Research Progress in Mechanism of Chinese Medicine Against Non-small Cell Lung Cancer / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide， and about 1.6 million people die of it each year. In China， the incidence and mortality of lung cancer rank the first， as evidenced by the fact that about 780 000 people suffering from lung cancer every year， and the 5-year survival rate is less than 20%. In addition， 85% of patients with lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）， and 70% of lung cancer patients are found to have advanced cancer or tumor metastasis. The therapies of lung cancer include surgical resection， radiotherapy， chemotherapy， targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However， these therapies have certain limitations， severe toxic and side effects， and high costs. Therefore， it is urgent to find drugs with appropriate price and reliable efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is the treasure of China， with more than 5 000 years of practical experience. In ancient books， there are records of therapies for lung amassment and pneumothorax， and modern studies have proved that there are many advantages， such as multiple targets， slight side effect， wide sources and reliable effects， and it is often used as an auxiliary treatment for lung cancer. The clear mechanism of TCM against lung cancer remains to be solved. The studies on the effect of TCM against NSCLC mainly start at the effective ingredients of TCM and end at the efficacy， and explore the "process"—mechanism. At present， the mechanism of TCM against NSCLC includes inducing apoptosis and autophagy of tumor cells， inhibiting the growth， proliferation， metastasis and invasion of tumor cells， which rises to molecular and genetic level. Based on the above mechanism， aiming at the effect target and pathway， this paper summarizes the literatures of the mechanism of TCM against non-small cell lung cancer in recent years， and sorted out some anti-lung cancer TCM about property， flavor and meridian-tropism on the basis of previous studies， in order to provide ideas for scholars to study the mechanism and clinical application of TCM in resisting lung cancer， and references for the studies of the correlation between the lung cancer as well as property， flavor and meridian-tropism.

Investigation of influence on apical sealability generated by root canal sealer placement / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of sealer placement on apical sealability in root canal treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>100 extracted single root canal teeth were selected. All canals were prepared by manual Protaper instrument in a step-back way. The samples were divided into 5 groups randomly. A group: 30 samples, sealer placement by chief gutta percha; B group: 30 samples, sealer placement by K file; C group: 30 samples, sealer placement by spreader; D group: 5 samples, a positive control; E group: 5 samples, a negative control. There were 2 subsets in each experimental group which were obturated by lateral gutta percha with or without sealer. Glucose oxidase method was used to measure the apical leakage at the 1st 2nd, 4th, 7th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, 30th day of the experiment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Apical sealability varied with different sealer placement methods (F=4.832, P=0.001). Sealer placement by chief gutta percha (A group) had the best instant apical sealability. However, lateral gutta percha with or without sealer didn't affect the apical sealibility.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Placing the same kind sealer in different ways can affect the apical sealability. There were no significant differences of the apical leakage no matter the lateral gutta percha with or without sealer. In order to get better instant apical sealability and simplify the clinic operation, placing the sealer with a chief gutta percha while the lateral gutta percha without sealer is recommended.</p>

Effect of absorption enhancers on nasal ginsenoside Rg1 delivery and its nasal ciliotoxicity / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>The enhancing activity and safety of several absorption enhancers were evaluated as potential nasal absorption enhancers to increase intranasal absorption of ginsenoside Rg1.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nasal circulatory perfusion test in vivo had been employed to investigate the effect of absorption enhancers for nasal mucosa absorption of ginsenoside Rgl in rats. The safety of the absorption enhancers were evaluated by testing cilia movement of the in situ toad palate model, the hemolysis of erythrocyte membrane of the rabbit, leaching of protein and LDH from the mice nasal mucosa and the effect on cilia structural and specific cellular changes of nasal mucosa.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Absorption enhancers were necessary to facilitate ginsenoside Rg1 absorption by nasal mucosa. Among the absorption enhancers 1% sodium deoxycholate had great effect to facilite ginsenoside Rgl absorption by nasal mucosa; 1% dipotassium glycyrrhizinate and 1% azone had moderate effect to facilitate ginsenoside Rg1 absorption by nasal mucosa; 1% Tween-80, 2% beta-cyclodextrin, 0.5% borneol (dissolved in paraffin liquid), 0.5% chitosan, 5% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and 0.1% EDTA had low effect to facilitate ginsenoside Rgl absorption by nasal mucosa. 1% sodium deoxycholate, 1% azone and 1% dipotassium glycyrrhizinate had serious nasal toxicity; 1% Tween-80, 2% beta-cyclodextrin, 5% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin had moderate nasal toxicity; 0.5% borneol (dissolved in paraffin liquid), 0.5% chitosan and 0.1% EDTA have little nasal toxicity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>0.5% borneol and 0.5% chitosan were the promising candidates having a good balance between enhancing activity and safety for nasal ginsenoside Rg1 delivery.</p>

