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Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus (SaⅤ) worldwide.Methods Literature about the outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by SaⅤ were retrieved from the databases including WanFang,CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science after evaluation.Time,geography,setting and population distributions of outbreaks,transmission mode,SaⅤ genotype and clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed.Results A total of 34 papers about SaⅤ were included,involving 146 outbreaks occurred between October 1976 and April 2016.In these papers,138 outbreaks were reported on the related months.All these outbreaks occurred in northern hemisphere.SaⅤ outbreaks occurred all year around,but mainly in cold season,the incidence was highest in December (25 outbreaks) and lowest in in August (2 outbreaks).Most outbreaks were reported by Japan,followed by Canada,the United States of America and the Netherlands.There were 141 outbreaks for which the occurring settings were reported,child-care settings were most commonly reported setting (48/141,34.04％),followed by long-term care facility (41/141,29.08％) and hospital (16/141,11.35％).Clinical symptoms of 1 704 cases in 31 outbreaks were reported,with the most common symptom was diarrhea (1 331/1 704,78.12％),followed by nausea (829/1 198,69.20％),abdominal pain (840/1 328,63.25％),vomiting (824/1 704,48.36％) and fever (529/1 531,34.53％).Genotypes of SaⅤ were determined for 119 outbreaks.GⅠ (51/119,42.86％) and GⅣ (45/119,37.82％) were predominant.The outbreaks of G Ⅳ SaⅤ increased suddenly in 2007,and the outbreaks of G Ⅰ SaⅤ mainly occurred in 2008 and during 2011-2013.Conclusions SaⅤ outbreaks were reported mainly by developed countries,with most outbreaks occurred in cold season,in child-care settings and long term care facility.G Ⅰ and GⅣ were the most common genotypes of SaⅤ.Prevention and control of SaⅤ outbreak in China seemed relatively weak,and it is necessary to conduct related training and to strengthen the SaⅤ outbreak surveillance in areas where service is in need.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus (SaⅤ) worldwide.Methods Literature about the outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by SaⅤ were retrieved from the databases including WanFang,CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science after evaluation.Time,geography,setting and population distributions of outbreaks,transmission mode,SaⅤ genotype and clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed.Results A total of 34 papers about SaⅤ were included,involving 146 outbreaks occurred between October 1976 and April 2016.In these papers,138 outbreaks were reported on the related months.All these outbreaks occurred in northern hemisphere.SaⅤ outbreaks occurred all year around,but mainly in cold season,the incidence was highest in December (25 outbreaks) and lowest in in August (2 outbreaks).Most outbreaks were reported by Japan,followed by Canada,the United States of America and the Netherlands.There were 141 outbreaks for which the occurring settings were reported,child-care settings were most commonly reported setting (48/141,34.04％),followed by long-term care facility (41/141,29.08％) and hospital (16/141,11.35％).Clinical symptoms of 1 704 cases in 31 outbreaks were reported,with the most common symptom was diarrhea (1 331/1 704,78.12％),followed by nausea (829/1 198,69.20％),abdominal pain (840/1 328,63.25％),vomiting (824/1 704,48.36％) and fever (529/1 531,34.53％).Genotypes of SaⅤ were determined for 119 outbreaks.GⅠ (51/119,42.86％) and GⅣ (45/119,37.82％) were predominant.The outbreaks of G Ⅳ SaⅤ increased suddenly in 2007,and the outbreaks of G Ⅰ SaⅤ mainly occurred in 2008 and during 2011-2013.Conclusions SaⅤ outbreaks were reported mainly by developed countries,with most outbreaks occurred in cold season,in child-care settings and long term care facility.G Ⅰ and GⅣ were the most common genotypes of SaⅤ.Prevention and control of SaⅤ outbreak in China seemed relatively weak,and it is necessary to conduct related training and to strengthen the SaⅤ outbreak surveillance in areas where service is in need.
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Objective To design T-shaped shoes with a chuck regulator to facilitate the orthopedics patient in lower limb immobilization,nursing and rehabilitation training.Methods Each of the shoes was composed of the body of low temperature thermoplasticized plate,a regulator,two cross bars controlled by the regulator and a circular silica gel liner at the heel.The stability of triangles kept the limb involved at the middle position,and prevented the lower limb from inward turning,outward turning or dropping.The shape of the triangles was modified by adjusting the regulator to form an individualized fixation posture for each patient.Results The shoes facilitated clinical nursing,enhanced the patient comfort and decreased the complications.Conclusion The shoes gains advantages in wearing,low cost and repeated use,and thus is worthy promoting practically.
