A multicenter survey of short-term respiratory morbidity in late-preterm infants in Beijing / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To study the respiratory morbidity and the risk factors of respiratory complications in late-preterm infants.Methods:The data of 959 late-preterm infants in 21 hospitals in Beijing from October 2015 to April 2016 were collected.These infants were divided into the respiratory morbidity group (237 cases) and the control group (722 cases) according to whether they had short-term respiratory morbidity after birth.Clinical data of the two groups were compared.Results:Among the 959 late-preterm babies, 530 were male and 429 were female.Two hundred and thirty-seven cases (24.7%) developed short-term respiratory morbidity after birth.Infectious pneumonia developed in the most cases (81 cases, 8.4%), followed by transient tachypnea (65 cases, 6.8%), amniotic fluid aspiration (51 cases, 5.3%), and respiratory distress syndrome (24 cases, 2.5%) successively.All the infants recovered and discharged.There were no differences between gender and maternal age between 2 groups (all P>0.05). Compared with the control group, more late-preterm infants were delivered by cesarean section (73.4% vs.59.7%, χ2=14.43, P<0.001) and the 1-minute Apgar score was lower [(9.41±1.66) scores vs.(9.83±0.53) scores, t=5.40, P<0.001] in the respiratory morbidity group.The differences were statistically significant.There were more cases with maternal complications in the respiratory morbidity group that in the control group (66.7% vs.58.6%, χ2=4.877, P=0.027), but no difference in various complications between 2 groups was observed ( P>0.05). In the respiratory morbidity group, the most frequent complications were maternal hypertension and preeclampsia (27.8% vs.22.6%, χ2=2.728, P=0.099). There were no differences between 2 groups in gestational age, birth weight and birth length (all P>0.05). There were more infants small for gestational age and large for gestational age in the respiratory morbidity group than in the control group (18.8% vs.14.1%, 6.3% vs.2.4%, χ2=8.960, P=0.011). The duration of hospitalization of the respiratory morbidity group was significantly longer than that of the control group [(9.00±4.42) d vs.(6.82±4.19) d, t=6.676, P<0.001] since the infants with respiratory morbidity needed to be hospita-lized. Conclusions:Respiratory diseases occur in about 1/4 of late-preterm infants.Infants who are delivered by cesarean section and whose mothers are complicated with the maternal hypertension and preeclampsia should be monitored closely.Respiratory support should be provided for infants not appropriate for gestational age who are more likely to suffer from respiratory diseases, so that they can successfully pass through the transition period.

