Investigation on prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice in Shitai County, Anhui Province, 2018 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in wild mice in Shitai County, Anhui Province, so as to provide insights into precise control of the source of S. japonicum infections. Methods Wild mice were captured using the trapping method for three successive nights at snail-infested settings from Jitan Village of Jitan Township, and Shiquan Village and Xibai Village of Dingxiang Township, Shitai County, Anhui Province in June and October, 2018. All trapped wild mice were sacrificed and liver and mesenteric vein specimens were collected for detection of S. japonicum eggs using microscopy, while the fecal samples in mouse intestines were collected for identification of S. japonicum infections using Kato-Katz technique. In addition, the population density of trapped wild mice was estimated and the prevalence of S. japonicum infection was calculated in trapped wild mice. Results A total of 376 wild mice were trapped from three villages in Shitai County. The population density of trapped wild mice was 9.1% (376/4 124), and the prevalence of S. japonicum infection was 24.2% (91/376) in trapped wild mice. The highest prevalence of S. japonicum infection was detected in Shiquan Village of Dingxiang Township (30.1%), and the lowest prevalence was seen in Xibai Village of Dingxiang Township; however, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in trapped wild mice among three villages (χ2= 4.111, P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in wild mice captured between on June (26.8%, 34/127) and October (22.9%, 57/249) (χ2 = 0.690, P = 0.406). The trapped wild mice included 6 species, including Rattus norvegicus, Niviventer niviventer, R. losea, Apodemus agrarius, Mus musculus and N. coning, and the two highest prevalence of S. japonicum infection was detected in R. losea (34.9%, 22/63) and R. norvegicus (31.2%, 44/141). Conclusions The prevalence of S. japonicum infections is high in wild mice in Shitai County, and there is a natural focus of schistosomiasis transmission in Shitai County.

Effect of cementing ditch-based project on schistosomiasis control in Dingsh-en River basin in Shitai County / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of cementing ditch-based project on schistosomiasis control in the irrigation ar-ea of Dingshen River basin in Shitai County,Anhui Province.Methods The data of Oncomelania hupensis snail surveys from 2009 to 2015 and the data of schistosome infections in humans and livestock from 2009 to 2015 were collected,and the changes of the epidemic situation were analyzed and compared before and after the project.Results In the cementing ditches,the occur-rence rate of living snails decreased by 68.79% and the average density of living snails decreased by 97.78%,whereas in the control areas without ditch hardening,the occurrence rate of living snails increased by 72.49% and the average density of living snails increased by 37.16%.The infection rate in humans decreased by 100%.Of 161 bovines examined with the egg-hatching method during the period,no infections were found.Conclusion The cementing ditch-based project has a good effect on reduc-ing the density of snails and controlling schistosomiasis.

Effects of obesity on peak level of luteinizing hormone in gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist test and obesity-related hormones in girls with central precocious puberty / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of obesity on the peak level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist test and obesity-related hormones in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three hundred and thirty-three girls with CPP who underwent the GnRH agonist test between 2012 and 2014 were classified into three groups: normal weight (n=123), overweight (n=108), and obesity (n=102), according to body mass index (BMI). The sexual development indices were compared between the three groups. Twenty girls were randomly selected from each group for evaluation of the serum levels of leptin, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), neurokinin B, and kisspeptin. The correlation of BMI with the levels of various hormones was assessed using Pearson correlation analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference in mean age at diagnosis between the three groups; however, the bone age was significantly higher in the overweight and obesity groups than in the normal weight group (P<0.05). The peak level of LH in the GnRH agonist test and SHBG level in the normal weight group were significantly higher than those in the overweight and the obesity groups, while the serum levels of leptin and neurokinin B were significantly lower in the normal weight group than in the overweight and the obesity groups (P<0.05). BMI was negatively correlated with the peak level of LH in the GnRH agonist test and SHBG level (P<0.05), and positively correlated with the levels of leptin and neurokinin B (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The effects of BMI on the result of the GnRH agonist test and levels of obesity-related hormones should be taken into account in girls with precocious puberty.</p>