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Objective To investigate the clinical effect of titanium plate fixation for posterior one-door-open laminoplasty in the treatment of elderly patients with multi segmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy,to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of open cervical spine fixation under fixed mode.Methods Thirty-eight cases with multi segmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated in China Meitan General Hospital with titanium plate fixation and posterior cervical laminoplasty from January 2011 to January 2014 were selected as the research object,a retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of the patients.Group A with 20 cases was fixed with open-door segment C3~C6;18 cases in group B were treated with open door fixation of segmental C3~C7.X-ray,CT,MR were examined in preoperative time,JOA score was performed at 7d and 6 months after surgery.Door opening angle of CT cross section,the anteroposterior diameter(APD)of the spinal canal and shaft fusion were measured.MR spinal cord signal changes and the degree of compression,cervical spine activity, postoperative pain,the initial pain degree,VAS score and remission time differences were evaluated and analyzed.Results The incision healed in group A and B after the operation,the incidence rate of axial symptoms was 30%(6/20)in group A and 38.9%(7/18)in group B,the difference was statistically significant(P= 0.043); postoperative JOA scores were(12.2 ± 2.3)% points and(12.8 ± 1.7)points respectively in group A and B,the improvement rate of nerve function were(49.31 ± 14.5)% and(47.93 ±18.6)%,respectively in group A and B,the change rate of cervical spine were(-2.37±1.88)% and(-2.65 ±1.23)%,respectively in group A and B,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Initial VAS scores were(3.2±1.3)points and(4.1±1.7)points respectively in group A and B,the pain time were(55.2±28.5)d and(24.9± 19.2)d respectively,and complete remission time were(93.2± 47.3)d and(152.5 ± 59.3)d respectively,the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P=0.028,P=0.031) .There were no change in opening angle,the anteroposterior diameter of spinal canal and spinal canal expansion rate at 7 days after surgery,but the door had bony fusion,without lamina closure phenomenon,and the seveity of spinal cord compression was improved at 6 months after surgery, compared with the preoperative time.Conclusion To obtain the ideal clinical treatment effect on titanium plate fixation of open-door laminoplasty in the treatment of multilevel cervical myelopathy in the elderly patients,the characteristics of the patient's own disease and selective fixation section should be taken into consideration.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of pegylated interferon α-2a and entecavir (ETV) combination therapy for patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods Fifty eight HBeAg positive CHB patients were assigned to two groups:29 patients received ETV 0.5 mg daily for 72 weeks (ETV group) and 29 patients received ETV and pegylated interferon α-2a 180 μg weekly for 48 weeks followed by ETV alone for 24 weeks (combination group).Serum samples were collected from all patients every 12 weeks for assessment of biochemical,virological and serological responses to treatment.Results Fifty four patients completed the 72-week study,including 28 in ETV group and 26 in combination group.There were no significant differences in week 24,week 48 and week 72 of ALT normalization [72％ (21/29)vs.93％ (27/29),x2 =2.104;90％ (26/29) vs.97％ (28/29),x2 =0.269;90％ (26/29) vs.97％ (28/29),x2 =0.269],HBV DNA undetectable rate [31％ (8/26) vs.46％ (13/28),x2 =1.391;62％ (16/26) vs.57％ (16/28),x2 =0.108;77％ (20/26) vs.75％ (21/28),x2 =0.027],HBeAg loss rate[12％(3/26) vs.25％ (7/28),x2 =0.850;31％ (8/26) vs.32％ (9/28),x2 =0.012;46％ (12/26) vs.36％(10/28),x2 =0.609] and HBsAg levels (log10 IU/ml) (3.63 ± 0.45 vs.3.36 ± 1.18,t =-1.066;3.45 ±0.43 vs.3.23 ± 1.15,t =-0.915;3.36 ± 0.58 vs.2.88 ± 1.28,t =-1.762) between two regimens (all P ＞ 0.05).Among 58 patients,15 were HBeAg and anti-HBe double-positive (26％)and 43 were HBeAg mono-positive patients.The baseline HBV DNA level [(5.07 ± 1.50) vs.(6.40 ± 1.47) log10 IU/ml,t =2.858,P ＜ 0.05] and HBeAg titer [14 (4-45) vs.732 (296-1 012) S/CO,Z =-5.031,P =0.05] in double-positive patients were lower than those in mono-positive patients.The HBV DNA undetectable rate of double-positive patients was significantly higher than that of mono-positive patients in 24 weeks [10/15 vs.26％ (10/39),x2 =7.819,P ＜0.05] and 72 weeks [15/15 vs.69％ (27/39),x2 =4.287,P =0.05].The HBeAg loss rate of double-positive patients was higher than that of mono-positive patients in 12 weeks [6/15 vs.10％ (4/39),x2 =4.533,P =0.05] and 48 weeks [9/15 vs.26％ (10/39),x2 =5.608,P =0.018].This tendency was more significant in the combination therapy group,but the difference was not statistically significant.(5/6 vs.4/9,P =0.065).Conclusions Compared with Entecavir monotherapy,entecavir combined with interferon may not improve the therapeutic effect in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B patients.However,the therapeutic response of HBeAg/anti-HBe double-positive patients may better than that of HBeAg mono-positive patients.