Role and mechanism of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Tec in endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 production in human alveolar epithelial cells A549 / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To investigate the role and mechanism of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Tec in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) induced by endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human alveolar epithelial cells A549.@*Methods@#Human alveolar epithelial cells A549 were routinely cultured and passaged in Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The second or third passage of cells were collected for subsequent experiments. (1) Cells were collected and divided into 6 groups with 4 wells in each group according to the random number table. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured for 2 h. Cells in simple LPS group were routinely cultured for 1 h and then stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. Cells in simple LFM-A13 group were cultured with conventional culture medium adding 75 μmol/L LFM-A13 for 1 h and then cultured with replaced conventional culture medium for 1 h. Cells in 25 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group, 75 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group, and 100 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group were cultured with conventional culture medium adding 25, 75, and 100 μmol/L LFM-A13 respectively for 1 h and then all stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS added into the replaced conventional culture medium for 1 h. The protein expression of Tec in cells of each group was detected by Western blotting, and the content of IL-8 in cell culture supernatant of each group was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (2) Cells were collected and divided into 5 groups with 4 wells in each group according to the random number table. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured for 2 h. Cells in small interfering RNA (siRNA) control+ LPS group were transfected with empty lentivirus for 10 h and then stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS added into the conventional culture medium for 2 h. Cells in Tec mus-298 RNA interference (RNAi)+ LPS group, Tec mus-299 RNAi+ LPS group, and Tec mus-300 RNAi+ LPS group were transfected with lentivirus loaded with Tec mus-298 RNAi, Tec mus-299 RNAi, and Tec mus-300 RNAi respectively for 10 h and then stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS added into the conventional culture medium for 2 h. The protein expression of Tec in cells of each group was detected by Western blotting to screen Tec-siRNA with the best silencing effect on Tec gene. (3) Cells were collected and divided into 4 groups with 4 wells in each group according to the random number table. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured for 2 h. Cells in virus control group were transfected with empty lentivirus for 10 h and then routinely cultured for 2 h. Cells in simple LPS group were stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS added into the conventional culture medium for 2 h. Cells in Tec-siRNA+ LPS group were transfected with lentivirus loaded with Tec-siRNA with the best silencing effect on Tec gene for 10 h and then stimulated by 1 μg/mL LPS added into the conventional culture medium for 2 h. The protein expressions of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK of cells in each group were detected by Western blotting. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference-t test.@*Results@#(1) Compared with that of blank control group, the protein expression of Tec of cells in simple LPS group was obviously increased (t=9.72, P<0.05), but the protein expression of Tec of cells in simple LFM-A13 group was not obviously changed (t=4.31, P=0.05). Compared with that of simple LPS group, the protein expression of Tec of cells in 25 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group, 75 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group, or 100 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group was obviously decreased (t=9.72, 9.07, 16.33, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with (189±22) pg/mL of blank control group, the content of IL-8 in culture supernatant of cells in simple LPS group was obviously increased [(214±10) pg/mL, t=2.18, P<0.05], but the content of IL-8 in culture supernatant of cells in simple LFM-A13 group was not obviously changed [(173±43) pg/mL, t=0.64, P>0.05]. Compared with that of simple LPS group, the content of IL-8 in culture supernatant of cells in 25 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group was not obviously changed [(204±38) pg/mL, t=0.54, P>0.05], but the content of IL-8 in culture supernatant of cells in 75 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group and 100 μmol/L LFM-A13+ LPS group was obviously decreased [(144±44), (137±51) pg/mL, t=3.63, 2.55, P<0.05 or P<0.01]. (2) Compared with that of blank control group, the protein expression of Tec of cells in siRNA control+ LPS group was obviously increased (t=14.24, P<0.01). Compared with that of siRNA control+ LPS group, the protein expression of Tec of cells in Tec mus-298 RNAi+ LPS group or Tec mus-299 RNAi+ LPS group was obviously decreased (t=36.03, 18.23, P<0.01), but the protein expression of Tec of cells in Tec mus-300 RNAi+ LPS group was not obviously changed (t=4.08, P>0.05). The protein expression of Tec was the lowest in cells of Tec mus-298 RNAi+ LPS group, so Tec mus-298 RNAi was used in subsequent experiment. (3) Compared with 1.16±0.16 and 0.78±0.11 of blank control group, the protein expressions of p38 MAPK and ERK MAPK of cells in virus control group were not obviously changed (1.66±0.13, 0.89±0.11, t=11.09, 3.60, P>0.05), but the protein expressions of p38 MAPK and ERK MAPK of cells in simple LPS group were obviously increased (2.83±0.29, 1.86±0.37, t=9.70, 7.23, P<0.05). Compared with those of simple LPS group, the protein expression of p38 MAPK and protein expression of ERK MAPK of cells in Tec-siRNA+ LPS group were obviously decreased (0.69±0.16, 1.03±0.24, t=13.78, 4.12, P<0.05 or P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Tec may mediate the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 from human alveolar epithelial cells A549 induced by LPS via the p38 MAPK and ERK MAPK signal pathways.