Non-high-density-cholesterol as a predictor of non-lipid cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in the assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension, pre-diabetes and diabetes in obese children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to the presence of complications (hypertension, pre-diabetes and diabetes), 810 children with central obesity were divided into two groups: one group with complications (n=499) and one group without complications (n=311). One hundred and sixty-four age- and sex-matched children served as the control group. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the detection of non-lipid CVD risk factors by seven lipid markers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence rates of hypertension and pre-diabetes were significantly higher in obese children with high non-HDL-C concentrations (≥3.76 mmol/L). After adjusting for waist circumference Z-scores, the area under the ROC curve for non-HDL-C was 0.680 to detect non-lipid CVD risk factors, while the areas for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and apoprotein B were 0.659, 0.669 and 0.647 respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared with the other lipid markers, non-HDL-C is a better predictor for non-lipid CVD risk factors in obese children. Measurement of non-HDL-C concentations is recommended for obese children.</p>

Study on physique index set for Chinese children and adolescents / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To provide data as age-gender dependent mean,standard deviation and percentile on height,weight.waist circumference (WC),hip circumference (HC).body mass index (BMI),waist hip ratio (WHR),waist to height ratio (WHtR) among 7-16 year-olds Chinese children and adolescents,towards setting up diagnostic criteria on metabolic syndrome for them.Methods A representative sample involvng 22 197 children and adolescence aged 7 to 16 years were randomly surveyed and they were from 6 representative geographical areas,including Beijing.Tianjin? Hangzhou,Shanghai,Chongqing and Nanning.A total of 21858 had available data,with male/female ratio as:11460/10 398.Using the standard methods,we measured height,weight.WC,HC,BMI.WHtR and other data in all age groups.Physique indexes among different geographic regions (North.Mid-west and East) were compared.Results (1) Both male and female showed an inaeasing trend of height.weight,waist circumference,hip circumference and BMI along with the increase of age.WHR of girls decreased gradually from 0.84 to 0.76 went from 7 to 16 years old while WHR of boys changed from 0.87 to 0.81 accordingly.(2) WHtR was rarely affected by age.It fluctuated between 0.42-0.43 in all girls and 0.44-0.45 in boys less than 11 years.WHtR of boys older than 12 years showed a slight decline from 0.45 to 0.42 of WHtR.(3) The average height,weight,BMI of children and adolescents from the northem regions (Beijing,Tianjin) were significantly higher than that of the mid-western (Chongqing,Nanning) and the eastem regions (Shanghai,Hangzhou) (P＜0.001 ),while those from the mid-western region were slightly higher than that of the eastern region (P＜0.05) in each of the age group.Conclusion Reference values and percentile curves for WC and WHtR of Chinese children and adolescents were provided.For the assessment of central obesity.WHtR had the advantages of relative stability and small degree of variation and rarely affected by age and gender,when compared with WC.and could be used as an simple index to reflect the central obesity of children and adolescents.

Impact of glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal permeability and lung cell apoptosis during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the impact of intestinal lymphatic vessels ligation and different enteral nutrition support during ischemia/reperfusion on intestinal permeability, systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary dysfunction in a rat model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into normal diet group, regular enteral nutrition group, glutamine-enriched group, 0-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (wo-3PUFA) group, and sham control after gastrostomy. All the enteral nutrition group were isocaloric (1046 kJ kg-' d-1) and isonitrogenous (1.8 g N kg-' d-'). After enteral nutrition for 7 days, the rats were subjected to intestinal ischemia for 60 min, or ischemia plus mesenteric lymph duct ligation except for the sham group followed by 3 days of nutrition (72 h). Intestinal permeability (lactose/mannitol ratio in the urine, L/M) was determined on the 5th, 7th and 9th day after gastrostomy. The levels of serum diamine oxidase, endotoxin, cytokines, ALT and AST were detected at the 11th day after gastrostomy. Mucosal thickness was measured using small intestine and villusheight. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), NO synthase, and apoptotic index were detected in lung tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ischemia for 60 min could cause intestinal injury. Intestinal permeability(L/M)was increased significantly in every group on the first day after ischemia (P<0.05). However, L/M decreased significantly 3 days after ischemia (P<0.05). The groups with Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched nutrition almost restored to normal level (P>0.05). The level of L/M in lymphatic ligation group was significantly lower than non-ligation group (P<0.05). The levels of endotoxin and cytokine were reduced, mucosal thickness and villous height were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups of Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched nutrition compared with enteral nutrition and normal diet groups during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. MPO, NO, NOS and the apoptosis index of lung tissue decreased in the groups of Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched as well as after lymph duct ligation (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The distant tissue-lung damage and systemic inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury may be related to some factors in the intestinal lymph. Blocking the gut-lymph pathway and/or adding Glu and o-3PUFA in enteral nutrition may reduce intestinal permeability and endotoxin, increase mucosal thickness, attenuate the systemic inflammatory reaction, and prevent lung injury</p>