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OBJECTIVE To study the protective effect of Orychophragmus violaceus(OV)seed against acute hepatotoxicity induced by the traditional Chinese Medicine Cortex Dictamni in mice. METHODS Twenty-five mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:control group,Cortex Dictamni group(70 g · kg-1)and OV seed groups(36,54 and 72 g · kg-1). OV Seed groups were orally adminis?tered with the aqueous extract of OV seed for 4 consecutive days while the other groups were ig given water. On the 4th day,Cortex Dictamni group and OV seed groups were ig given the aqueous extract of Cortex Dictamni,and normal control group was ig given water. Twenty-four hours later,all the mice had their blood and liver samples taken after anesthesia. The serum chemical parameters were measured, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT),glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),as well as malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH)and oxidized glutathione(GSSG)levels in the liver. GSH/GSSG ratio was calculated. Histopathologic changes in the liver were observed and the area was calculated after HE staining. RESULTS Compared with normal control group,Cortex Dictamni(70 g · kg-1)increased the serum GOT,GPT and LDH levels by 500, 140 and 40 fold(P<0.01). OV seed reduced serum GOT,GPT and LDH levels increased by Cortex Dictamni(P<0.05,P<0.01),by as much as 62%,75% and 99% for GPT,70%,82% and 98% for GOT,and 55%,75%and 96%for LDH,respectively. The level of MDA and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in Cortex Dictamni group were 1.39 ± 0.58 and(3.53 ± 1.27)μmol · g-1,a 10-fold increase and 40%decline compared with normal control group(P<0.01). OV seed of 72 g·kg-1 lowered the level of MDA by 22%(P<0.05),and OV seed(36,54 and 72 g · kg-1)increased the GSH/GSSG ratio by 47%,42%and 54%(P<0.05). Histopathologic results showed that OV seed alleviated the liver damage induced by Cortex Dictamni from(64.1±8.5)%to(37.5±7.1)%and (20.0±0.8)%(P<0.01). CONCLUSION OV seed can effectively protect mice from the acute hepatotoxicity induced by Cortex Dictamni.
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BACKGROUND:Currently, limb salvage therapy has become the standard treatment of malignant bone tumors way, but improper treatments wil result in tumor recurrence, secondary infection, internal fixation or prosthesis loosening. OBJECTIVE:Based on the traditional surgical principle for metastatic bone tumors of the limbs, this study designed a user-friendly, individualized, simplistic pal iative treatment regimen from the actual conditions of patients to observe the reasonability, clinical efficacy and prognosis of bone cement fil ing combined with internal fixation in the treatment of metastatic malignant bone tumors. METHODS:Thirty-one patients with metastatic malignant bone tumors who required salvage treatment were screened from the Department of Orthopedics, the 421 Hospital of Chinese PLA, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Al the 31 patients were divided into two groups:tumor removal+internal fixation group (non-chemoradiotherapy group, n=11) treated with bone cement fil ing plus plate internal fixation (pal iative treatment);tumor removal+internal fixation+chemoradiotherapy group (chemoradiotherapy group, n=20), treated with radiotherapy before internal fixation plus plate internal fixation with limb salvage. The fol ow-up period was 4-38 months, averagely 18 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The fol ow-up results showed that in the non-chemoradiotherapy group, al the 11 patients survived, who could live independently and have good motor functions;in the chemoradiotherapy group, 17 of the 20 patients survived and the rest three patients died of tumor metastasis, their poor conditions and complications at 9 and 13 months after internal fixation. In patients undergoing tumor removal+plate internal fixation with limb salvage, the integrated scores for nerve and motor functions were increased by more than level 1. These findings confirm that a simple pal iative therapy of bone cement fil ing and internal fixation without chemoradiotherapy is better for metastatic malignant bone tumors patients who require limb salvage.
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ObjectiveTo discuss the relationship between the cross-reactivity of antibody against the hypervariable region 1 ( HVR1 ) of hepatitis C virus and early viral response ( EVR ) in patients undergoing antiviral therapy.MethodsBy ELISA and HCV HVR1 antibody cross-reactivity matrix reagent,the differences of anti-HCV hypervariable region antibody were tested in baseline serum from 46 patients with chronic hepatitis C before antiviral therapy.HCV genotyping and HCV RNA were analyzed by RT-PCR method.The HCV RNA assay was done at three time points:before treatment,pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin therapy for 12 and 48 weeks.ResultsIn 46 cases of chronic hepatitis C patients,there were 16 cases with HCV 2a type,30 cases with l b and 33 patients obtained EVR.The EVR incidence of type 2a[ 93.8％ ( 15/16 ) ] was higher than that of type 1 b[ 60.0％ (18/30),x2 =4.316,P ＜ 0.05 ].In the EVR group of type 1b chronic hepatitis C patients,the positive number of average multi-target HVR1 antigen was ( 12 ± 4),which was significantly higher than that in the Non-EVR patients [ (7 ± 5 ),t =2.797,P ＜0.01 ].Bv the Fisher exact test,it was showed that patients'serum response to HVR1 antigens numbered 001,003,009,013,016 were higher in EVR group than those in non-EVR group,with statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionThe cross-reactivity of HVR1 antibody may play an important role in predicting the effectiveness of antiviral therapy.