Effect of different concentrations of hypertonic sodium fluid resuscitation on intestine injury in rats at the early stage of severe burn / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To investigate the effect of different concentrations of hypertonic saline solution (HS) on intestine injury in rats at the early stage of severe burn. Methods 104 adult healthy female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham group (n = 8), lactated Ringer solution (LR) group (n = 24) and 200, 300, 400 mmol/L HS group (HS200 group, HS300 group, HS400 group, all n = 24). All the rats in LR group and different concentrations of HS groups were scalded for 30% total body surface area (TBSA) with Ⅲ degree, after immediately, the rats were given burn resuscitation therapy by LR or corresponding concentrations of HS through the tail vein. Eight rats were sacrificed on the 2nd, 8th and 24th post-injury hour (PIH), respectively, to collect abdominal aorta blood and intestinal tissues. The rats in sham group were given simulation of burns without resuscitation, which were immediately sacrificed and the specimens were harvested. The serum Na+concentration was determined by automatic biochemical analyzer. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) contents in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The moisture content of intestine reflected by intestine wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio was determined. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of diamine oxidase (DAO) in intestinal tissue were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The activation of von Willebrand factor (vWF) was assessed by using immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with sham group, and the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β in blood and W/D ratio and MDA contents in intestine at each time point after injury in LR group and three HS groups were significantly increased, and the activity of intestinal DAO was significantly decreased. The serum Na+concentration was significantly reduced in the LR group as compared with that in the sham group, which was significantly higher in the three HS groups than that in the sham group, with the most obvious change on the 8th PIH. Compared with LR group, the serum Na+concentration and the activity of intestine DAO at each time point after injury in different concentrations of HS groups were significantly increased, and the serum contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and the W/D ratio, MDA contents in intestine were significantly lowered showing a dose dependent. The changes of HS400 group was the most significantly, and the difference on the 8th PIH was statistically significant as compared with LR group [blood Na+(mmol/L): 145.51±0.72 vs. 131.52±0.85, intestinal DAO (U/g): 4.85±0.30 vs. 3.50±0.45, blood TNF-α (ng/L):88.47±4.91 vs. 153.21±13.45, blood IL-1β (ng/L): 85.77±3.42 vs. 140.57±10.46, intestinal W/D ratio: 3.32±0.05 vs. 3.73±0.09, intestinal MDA (nmol/mg): 0.58±0.01 vs. 0.82±0.04, all P < 0.05]. The immunohistochemical results showed that the vWF activity in the LR group and different concentrations of HS groups was significantly reduced as compared with that of the sham group. Compared with LR group, the activity of intestinal vWF at each time point in different concentration of HS groups was increased to some extent with a dose dependent. The positive staining in HS400 group was the deepest, which showed that the activity of intestinal vWF was the strongest after treated by 400 mmol/L HS. Conclusion Compared with LR, HS can attenuate intestinal tissue injury of rats at the early stage of severely burned, and of all, the curative effect of 400 mmol/L HS is the best.

A multi-center research on risk factors of hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm infants / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm infants. Methods The clinical data of 815 late preterm infants (449 males and 366 females) from 25 hospitals in Beijing were collected from October 2015 to April 2016, including 340 cases(41.7％) with hyperbilirubinemia (hyperbilirubinemia group), and 475 cases without hyperbilirubinemia (control group). The clinical data of two groups were compared, and the maternal factors influencing hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm infants were analyzed with logistic regression. Results There were no significant differences in gender ratio (M:F 1.39 vs. 1.12, t=1.811,P=0.172)and birth weight[(2502.6±439.6)g vs. (2470.2±402.9)g,χ2=2.330,P=0.127)]between two groups. The incidence rates of hyperbilirubinemia in infants of 34 wks, 35 wks and 36 wks of gestational age were 22.9％(87/174), 35％(119/300) and 42.1％(143/341) respectively (χ2=1.218,P=0.544). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the maternal age(OR=1.044,95％ CI:1.010-1.080,P=0.011)was independent risk factor and multiple births(OR=1.365,95％CI:0.989-1.883,P=0.048), premature rupture of membranes(OR=2.350,95％ CI:1.440-3.833,P=0.001), cesarean section(OR=1.540,95％CI:0.588-4.031,P=0.014)were risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm infants. Conclusions The incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm infants is relatively high. Maternal age, multiple births, premature rupture of membranes and cesarean section are risk maternal factors related to hyperbilirubinemia in late preterm infants.

