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Purpose: This work assesses the change in tear function after LASIK surgery. Methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted in the Refractive Clinic of a tertiary care rural hospital. Tear dysfunction symptoms and the tear function tests were assessed in 269 eyes of 134 patients, OSDI score was used to document the tear dysfunction symptoms. Tear function was assessed by tear meniscus height, tear film break?up time (TBUT), Lissamine green staining, corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer test 1 without anesthesia before and at 4–6 weeks and 10–12 weeks after LASIK surgery. Results: Preoperatively OSDI score was 8.54 ± 7.71. It increased to 15.11 ± 9.18 postoperatively at 4–6 weeks after LASIK surgery and 13 ± 9.56 at 10–12 weeks after LASIK surgery Mean TBUT preoperatively was 7.82 ± 3.57 sec which decreased to 5.34 ± 2.56 sec at 4–6 weeks and to 4.53 ± 2.63 sec at 10–12 weeks postoperatively. The number of eyes with clear secretion decreased from 40.5% preoperatively to 23.4% at 4–6 weeks and to 22.3% at 10–12 weeks postoperatively, whereas the granular and cloudy secretions increased significantly in eyes after LASIK surgery. The prevalence of eyes with Lissamine green score >3 (dry eye) increased from 17.1% preoperatively to 27.9% at 4–6 weeks and to 30.5% at 10–12 weeks. Similarly, the number of eyes showing positive fluorescein corneal staining increased from 5.6% preoperatively to 19% postoperatively at 4–6 weeks. Mean Schirmer score was 28.83 ± 6.39 mm preoperatively, 22.47 ± 5.38 mm at 4–6 weeks, and 21.27 ± 4.99 mm at 10–12 weeks after LASIK surgery. Conclusion: The prevalence of dry eye increased after LASIK as was assessed by an increase in the tear dysfunction symptoms using OSDI score and the deranged values of various tear function tests after LASIK surgery
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A sensitive and rapid single step real time (rt) RT-PCR was standardized using one-step Brilliant SYBR Green kit(R) for detection and semi-quantitation of peste des petitis ruminants virus (PPRV) using the virus RNA and matrix (M) protein gene-specific primers and compared with established conventional RT-PCR and TaqMan RT-PCR.The assay amplifies a 124 bp fragment of the PPRV M gene with Tm of 78.28 to 78.50.The assay was linear within a range of 50 ng to 0.5 fg total virus RNA with a detection limit (sensitivity) of 0.5 fg.Based on the serial dilution of the live-attenuated PPR vaccine virus,the detection limit was ～0.0001 cell culture infectious dose 50％ units (TCID50).Additionally,swab materials spiked with known titre of vaccine virus were equally well detected in the assay.The standardized rt RT-PCR was easily employed for the detection of PPRV nucleic acid directly in the field and experimental clinical samples.The assay detected the PPRV nucleic acid as early as 3 day post infection (dpi) and up to 20 dpi in swab materials from the experimental samples.The assay was rapid and more sensitive than TaqMan and conventional RT-PCR in the detection of PPRV nucleic acid from the PPR suspected clinical samples of sheep and goats.Therefore,the established,simplified SYBR green rt RT-PCR is an alternative test to the already existing various diagnostic assays and could be useful for rapid clinical diagnosis with advantage in reducing risk of contamination.
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In this study,thermo-adapted(Ta)PPR vaccines were assessed for their stability at 25,37,40,42 and 45℃ in lyophilized form using two extrinsic stabilizers(lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose(LS)and stabilizer E)and in reconstituted form with the diluents(1 mol/L MgS04 or 0.85% NaCl). The lyophilized vaccines showed an expiry period of 24-26 days at 25℃,7-8 days at 37℃ and 3-4 days at 40℃. LS stabilizer was superior at 42℃ with a shelf-life of 44 h,whereas in stabilizer E,a 40 h shelf-life with a comparable half-life was observed. At 45℃,the half-life in stabilizer E was better than LS and lasted for 1 day. Furthermore,the reconstituted vaccine maintained the titre for 48 h both at 4℃ and 25℃ and for 24-30 h at 37℃. As both the stabilizers performed equally well with regard to shelf-life and half-life,the present study suggests LS as stabilizer as a choice for lyophilization with 0.85% NaCI diluent,because it has better performance at higher temperature. These Ta vaccines can be used as alternatives to existing vaccines for the control of the disease in tropical countries as they are effective in avoiding vaccination failure due to the breakdown in cold-chain maintenance,as this vaccine is considerably more stable at ambient temperatures.