Limitations of endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosis of gastric submucosal tumors / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To evaluate endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in diagnosis of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs), and analyze the characteristics of gastric SMTs under EUS. Methods Clinical data of 614 patients with gastric SMTs, who were evaluated by EUS and underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) from September 2008 to December 2016, were retrospectively analyzed. The golden standard for lession origins was the intraoperative diagnosis of ESD, and that for pathological types was the combination of postoperative pathological and immunohistochemical findings. The consistency of diagnosis of EUS was evaluated, and the characteristics of lesions under EUS were analyzed. Results The total consistency in diagnosing lesion origins was 91.25％ between EUS and intraoperative results of ESD, and the consistency in diagnosing lesion originated from the muscularis mucosa, submucosa and muscularis propria was 66.67％, 80.85％ and 94.50％, respectively. The total consistency in pathological types was 65.99％ between EUS and postoperative pathological results, and the consistency of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), leiomyoma, ectopic pancreas and lipoma was 91.85％, 18.56％, 79.76％ and 90.70％, respectively. Conclusion EUS can initially determine the origins and types of gastric SMTs, providing a more accurate basis for endoscopic treatment, but there were some limitations on the diagnosis of leiomyoma and some rare lesions such as hamartoma, inflammatory fibrous polyps, carcinoid, fibroma, etc. Thus, if necessary, the lesion should be removed so as to make a definite diagnosis and prevent malignant change.

Progress in the role of farnesoid X receptor in metabolic regulation and tumor cell proliferation / 生理学报

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor belonged to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. In the past decades, FXR has been found with important roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis of bile acids, cholesterol, lipids and carbohydrates. Recent studies further demonstrate the potential protective effect of FXR against metabolic diseases, such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, as well as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In addition, FXR plays an essential role in liver regeneration, tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the role of FXR in the development of tumor is still obscure and even with discrepancy. This article reviews the function of FXR in metabolic regulation and recent progress in basic, clinical and pharmacological researches related to tumor cell proliferation involving FXR.