Effects of three different concentrations of hypertonic sodium salt resuscitation on liver injury of rats at the early stage of severe burned / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To investigate the effects of three different concentrations of hypertonic sodium salt (HS) resuscitation on liver injury of rats at the early stage of severe burned.Methods 104 female Sprage-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham group (n = 8), lactated Ringer solution (LR) group (n = 24), 600, 800, 1000 mmol/L HS groups (HS600, HS800, and HS1000 groups,n = 24). Rats in LR group and HS groups were subjected to full-thickness scald with 30% total body surface area (TBSA), and then given liquid resuscitation treatment with LR and the corresponding HS. These rats were sacrificed at 2, 8 and 24 hours post injury to collect blood and liver tissue. Rats in sham group were given simulation of burns without resuscitation, which were immediately sacrificed and the specimens were harvested. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The expression of liver tissue p38 mitogen-actirated protein kinase (p38MARK) was detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with sham group, the levels of ALT, AST, MDA and p38MAPK were increased, and the activities of SOD were decreased in LR group and different degrees in HS groups at each time point after injury. Compared with LR group, the levels of ALT, AST, MDA and p38MAPK were decreased and the activities of SOD were increased in different degrees with HS groups, among which HS600 group changed most significantly [ALT (U/L): 147±52 vs. 227±60 at 8 hours, 138±47 vs. 191±41 at 24 hours; AST (U/L):288±79 vs. 548±237 at 2 hours, 567±167 vs. 841±338 at 8 hours, 515±180 vs. 712±159 at 24 hours; MDA (nmol/mg): 0.287±0.036 vs. 0.395±0.041 at 2 hours, 0.298±0.030 vs. 0.392±0.018 at 8 hours, 0.278±0.033 vs. 0.422±0.036 at 24 hours; SOD (U/mg): 230±16 vs. 159±30 at 2 hours, 251±14 vs. 194±15 at 8 hours, 296±8 vs. 243±11 at 24 hours; p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK (A value): 0.778±0.040 vs. 1.065±0.066 at 2 hours, 0.791±0.046 vs. 0.967±0.041 at 8 hours, 0.733±0.027 vs. 1.020±0.043 at 24 hours; allP < 0.05]. The levels of ALT and AST in HS600 group were significantly lower than those in HS1000 group at 2 hours and in HS800 group at 8 hours. The levels of MDA and p38MAPK in HS600 group were significantly lower than those of HS800 group and HS1000 group, and the level of SOD in HS600 group was significantly higher than that in HS800 group and HS1000 group at each time point after injury. There were no significant differences in all test indicators between HS800 group and HS1000 group at each time point after injury.Conclusions High concentration of HS can reduce the early liver injury in severely scalded rats, of which the curative effect of HS 600 mmol/L is best.

Role of bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from mouse mononuclear-macrophages RAW264.7 induced by endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide and its mechanism / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To investigate the role of bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (BMX) in the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from mouse mononuclear-macrophages induced by endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its related mechanism.@*Methods@#Mouse mononuclear-macrophages RAW264.7 were inoculated in 6-well plates and routinely cultured for the following experiments. (1) Cells were collected and divided into blank control group, LPS control group, and 75, 750, 7 500, 75 000 nmol/L BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups according to the random number table, with 8 wells in each group. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured for 25 h. Cells in LPS control group were routinely cultured for 24 h and stimulated by LPS in the final mass concentration (the same below) of 0.1 μg/mL for 1 h. Cells in the latter 4 groups were pretreated with BMX-IN-1 in the final molarity (the same below) of 75, 750, 7 500, 75 000 nmol/L for 24 h and stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. The mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in each group was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to screen the optimum concentration of BMX-IN-1. (2) Cells were collected and divided into LPS control group and 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups according to the random number table, with 8 wells in each group. Cells in LPS control group were stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. Cells in the latter 5 groups were pretreated with optimum concentration of BMX-IN-1 for 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 h respectively and stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. The mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in each group was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR to screen the optimum time for BMX-IN-1 pre-treatment. (3) Cells were collected and divided into blank control group, BMX-IN-1 control group, LPS control group, and BMX-IN-1+ LPS group according to the random number table, with 16 wells in each group. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured for the optimum time plus 1 h. Cells in BMX-IN-1 control group were pretreated with BMX-IN-1 in the optimum concentration for the optimum time and then routinely cultured for 1 h. Cells in LPS control group were routinely cultured for the optimum time and then stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. Cells in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were pretreated with BMX-IN-1 in the optimum concentration for the optimum time and then stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, and the activity of BMX and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined by Western blotting, with 8 samples in each determination. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD test.@*Results@#(1) Compared with that in blank control group, the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells was significantly increased in the other 5 groups (with P values below 0.01). Compared with that in LPS control group, the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells was decreased in each BMX-IN-1 pretreatment group, but only the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in 75 000 nmol/L BMX-IN-1 pretreatment group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The optimum concentration of BMX-IN-1 was 75 000 nmol/L. (2) Compared with that in LPS control group, the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells was not significantly changed in 2 and 4 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups (with P values above 0.05) but significantly decreased in 8, 12, and 18 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in 12 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment group was the lowest. The optimum time for BMX-IN-1 pre-treatment was 12 h. (3) The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β of cells in BMX-IN-1 control group were 0.97±0.13 and 0.98±0.06, respectively, which were similar to 1.00 of blank control group (with P values above 0.05). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β of cells in LPS control group were 2.97±0.17 and 3.07±0.60, respectively, while those in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were 2.31±0.94 and 2.55±0.73, respectively, with the 4 values significantly higher than those in blank control group (with P values below 0.01). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β of cells in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were significantly lower than those in LPS control group (with P values below 0.05). The activity values of BMX and p38MAPK of cells in BMX-IN-1 control group were 0.95±0.19 and 0.98±0.18, respectively, which were close to 1.00±0.14 and 1.00±0.22 of blank control group (with P values above 0.05). The activity values of BMX and p38MAPK of cells in LPS control group were 1.98±0.33 and 2.05±0.34, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of blank control group (with P values below 0.01). The activity values of BMX and p38MAPK of cells in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were 1.00±0.17 and 1.67±0.27, respectively, which were obviously lower than those of LPS control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#BMX can increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β from mouse mononuclear-macrophages induced by LPS, which may be associated with the activation of the p38MAPK pathway by BMX.