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Objective To establish the method for detemining the content of chlorogenic acid in Shuanghuanglian Keli by HPLC.Methods Using Diamonsil ODS1 C18 column,with methanol-water-glacial acetic acid(15:85:1) as the mobile phase,detection wavelength as 324 nm and flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.Results The calibration curve was linear at the range of 0.060～1.210 ?g for chlorogenic acid and the equation was Y=105 427X+586.43,r2=0.999 5.The average recovery was 99.3% and RSD was 0.82%(n=6).Conclusion This method was simple,accurate and proper,and the reduplication of the result was good,which provide scientific quantitative analysis method of chlorogenic acid in Shuanghuanglian Keli.
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Objective To establish the method for detemining the content of Phillyin in Siji Ganmao Pian by HPLC.Methods Diamonsil ODS1 C18 column was used with acetonitrile-water(25∶75) as the mobile phase,detection wavelength as 277 nm and flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.Results The calibration curve was linear at the range of 0.1128～0.9024 ?g for Phillyin and linear equation was Y =5.795 68X +1.843 19,r =0.999 3.The average recovery was 98.6% and RSD was 1.82%(n =5).Conclusion This method was simple,accurate and proper,the reduplication of the result was good.The method can be provide for quantitative analysis of Phillyin in Siji Ganmao Pian.
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Objective To establish the method for detemining the content of Baicalin in Ganteling Jiaonang by HPLC.Methods Using Diamonsil ODS1 C18 Column,methanol-water-phosphoric acid(50:50:0.2) as the mobile phase,detection wavelength as 280 nm and flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.Results The calibration curve was linear at the range of 0.125 6～1.004 8 ?g for Baicalin and linear equation was Y= 95 952X+8 108.6,r2=0.999 7.The average recovery was 98.8% and RSD was 1.64%(n=6).Conclusion This method was simple,accurate,proper,and the reduplication of the result was good,which provide scientific quantitative analysis method for the determination of Baicalin in Ganteling Jiaonang.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To observe the changes of serum interleukins (IL), T-lymphocyte subsets, and white blood cell (WBC) count in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and to investigate the relationship between injured immune function, immune response and disturbed immune adjustment in SARS patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The levels of serum IL-2, IL-10, IL-12 and T-lymphocyte subset counts were measured in 35 clinically diagnosed SARS patients by using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The relationship between the measured results and WBC count was further analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The level of serum IL was increased to a great extent in the 35 SARS patients, and the levels of serum IL-2, IL-10 and IL-12 were 242.53 (92.69) pg/ml, 77.43 (63.37) pg/ml and 65.94 (43.21) pg/ml, respectively. The level of serum IL-2 increased markedly (P < 0.01). The peripheral blood CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) counts were lower than normal in 23 patients (67.7%), 26 patients (74.3%) and 15 patients (42.9%), respectively. The peripheral blood WBC counts were lower than 4.0 x 10(9)/L in 10 patients, and their CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) counts were 583.90 (315.58) x 10(6)/L, 272.00 (94.13) x 10(6)/L and 209.00 (72.21) x 10(6)/L, respectively. The peripheral blood WBC counts were (4.0 - 10.0) x 10(9)/L in 20 patients, and their CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) counts were 700.00 (502.96) x 10(6)/L, 347.00 (247.58) x 10(6)/L and 322.05 (228.47) x 10(6)/L, respectively. The peripheral blood WBC counts were higher than 10.0 x 10(9)/L in 5 patients, and their CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) counts were 1466.00 (630.86) x 10(6)/L, 783.00 (311.14) x 10(6)/L and 640.00 (294.40) x 10(6)/L, respectively. The decreased CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) counts were consistent with the decreased WBC counts. The level of IL in SARS patients was significantly higher than that in patients with chronic hepatitis B (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The level of serum IL is closely related to cell immunity in SARS patients. The level of serum IL is increased evidently while CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) counts decrease. Both serum IL and CD are associated with injury of immune function, and thus they could be regarded as a monitoring index for judging the condition of SARS patients and prescribing immune therapy.</p>