The sheltering effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lymphatic drainage on distant organs after intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the sheltering effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3PUFA) and lymphatic drainage on distant organs in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats (SPF grade) were randomly divided into 3 groups (16 rats in each group): normal diet group (N), enteral nutrition group (EN), enteral nutrition and ω-3PUFA group(PUFA group). Each group was divided into lymphatic drainage (I/R + D) group and no-drainage (I/R) group (n = 8). Each rats received gastrostomy. After given different nutrition for five days, the rats subjected to 60 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion injury of the superior mesenteric artery. When the rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, drained intestinal lymph for 180 min in the I/R + D group. The serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and level of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), total of nitric oxide synthase (tNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) of lung were detected. The organ injury of lung and liver and the expression of high mobility group box 1(HMGB1, the endogenous ligand of TLR4) in these organs were investigated too.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum level of ALT in PUFA I/R + D and I/R group and EN I/R + D group were significantly lower than that in normal diet I/R group: (46 ± 20), (53 ± 15), (46 ± 21) and (100 ± 60) U/L (P < 0.05), respectively. The level of MPO, NO, tNOS, iNOS in lung in the I/R + D group were significantly lower than those in I/R group (P < 0.05): MPO (0.73 ± 0.15):(0.85 ± 0.10) unit/grams wet slice; NO (0.72 ± 0.51):(1.79 ± 1.32) µmol/gprot; tNOS (0.46 ± 0.15):(0.78 ± 0.27) U/mgprot; iNOS (0.06 ± 0.04):(0.11 ± 0.07) U/mgprot, respectively. The level of tNOS in PUFA I/R group was significantly lower than that in normal diet I/R group: (0.56 ± 0.13):(0.78 ± 0.27) U/mgprot (P < 0.05). MPO, NO, INOS levels in PUFA group were reduced compared with those in EN and normal diet group. HE stained sections and HMGB1 immunohistochemistry results showed that the organ injury in I/R group was severer than that in I/R + D group. The expression of HMGB1 increased in I/R group. The organ injury and the expression of HMGB1 in PUFA group were less than that in the other two main groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Lymphatic drainage can alleviate injury of distant organs after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can increase body resistance to injury and promote recovery.</p>

Method for drainage of lymph fluid and determining the change of active materials in lymph fluid after rat ischemia-reperfusion injury / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To set up a method for the drainage of lymph fluid and explore the change of active materials in lymph fluid and serum after rat ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The method of the drainage of lymph fluid was well established. Sixteen healthy male rats of SPF grade were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups: intestinal ischemia-reperfusion + drainage group (I/R + drainage group) and drainage group. All the rats were subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. We compared the change of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, endotoxin tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL) -1 beta, IL-6, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecular-1 (sICAM-1) by draining lymph fluid and collecting serum in 2 groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The drainage of lymph fluid was successfully performed. The HMGB1, endotoxin, and cytokines in serum and lymph fluid were significantly higher in ischemia-reperfusion group than in drainage group (P < 0. 05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The method for drainage of lymph fluid is simple and feasible. Endotoxin, HMGB1, and some cytokines in serum and lymph fluid may mediate the ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p>

Effect of mesenteric lymphatic duct ligation on the system inflammation during the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the effect of the lymph duct ligation on systemic inflammatory factors and endotoxins during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male SD rats underwent occlusion of superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min plus lymph duct ligation or not. Forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (blank); group B (sham); group C (intestinal I/R); group D (intestinal I/R plus lymph duct ligation). Mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested for standard bacteriologic cultures. The endotoxin, D-lactate, diamine oxidase (DAO), and cytokines in serum were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rates of bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes were 40% in group C and 20% in group D. No positive lymph node cultures were encountered in any of group A and B. The serum cytokines (except for sICAM-1) , D-lactate, DAO and endotoxin levels were lower in group D than those in group C (P<0.05), but both were higher than those in group A and B (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>During intestinal I/R injury, blockage the lymph flow from gut into bloodstream decreases the levels of cytokines, and significantly attenuates the increase in intestinal permeability.</p>