RESUMO
Objective To compare the epidemiological characteristics of malaria before and after the elimination in Hangzhou, and to provide scientific basis for formulating malaria control strategies. Methods We collected the data of confirmed malaria cases in Hangzhou from 2005 to 2016. We compared the differences in epidemiological characteristics (demographic features of malaria cases, source of infection, plasmodium species, etc.) and vectors of malaria before (2005-2010) and after (2011-2016) the elimination of malaria. Results Totally 340 malaria cases were reported before the elimination in Hangzhou with the annual incidence rate of 0.16/10 million, while 227 cases were reported after the elimination with the annual incidence rate of 0.25/10 million. Local cases accounted for 11.47% before the elimination, while no local cases but all imported cases were reported after the elimination. Compared the sex, occupation and age of malaria cases, epidemic season, report area, source of infection and species before and after the elimination, the proportion of men increased from 67.65% to 89.87%; the proportion of 18-60 years old group increased from 75.88% to 96.04%; the proportion of children / students decreased from 17.35% to 7.49%;the epidemic season changed from July to October to no obvious season; the main report area changed from suburb (55.88%) to urban area (81.06%); the source of infection changed from the domestic provinces (77.94%) to foreign countries (99.12%) ;the main species of malaria parasites changed from vivax malaria (88.24%) to ciparum malaria (71.81%) . The Anopheles mosquitoes caught by vector monitoring were Anopheles sinensis. The average density of Anopheles sinensis before and after the elimination was 10.0 and 5.0 /(person·night) . Conclusion After the elimination of malaria in Hangzhou, imported malaria cases from abroad were dominant. and the men and women who returned to and from abroad and 18-60 years old were the key prevention and control groups in the future.The epidemiological characteristics of malaria after the elimination in Hangzhou have changed greatly. The men who are 18-60 years old and return from abroad are the focus of malaria prevention and control.
RESUMO
Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of human and livestock brucellosis in Zhejiang Province in recent sixty years and to put forward countermeasures for prevent and control.Methods Related data of prevention and cure of human and livestock brucellosis were collected from 1 996 to 201 4 and descriptive analysis was conducted.Results The positive rate of the livestock's bacteria was up to 22. 28%in the history of Zhejiang Province.Epidemic foci of B.canis and B.bovis in Zhejiang Province were confirmed.After achieving stability control standards of brucellosis,the positive rate of livestock brucellosis was low.But in recent years,meat goats from the north and local sheep have been detected positive for brucellosis in many places.The first case of brucellosis in Zhejiang Province was confirmed in 1 967.But only in the occupational population,there were sporadic cases of chronic stable type or occult infection.A total of 506 brucellosis cases have been reported and 767 new infections have been detected since the reappear of human brucellosis in 2003.The annual report incidence rate was increasing(χ2trend =9. 533,P=0. 002).There were nine cases of human brucellosis outbreak, occurring in Shaoxing,Hangzhou,Ningbo,Jinhua,Jiaxing and Quzhou City respectively.In the human or the animal, there were five biotypes and a total of 82 strains were detected.The dominant strains of Brucella was B .melitensis type 3. Conclusion At present the epidemic of livestock brucellosis in Zhejiang Province is mainly imported.The human epidemic mainly associated with input focus by livestock.With the increasing input of foreign sheep year by year ,human epidemic is at risk and there is a risk of proliferation.Therefore,we should strengthen the joint prevention and control of brucellosis and health and animal husbandry departments should take comprehensive prevention and control measures to fight against human and livestock brucellosis together.
RESUMO
Objective To explore the iodine level in the environment and the iodine status among the general population as well as the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Hangzhou city.Relationship between the prevalence of thyroid nodules and the policy of universal salt iodization in Hangzhou was also analyzed.Methods Questionnaire,a 3- day weighed dietary record method,and 3 days' 24- hour dietary recall method were used to understand the iodine nutrition status and dietary intake of iodine among the general population in the city.Drinking water,edible salt and morning urine were collected to determine iodine content.All objects under survey underwent the thyroid B ultrasonic examination.Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 13.0 and SAS 9.1.Results (1)In total,12 620 effective questionnaires were available,with 221 water samples,12 730 urine samples,and 3593 salt samples collected.12 515 objects underwent B ultrasonic examination,and 1848received dietary investigation.(2)Water iodine level of Hangzhou was in the range of 0.20-5.99 μg/L,with the median level as 2.58 μg/L.(3) Average daily dietary intake of iodine for adult males in Hangzhou was 289.2 lμg/d.The contribution of iodine intake from iodized salt was 74.4％.(4) The median of Hangzhou residents' urinary iodine was 178.80 μg/L,with the urinary iodine levels at 100 μg/L-,200 μg/L-,＜100 μg/L,and ≥300 μg/L groups were 37.14％,23.11％,21.05％,and 18.69％ respectively.Urinary iodine of pregnant women was 141.0 tg/L.(5) Incidence of thyroid nodules in females(28.6％ ) was higher than that of males(20.1％ ).The detection rate increased with age (6.4％ at group 6-,10.9％ at 12-,12.0％ at 18-,24.4％ at 40-,and 38.8％ at 65-) ; with the highest in urban area (29.8％),followed by suburbs (23.3％) and in rural area it showed the least (20.3％).Urinary iodine level was found lower among the population who had been detected with thyroid nodules (160.36 μ g/L) than those among the undetected population (182.00 μg/L).Conclusion Hangzhou appeared to be an area where the environmental was iodine deficient.Iodized salt was the major source of iodine intake.The iodine status among the general population seemed to be safe and suitable,but the iodine level for pregnant women was not sufficient.There was still no evidence indicating that the universal salt iodization policy in Hangzhou was associated with the prevalence of thyroid nodules.