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Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by the newly identified MERS-CoV, which was first discovered in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Although most cases of MERS have occurred in Middle East, cases also have been reported in Europe, the USA and Asia in people who travelled from the Middle East or their contacts. The most recent outbreak was in South Korea with over dozens of cases, wherein, one case imported into mainland China via Hong Kong. No specific drug treatment exists for MERS now. Supportive treatment, aiming to prevent complications, supporting the function of respiratory, circulatory and renal, was the mainstay of management. In this paper, the reported clinical treatment, the research progress of potential targets and small molecule drugs for anti MERS-CoV were reviewed.
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ObjectiveTo explore the effect of selenium,protein and vitamin E deficiency on mRNA expression of rat cardiac selenoprotein,and their relation with myocardial injury.MethodsForty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:low selenium low protein low vitamin E group(group A),low selenium low protein adequate vitamin E group(group B),adequate selenium adequate protein low vitamin E group(group C),and adequate selenium adequate protein adequate vitamin E group (group D),10 rats in each group.The activity of whole blood glùtathione peroxidase(GSH-Px ) was measured using dithiobis nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) at the end of sixth month experiment.The levels of mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1(Gpx1),phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase 4(Gpx4),thioredoxin reductase(TrxR),selenoprotein P(Se-P) and selenoprotein W(Se-W) were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR at the end of sixth month.Histopathological changes of myocardial injury were observed with light microscope.ResultsThe activity of GSH-Px was (44.6 ± 3.1 ),(45.5 ± 1.6),(86.6 ± 2.2),(85.6 ± 1.2)U/L,respectively,in the above four groups at the end of sixth month,and the difference was statistically significant(F =100.7,P ＜ 0.01 ) ; the activity of GSH-Px of groups C and D was higher than that of groups A,B(all P ＜ 0.05).mRNA expression of myocardial tissue of the four groups was as follows,Gpx1(0.099 ± 0.312,0.054 ± 0.007,0.386 ± 0.067,0.340 ± 0.085),Gpx4(1.005 ± 0.089,0.810 ± 0.229,0.895 ± 0.084,0.922 ± 0.399),and Se-W(0.188 ± 0.080,0.119 ± 0.069,0.574 ± 0.167,0.570 ± 0.383),and the difference was statistically significant(F =112.1,3.76,22.8,all P ＜ 0.05) ; the mRNA levels of Gpx1,Se-W of groups C,D were significantly higher than that of groups A,B(all P ＜ 0.05).The mRNA expression of Gpx4 of group A was higher than that of group C(P ＜ 0.05).The mRNA expression of TrxR(0.130 ± 0.037,0.127 ± 0.038,0.134 ± 0.021,0.120 ± 0.014) and Se-P(0.446 ± 0.155,0.413 ± 0.152,0.385 ± 0.041,0.408 ±0.208 ) was not statistically different among the four groups (F =0.91,1.75,all P ＞ 0.05).Pathological changes of myocardial tissue were mainly as foci of coagulative necrosis.The necrosis detection rate of the four groups was 8/10,4/9,2/10,and 1/10,respectively,and the difference was significant statistically(Fisher exact test,P =0.0067).ConclusionsLong-term selenium,protein and vitamin E deficiency will reduce body antioxidant capacity and lead to myocardial injury.The mRNA levels of Gpx1 and Se-W and selenium level are closely related.The mRNA levels of Gpx4,TrxR and Se-P remain relatively stable.