Effects of hypertonic sodium saline resuscitation on the liver damage of rats at early stage of severe scald / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of hypertonic sodium saline (HSS) resuscitation on the liver damage of rats at early stage of severe scald.@*Methods@#Fifty-six SD rats were divided into sham injury group (SI, n=8), lactated Ringer′s solution group (LRS, n=24), and group HSS (n=24) according to the random number table. Rats in group SI were sham injured without resuscitation, while rats in the other two groups were reproduced deep partial-thickness to full-thickness scald model with 30% total body surface area on the back. Rats in group LRS were resuscitated with LRS, while rats in group HSS were resuscitated with 300 mmol/L sodium ion solution according to the Parkland formula. Blood of abdominal aorta and liver of 8 rats in group SI immediately post injury and in the other two groups at post injury hour (PIH) 2, 8, and 24 respectively were collected. Then liver water content was determined by dry-wet weight method. Serum content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Serum content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Pathologic changes of liver were observed by HE staining. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and SNK test.@*Results@#(1) At PIH 2, 8, and 24, liver water content of rats in group LRS was higher than that in group SI and group HSS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (2) At PIH 2, serum ALT content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 8 and 24, serum ALT content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and serum ALT content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2, 8, and 24, serum AST content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2 and 8, serum AST content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) At PIH 2 and 8, serum TNF-α content of rats in group LRS was (123±39) and (153±38) pg/mL respectively, higher than that in group SI [(60±18) pg/mL] and group HSS [(85±10) and (94±16) pg/mL respectively, with P values below 0.01]. At PIH 8, serum TNF-α content of rats in group HSS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.05). At PIH 24, serum TNF-α content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 2, 8, and 24, serum IL-1 content of rats in group LRS was (122±35), (141±30), and (122±31) pg/mL respectively, and that in group HSS was (80±12), (93±15), and (80±11) pg/mL respectively, all higher than that in group SI [(40±17) pg/mL, with P values below 0.01]; serum IL-1 content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2, serum HMGB1 content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 8 and 24, serum HMGB1 content of rats in group LRS was (0.386±0.146) and (0.590±0.188) ng/mL respectively, higher than that in group SI [(0.050±0.027) ng/mL] and group HSS [(0.143±0.038) and (0.309±0.095) ng/mL respectively, with P values below 0.01]. At PIH 24, serum HMGB1 content of rats in group HSS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.01). (4) At PIH 2, 8, and 24, liver MDA content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI and their liver SOD content was lower than that in group SI (with P values below 0.01); liver MDA content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS and their liver SOD content was higher than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). (5) Compared with those of rats in group SI, liver cells of rats in group LRS showed massive steatosis at each time point, and liver cell-edema appeared at PIH 8 and 24; while liver cells of rats in group HSS showed little steatosis only at PIH 8 and 24, and the liver cell-edema never appeared.@*Conclusions@#Compared with LRS, HSS resuscitation can alleviate liver injury of rats at the early stage of severe scald through relieving inflammatory mediators and reducing degree of oxidative stress, etc.