Effects of cecropin-XJ on growth and adherence of oral cariogenic bacteria in vitro / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Cecropin-XJ belongs to cecropin-B, which is the most potent antibacterial peptide found naturally. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cecropin-XJ on growth and adherence of oral cariogenic bacteria.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii) were chosen for this experiment. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and reductive percent of bacterial growth were used to assay the antibacterial activity of cecropin-XJ. Mammalian cytotoxicity of cecropin-XJ was tested with human periodontal membrane fibroblasts by tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. The bacterial morphological changes induced by cecropin-XJ were examined on scanning electron microscope (SEM). The influence of cecropin-XJ on bacterial adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) was measured by scintillation counting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MICs of cecropin-XJ for inhibition of the growth of four bacteria ranged from 4.0 to 42.8 micromol/L with the highest susceptible to A. naeslundii and the lowest susceptible to L. acidophilus. At pH 6.8, 5.5 and 8.2, 1/2 MIC of cecropin-XJ reduced the number of viable bacteria by 40.9%, 67.8% and 32.8% for S. mutans and by 28.1%, 57.2% and 37.9% for L. acidophilus. The activities against S. mutans and L. acidophilus increased at pH 5.5 compared with pH 6.8 (P < 0.01, respectively). In present of 50% saliva, 1/2 MIC of the peptide decreased the direct count of viable cells by 29.2% and 14.4% for S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively (P < 0.01 and P > 0.05, respectively), whereas almost no reduction counts were detected in the presence of 20% serum for both bacteria (P > 0.05, respectively). Mammalian cytotoxicity of cecropin-XJ from 1.0 to 100 micromol/L exhibited no cytotoxicity against human periodontal membrane fibroblasts (P > 0.05). Bacterial morphological changes induced by MIC of cecropin-XJ examined on SEM showed cell surface disruption. Furthermore, the ability of A. naeslundii adhesion to S-HA decreased significantly with MIC of cecropin-XJ for 10 and 20 minutes (P = 0.001 and 0.000, respectively), and S. mutans, A. viscosus to S-HA decreased significantly with MIC of cecropin-XJ for 20 minutes (P = 0.000, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cecropin-XJ exhibited bactericidal action against cariogenic pathogens, and the antibacterial activity enhanced in the acid environment. The results also demonstrate that cecropin-XJ prevents S. mutans and actinomyces adsorption to S-HA. These findings suggest that Cecropin-XJ may have potential to prevent caries.</p>

Anesthetic efficacy of 2% mepivacaine in conservative dentistry / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the efficacy of 2% mepivacaine in conservative dentistry.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The patients who needed cavity preparation or access to pulp chamber received local infiltration with 2% mepivacaine. Anesthesia time, anesthetic efficacy and cardiovascular system influences were assessed. 3% lidocaine with epinephrine served as control.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In experiment group, the anesthesia effects were quicker and anesthesia duration was longer than that in control group. Doctors highly appreciated the anesthetic efficacy. Two groups did not show any evident change in blood pressure and heart rate.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>2% mepivacaine is a safe and efficacious local anesthetic drug in conservative dentistry.</p>