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Objective To observe protective effects on rat serum cardiac enzymes and the antioxidant capacity of selenium and vitamin E.Methods According to body weight and 2 × 2 factorial design,eighty male Wistas rats were randomly divided into four groups:low selenium and low vitamin E group(feed containing 23.42％ of the low selenium yeast,excluding vitamin E),low selenium and adequate vitamin E group (feed containing 23.42％ of the low selenium yeast and vitamin E 160 mg/kg),adequate selenium and low vitamin E group(feed containing 46.84％ of the low selenium yeast and sodium seleni 0.25 mg/L in water,excluding vitamin E),adequate selenium and adequate vitamin E group(feed containing 46.84％ of the low selenium yeast,vitamin E 160 mg/kg and sodium selenite 0.25 mg/L in water),20 rats every group.Rats were feed with synthetic feed,and given intraperitoneal anesthesia after 26 weeks of feeding.Blood was collected to observe the impact of selenium and vitamin E on rat cardiac enzymes and myocardial antioxidant capacity and their interactions.Serum creatine kinase (CK) was measured using the continuous monitoring method,creatine kinase isozymes (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH ) using the immune suppression method,the whole blood GSH-Px assay using the dithiobis nitrohenzoic acid(DTNB) method,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) using the xanthine oxidase method,total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) using the complex colorimetry method,the content of propylene glycol (MDA) using the thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method,and reactive oxygen species(ROS) using the colorimetric method.Results Group differences of serum CK,CK-MB,LDH,whole blood GSH-Px activity,serum T-AOC vitality,MDA and ROS content were statistically significant(F=9.797,17.041,48.399,3.744,224.900,49.384,5.045,all P＜ 0.05).Compared with the two low selenium groups and one adequate selenium group,the vitalities of CK,CK-MB,LDH and the contents of MDA[(1577.75 ± 451.87),(1239.15 ± 344.99),(884.25 ± 133.84)U/L,(5.688 ±1.169) × 103 nmol/L; (1474.21 ± 398.38),(1014.84 ± 215.40),(523.00 ± 98.05)U/L,(4.035 ± 0.487 ) × 103 nmol/L and (1180.10 ± 245.51),(948.75 ± 173.68),(676.70 ± 193.63)U/L,(3.406 ± 0.146) × 103 nmol/L]increased significantly in adequate selenium and adequate vitamin E group[( 1056.80 ± 250.98),(721.70 ±129.98),(404.65 ± 72.49)U/L,(3.010 ± 1.270) × 103 nmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05) ].The activity of GSH-Px was obviously increased in the two adequate selenium groups[ (96.611 ± 8.238) × 103,(103.024 ± 8.217) × 103 U/L,all P ＜ 0.05],compared with the two low selenium groups[ (60.356 ± 8.179) × 103,(63.117 ± 8.281) × 103 U/L].Selenium affected the activities of CK,CK-MB and LDH(F =27.09,31.58,29.66,all P＜ 0.01 ),and vitamin E affected the activities of CK-MB and LDH(F=18.9,11.2.all P＜ 0.01 ),but both selenium and vitamin E had no interactions on the activities of CK,CK-MB and LDH (F=0.02,0.001,2.22,all P＞0.05).Selenium affected the activity of GSH-Px and the content of MDA(F=6.74,95.68,all P＜ 0.05),vitamin E affected the activity of T-AOC,the contents of MDA and ROS(F=6.42,36.73,8.43,all P＜0.05),but selenium and vitamin E had interactions only on the content of MDA(F =13.82,P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Long-term selenium or vitamin E deficiency,can reduce the body's antioxidant capacity,leading to the occurrence of myocardial injury.Selenium and vitamin E can improve the body's oxidation capacity,playing a role in myocardial protection.