Application of damage control surgery in treatment of severe electric burn / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of damage control surgery (DCS) in the treatment of severe electric burn. Methods Retrospective analysis on clinical data of 45 patients with severe electric burn was con-ducted. According to implementing DCS or not , patients were separated into DCS group and control group. In DCS group, tangential excision and transplanted xenogenic acellular dermal matrix was conducted for severe electric burn cases with deep Ⅱ degree wound, and escharectomy and VSD dressing for Ⅲ~Ⅳ degree electric contact burn wound at the first stage then skin-grafting or skin flap-grafting on the secong stage was applied. For control group , debridement, tangential excision or escharectomy and skin-grafting or skin flap-grafting to close the wound were conducted. We compared the difference in terms of operation time, length of stay, disability rate, mortality and complications between 2 groups. Results The operation time, incidince of disability and complications in DCS Group obviously decreased but there was no difference in length of stay and mortality in both groups. Conclusion DCS is effective for reducing complications and optimizing therapeutic effect for severe electric burn patients.

Role of non-receptor tyrosine kinase Tec in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages induced by endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of non-receptor tyrosine kinase Tec in the production of TNF-α and IL-1β from macrophages induced by LPS and its related mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RAW264.7 mononuclear-macrophages cultured in 6-well plates were divided into 4 groups according to the random number table, with 24 wells in each group. Cells in blank group were routinely cultured (cultured with DMEM medium containing 10% FBS) for 2 hours. Cells in LFM-A13 group were pretreated with 75 µmol/L Tec specific inhibitor LFM-A13 for 1 hour and then routinely cultured for 1 hour. Cells in LPS group were routinely cultured for 1 hour and then treated with 0.1 µg/mL LPS for 1 hour. Cells in LPS+LFM-A13 group were pretreated with 75 µmol/L LFM-A13 for 1 hour and then treated with 0.1 µg/mL LPS for 1 hour. The content of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture supernatant of cells was determined with ELISA. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in cells were assayed with real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. The activity of intracellular Tec, p38 MAPK, and transforming growth factor activated kinase 1 (TAK1) was determined with Western blotting. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The content of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture supernatant of cells in LFM-A13 group was close to that in blank group (with P values above 0.05). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in the cells of LFM-A13 group were close to those of blank group (with P values above 0.05). The content of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture supernatant of cells in LPS group was respectively (1 213 ± 154) and (636 ± 90) pg/mL, which was higher than that in blank group [(330 ± 44) and (211 ± 31) pg/mL, with P values below 0.01]. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in the cells of LPS group were respectively 1.57 ± 0.22 and 1.44 ± 0.24, which were significantly higher than those of blank group (1.00 ± 0.18 and 1.00 ± 0.19, with P values below 0.01). The content of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture supernatant of cells in LPS+LFM-A13 group was respectively (787 ± 109) and (453 ± 64) pg/mL, which was significantly lower than that in LPS group (with P values below 0.05). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in the cells of LPS+LFM-A13 group were respectively 1.21 ± 0.15 and 1.21 ± 0.22, and they were significantly lower than those of LPS group (with P values below 0.05). The activity of intracellular Tec, TAK1, and p38 MAPK of cells in LPS+LFM-A13 group was close to that in blank group (with P values above 0.05). The activity of intracellular Tec, TAK1, and p38 MAPK of cells in LPS group was respectively 2.69 ± 0.41, 3.99 ± 0.65, and 2.07 ± 0.31, which was significantly higher than that in blank group (1.00 ± 0.17, 1.00 ± 0.16, and 1.00 ± 0.18, with P values below 0.01) and LPS+LFM-A13 group (1.02 ± 0.17, 1.18 ± 0.20, and 1.58 ± 0.28, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Tec promotes the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β from macrophages induced by LPS via TAK1-p38 MAPK signaling pathway.</p>

