throat were 37 cases (22.4%). Among the inpatients, the trauma of otorhinolaryngology and head and neck included: ear injuries totally 13 cases (including hemotympanum 2 cases), extraneous matter 4 cases, haemorrhagic 4 cases, nasalis and the fracture of nasal bone and nasal sinuses 7 cases (including cerebrospinal rhinorrhea 1 case), zygomatic abscess 1 case, fracture of mandible 4 cases, lip injuries 2 cases and hoarse 2 cases. The inpatients were wounded mostly because of falling and stepping. All the inpatients recovered well after properly management by ENT doctors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Maxillofacial injury of the wounded those were medical evacuation in the earthquake area, was ignored more readily comparing to the injury of other spots, so specialist should examine early and treat properly the people as soon as possible.</p>

Expression of c-myc mRNA on early restenosis after carotid endarterectomy / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the expression and changes of protooncogene c-myc in early restenosis after carotid endarterectomy (CEA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using New Zealand Rabbits, carotid atherosclerotic stenosis (CASS) model were created. The expression of c-myc in early restenosis after CEA were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In this experiment protooncogene c-myc was analysed at pre-operation, 4 hours and 1 d after CEA by qRT-PCR, and the level of mRNA of c-myc was reached maximum at 4 hours, and decreased following significantly, but still higher than pre-operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The activation of protooncogene c-myc may be generator factor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.</p>