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Objective To explore the relationship between myocardial damage and antioxidant capacity in vivo of Keshan disease patients and to analyze the possible pathogenesis. Methods In the period from 2005 to 2006, 41 chronic and latent Keshan disease cases were chosen as the case group from such serious endemic areas as Yongjin Village, Xinfa Village of Fuyu County, Fuan Village of Shangzhi County, Xinghuo Village of Wudalianchi County, 61 healthy people from the same area as internal controls, 48 healthy people from Xianglansan Village of Wangkui County, an un-endemic area, as external control. Fasting peripheral venous blood was collected from all the people. And blood selenium, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and suporoxide dismutase.(T-SOD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were examined. Results Blood selenium level of the patient group [(34.80±13.30) μg/L], GSH-Px[(104.10±34.19)U/L]and T-SOD[(92.16±17.98)×103 U/L]actives were significantly lower than the internal control group [(41.24±13.57)μg/L, (118.57±25.49)U/L, (104.82±13.56)×103 U/L]and the external control group [(48.33±16.51)μg/L, (155.00±24.01)U/L, (108.48±12.73)×103 U/L], respectively, with a statistically significant difference(all P < 0.05). MDA level of the patient group[(7.12± 1.37)μmol/L]was higher than that in the internal control group[(5.36±1.18)μmol/L]and the external control group[(5.22±0.83)μmol/L]with a statistically significant differences(both P < 0.05). The blood selenium level, GSH-Px activity of internal control group was resoectively lower than that in the external control group, the differences being statistically significant(beth P < 0.05). Conclusions Selenium deficiency may lead to reduced antioxidant capacity and enhanced oxidative damage in Keshan disease patients in vivo. There may be a certain relationship between oxidative stress disorder and myocardial damage of Keshan disease.
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Objective To explore the inhabitants' knowledge about Keshan disease(KD) in endemic area in Heilongjiang Province and analyze its influencing factors. Methods Yongjin Village, a national KD monitoring site in Fanrong Township of Fuyu County in Heilongjiang Province,was selected as an investigating spot. Specially designed questionnaire was applied in the investigation, which included three aspects, demographical information (gender, age, educational level, etc.), KD-related knowledge survey (KD prevention measures including a healthy diet supplementing selenium, preventing microbial infection, inducers such as climate change, fatigue, cold, mental shock, overeating) and KD controlling measures (take prescribed medicine, dietetic regulation and regular exercise, etc.) Results Seventy-senven point six percent(272/352) knew the disease by the name in the endemic area, while only 29.7% (81/272)and 30.8% (84/272)were aware the preventive measures and inducers , respectively. The awareness rates of KD preventive measures and inducers among the KD patients were 6/17 and 9/17 respectively. The influencing factors of the awareness rate of KD name were gender, vocation and the state of education (χ2 value were 9.838,9.878,12.462, all P < 0.05). However, factors influencing the awareness rates of preventive measures were gender and the state of education(χ2 value were 7.400,20.251, both P < 0.05). Conclusions The awareness rates of KD preventive measures and inducers axe low in the endemic area. The major factors influencing the awareness rate of KD are gender and the educational degree.
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Objective To explore the potential risk factors to Ymman endemic sudden cardiac death (YESCD) and provide evidence for prevention. Methods Twenty-two cases and 24 controls were randomly selected from YESCD areas and non-YESCD areas, respectively. Both cases and controls were interviewed with unified questionnaires. Univatiate X2 test and multivariate conditional logistic stepwise regression was conducted with SPSS 13.0. The optimal regression model was established and evaluated. Results The univariate X2 teat revealed that presence or absence of 5 potential factors might possibly be associated to YESCD: appropriate places for storing dining utensils, pens for livestock, consumption of mushrooms, exposure to any pesticides, and sudden climate changes before onset(X2=12.206,4.779,5.741,6.120,10.754, P<0.05). Multivariate conditional logistic stepwise regression demonstrated that consumption of mushrooms was a protective factor(OR=0.115, P<0.05) and sudden climate change was a risk factor(OR=36.592, P<0.01). Conclusions Sudden climate change might be a risk factor contributing to YESCD, and eating mushrooms before the prevalence seasons may provide some protection.