Analysis of projects received and funded in fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from National Natural Science Foundation of China during 2010-2013 / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To summarized the projects received and funded in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) during 2010-2013,put forward the thinking and perspective of this future trend in these fields.Methods The number of the funded project and total funding in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from NSFC during 2010-2013 had been statistical analyzed,in the meantime,the overview situation of various branches in basic research and further preliminary analysis the research frontier and hot issues have been analyzed.Results ① The number of funded project were 581 in H 15 of NSFC during 2010-2013,total funding reached to 277.13 million RMB,including 117 projects in H 1511 (emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery and other science issue),96 projects in H1507 (wound healing and scar),88 projects in H1502 (multi-organ failure),71 projects in H 1505 (burn),61 projects in H 1504 (trauma) ② The top 10 working unit for project funding in the field of Emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery present as Third Military Medical University (70),Shanghai Jiao tong University (69),Second Military Medical University (40),Chinese PLA General Hospital (36),Forth Military Medical University (35),Zhejiang University (22),Sun Yat-Sen University (18),Southern Medical University (14),China Medical University (11),Capital Medical University (11) respectively,the number of funded project positive correlated with funding.③ The funded research field in H15 covered almost all important organs and system injury or repair research,our scientists reached a fairly high level in some research field,for example,sepsis,trauma,repair,et al.Sepsis was funded 112 projects in H15 for 4 years,the growth rate became rapid and stable comparing to shock,burns and cardiopulmonary resuscitation funded projects' number.emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns research fields related to heart,lung,bone/cartilage/muscle,stomach/intestinal/liver,brain/spinal cord/peripheral nerve and other tissues/organs.The number of funded projects in plastic surgery related research fields in angioma and flap related projects were down below to 3 projects,but the number of funded project in wounds,scar repair related research field were more than other fields relatively.④ In frontier and research hot issue,the funded rate represent as 23.8％,21.4％,19.0％ and 23.9％ in stem cell related research fields in 4 years respectively.The funded rate average to 20.9％ in epigenetic related research fields for four years,the funded rate achieved to break through zero in autophagy related research fields,the total rate raised to 32.6％ from 2011 to 2013.Conclusions The funded number and funding were raised rapidly in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from NSFC.The application for each proposal should be focus on concise or upgrade the scientific issues to improve the quality.The depth or systematic in content and interdisciplinary research fields (e.g.immunology) should be paid attention to.Sepsis,trauma and burns will be the main stream direction in future in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery.The fields of wound healing and scar,surface organ defects,damage,repair and regeneration,surface tissue/organ transplantation and reconstruction,craniofacial deformities and correction are important develop directions in future work.

Prevention and Treatment of KSHV-associated Diseases with Antiviral Drugs / 中国病毒学·英文版

s Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was first identified as the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in 1994.KSHV infection is necessary,but not sufficient for the development of Kaposi sarcoma (KS),primary effusion lymphoma (PEL),and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD).Advances in the prevention and treatment of KSHV-associated Diseases have been achieved,even though current treatment options are ineffective,or toxic to many affected persons.The identification of new targets for potential future therapies and the randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of new antivirals are required.

Current Status of Targets and Assays for Anti-HIV Drug Screening / 中国病毒学·英文版

HIV/AIDS is one of the most serious public health challenges globally. Despite the great efforts that are being devoted to prevent, treat and to better understand the disease, it is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, there are 30 drugs or combinations of drugs approved by FDA. Because of the side-effects, price and drug resistance, it is essential to discover new targets, to develop new technology and to find new anti-HIV drugs. This review summarizes the major targets and assays currently used in anti-HIV drug screening.

Effects of puerarin on MDA and MPO in myocardial in earlier period of scalded rats / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To observe the effect of puerarin on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in myocardial in scalded rat.Methods Eighty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into the recovery group (group R,n=40),the treatment group (group T,n=40) and the control group (group C,n=8) . The rats in the recovery and the treatment groups were subjected to 30% TBSAⅢdegree scald.Myocardial tissue samples from the group R and group T were harvested at 1,3,6,12,24 postburn hours for the determination of MDA and MPO. The morphological change in the myocardial tissue was observed with transmission electronic microscope.Results (1)In group R,MDA、MPO went up 1 hours after burns,and all attaining the top at 12 hours post burn (P＜0.01).(2)In group T,the indexes above had the same trends as group R.But comparing with group R,MPO and MDA were much lower at 1,3,6,12 hours (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).(3)Comparing with group R,the altrastructural changes were obviously alleviated at 24 hours in group T.Conclusion The production of MDA,MPO in severely burned rats can be inhibited by puerarin,which was beneficial in the management of myocardial injuries after severe burns.