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Objective To acquaint the situation of selenium nutrition level and coxsakievirus B(CVB) infection in Keshan disease(KD)patients in Heilongjiang province,and provide the evidence for taking the direction mell811rement$of KD contr01.Methods The subjeets were divided into three groups:disease area KD group, disease area control group,and non-disease area control group.We collected soil,food and blood,which were used to detect selenium content,and assay IgN antibody of CVB in plasma.The selenium content of blood was determined with hydride generation atomic fluorometry spectrometrie.The lgM antibody of CVB was measured with ELISA test Kit.Results Compared with those in non-disease areas,selenium content of soil,maize,wheat and bean(0.092 ±0.011,0.003±0.001,0.005±0.003,0.006±0.001)μg/L in disease area Welre significantly lower(t=17.007.8.551,15.842,12.109;all P<0.01).In disease area,the levels of blood selenium in disease area KD group(34.803.±13.302)μg/L was obviously decreased compared to disease area control group(41.235±13.571) μg/L (P<0.05).The rate of CVB infection among disease area KD group,control in disease area and control in non-disease area were 90.0%,68.3%and 45.8%.The odds ratio(OR) value of CVB infected exposure between disease area and non-disease areas was 3.957,and the 95% confidence interval(CI)Was 1.898～8.246.The OR value of CVB infected exposure between KD group and control group was 4.171,with the 95%CI of 1.298～13.404.Compared with CVB non-infection group,blood selenium of CVB infection group was,lower,but not significanfly(t=1.179, P>0.05).Conclusions Selenium deficiency and CVB infection still exist in KD area,Heilongjiang Province.
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Objective To explore the effect of associated deficiency of selenium,protein and vitamin E(VE)on the thyroid iniury and thyroid hormone metabolism of the rats in a long-term.Methods The Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups:Group A with selenium deficiency and low protein and VE;Group B with selenium deficiency,low protein but adequate VE;Group C,adequate selenium and protein but low VE;Group D,adequate selenium.protein and VE.The rats were killed at the end of 26th week.Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity in the rat blood and type I 5'-deiodinase activity of the rat liver were determined.The content of triiodothyronine(T3),tetraiodothyronine(T4),thyrotropic-stimulating hormone(TSH),activated oxygen(ROS)and malonaldehyde(MDA)were detected in serum. The changes of thyroid histopathology were observed under light microscope.Results ①The interactive effect of selenium+protein and VE was not significant on GSH-Px and ID I activity(F=0.003,0.871,P＞0.05),but it was significant on MDA and ROS content(F=13.057,6.706,P＜0.05 or＜0.01). ②Selenium+protein and VE could influence T3 and T4 content(F=431.977,28.271,6.570,41.419,P＜0.05).The interactive effect of selenium±protein and VE was not significant on T3 and T4 content(F=0.871,0.136,P＞0.05).Whether in the condition of low selenium and protein or supplementary,T4 contents of supplementary VE group[(79.095±12.199),(64.392±6.261)μg/L]were respectively higher than the low VE group[(61.068±6.648),(44.176±7.090)μg/L],the difference being statistically significant(t = 3.670,6.045, P ＜ 0.01). In the condition of low VE, T3[(0.718 ± 0.079)μg/L] and T4[(44.176 ±7.090)μg/L] content of supplementary selenium and protein group was lower than that in the low selenium and protein group[ (0.966 ± 0.156), (61.068 ± 6.648)μg/L], the difference being statistically significant (t = 4.568,4.916, P ＜0.01 ). With supplementary VE, T4 content of supplementary selenium and protein group[ (64.392 ± 6.261 )μg/L] was lower than that in the low selenium and protein group [(79.095 ± 12.199)μg/L], the difference being statistically significant (t = 3.033, P ＜ 0.01 ). ③Degeneration and necrosis of follicular epithelial cell were induced by diet of low selenium, protein and VE, which could be relieved by supplymentary VE. The sparseness of intracavitary glue was observed occationally in the supplementary selenium and protein but low VE group. Conclusions Long-term deficiency of selenium, protein and VE results in the decrease of the selenoenzymes of rats, which causes accumulation of the oxidative products, as well as thyroid pathological injury and thyroid hormone metabolism disorder, but supplement of adequate VE can reduce the oxidative damage in rats having low selenium and protein diet.