Nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering emulsion loaded with active components of Tongmai prescription: preparation, characterization and evaluation by Caco-2 cell model / 药学学报

It is of great significance to apply the nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering emulsion (NSSPE) to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds, and to study the effect of NSSPE on the oral absorption of various components with different solubility and permeability. In the study, NSSPE of Tongmai prescription was prepared by the high pressure homogenization method with nanocrystals of main active components (puerarin, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B and tanshinone IIA) of Tongmai prescription as solid particle stabilizers and a mixture of Ligusticum chuanxiong essential oil and Labrafil M 1944 CS as oil phase. The NSSPE had better physical stability than nanocrystals suspension and blank emulsion. The adsorption of nanocrystals on the surface of oil droplets was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The surface adsorption rates of puerarin, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B and tanshinone ⅡA in NSSPE were 15.40% ± 3.19%, 15.39% ± 5.07%, 10.97% ± 3.70% and 31.51% ± 1.60%, respectively. When solid active components were prepared into nanocrystals suspension, the cellular uptake and transport across Caco-2 cells were increased significantly for puerarin and tanshinone IIA. The uptake rates of ferulic acid, ligustilide and tanshinone IIA in NSSPE were further increased compared with the physical mixture of nanocrystals suspension and oil, and the transports of ligustilide and tanshinone IIA were also significantly improved. The main absorption mechanisms of NSSPE were passive diffusion and caveolin-mediated endocytosis, which were determined mainly by the microstructure of NSSPE. In conclusion, NSSPE could be applied to complicated TCM. The "micro" and "nano" synergistic microstructure with drug nanocrystals adsorbed on the surface of micron-sized oil droplets could not only improve the physical stability of NSSPE, but also promote the absorption of various components in NSSPE, which made NSSPE a promising oral drug delivery system for TCM.

Application of mixture analysis methods in association between metals mixture exposure and DNA oxidative damage / 中华预防医学杂志

Objectives: To study the association between metals mixture exposure and DNA oxidative damage using mixture analysis methods, and to explore the most significant exposure factors that cause DNA oxidative damage. Methods: Workers from steel enterprises were recruited in Shandong Province. Urinary metals were measured by using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. The level of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was determined by using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), elastic net regression and quantile g-computation regression were used to analyze the association between urinary metals and urinary 8-OHdG. Results: A total of 768 subjects aged (36.15±7.40) years old were included in the study. BKMR, elastic net regression and quantile g-computation all revealed an overall positive association between the mixture concentration and increased urinary 8-OHdG. The quantile g-computation results showed that with a 25% increase in metal mixtures, the urinary 8-OHdG level increased by 77.60%. The elastic net regression showed that with a 25% increase in exposure risk score, the urinary 8-OHdG level increased by 26%. The BKMR summarized the contribution of individual exposures to the response, and selenium, zinc, and nickel were significant contributors to the urinary 8-OHdG elevation. Conclusion: Exposure to mixed metals causes elevated levels of DNA oxidative damage, and selenium, zinc, and nickel are significant exposure factors.

Network Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicines in treatment of insomnia / 中国中药杂志

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of insomnia by frequency network Meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials of Chinese patent medicines for insomnia were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, EMbase and Cochrane Library databases from the time of database establishment to October 2020. The quality of the included RCTs was evaluated according to the Cochrane bias risk standard, and the data was analyzed by RevMan 5.3 and Stata/MP 15.1. A total of 11 kinds of Chinese patent medicines in 27 RCTs were included. According to Meta-analysis, in term of the effective rate, Tianmeng Liquid, Zaoren Anshen Capsules, Shumian Capsules, Shensong Yangxin Capsules, Shenqi Wuweizi Tablets, Shugan Jieyu Capsules, Anshen Bunao Liquid and Qiye Anshen Tablets combined with nonbenzodiazepine drugs(NBZDs) were superior to NBZDs alone. In term of the improvement of Pittsburg sleeping quality index(PSQI) score, Tianmeng Liquid, Shumian Capsules, Shensong Yangxin Capsules, Bailemian Capsules, Shenqi Wuweizi Tablets, Shugan Jieyu Capsules, Yangxue Qingnao Granules and Yindan Xinnaotong Capsules combined with NBZDs were superior to NBZDs alone. In terms of the safety, Shumian Capsules, Shensong Yangxin Capsules, Shenqi Wuweizi Tablets and Qiye Anshen Tablets combined with NBZDs were superior to NBZDs alone. In terms of the avoidance of dizziness and headache, Qiye Anshen Tablets combined with NBZDs were superior to NBZDs alone. The results of Network Meta-analysis indicated that in term of the effective rate, top three optimal medication regimens were NBZDs combined with Shugan Jieyu Capsules, combined with Zaoren Anshen Capsules and combined with Shensong Yangxin Capsules in the order from high to low. With the respect of improvement of PSQI score, top three optimal medication regimens were NBZDs combined with Yangxue Qingnao Granules, combined with Tianmeng Liquid and combined with Yindan Xinnaotong Capsules in the order from high to low. In terms of the safety, top three optimal medication regimens were NBZDs combined with Qiye Anshen Tablets, combined with Shensong Yangxin Capsules and combined with Shenqi Wuweizi Tablets in the order from high to low. In terms of the avoidance of dizziness and headache, top three optimal medication regimens were NBZDs combined with Qiye Anshen Tablets, combined with Zaoren Anshen Capsules and combined with Shumian Capsules in the order from high to low. In terms of the avoidance of fatigue, top three optimal medication regimens were NBZDs combined with Shensong Yangxin Capsules, combined with Shumian Capsules and combined with Qiye Anshen Tablets in the order from high to low. In conclusion, Chinese patent medicines combined with NBZDs can effectively alleviate the symptoms of insomnia with a high safety. However, the conclusion of this study needs to be verified by more high-quality studies because of the low methodological quality of the included studies.

Study on oral absorption mechanisms of puerarin in nanocrystals self-stabilized pickering emulsion / 中国中药杂志

Nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering emulsion(NSSPE) is a new kind of emulsion where only nanocrystals of poorly soluble drugs are used as stabilizers. Our previous study showed that NSSPE with Ligusticum chuanxiong oil as the main oil phase can significantly promote oral absorption of puerarin. The present study aimed to explore its absorption mechanism in oral administration. The in vitro dissolution test was carried out to study the effect of NSSPE on release of puerarin. The effects and mechanism of NSSPE on uptake and transport of puerarin across Caco-2 cell were investigated. The results showed that the drug release rate of NSSPE was similar to that of nanocrystals, with their cumulative dissolution of puerarin not affected by pH of releasing mediums, both significantly higher than that of crude material. The uptake of puerarin in NSSPE was concentration-dependent and significantly higher than that of solution or surfactant stabilized emulsion. Genistein and indomethacin, inhibitors of lipid rafts/caveolin, could significantly reduce the uptake of puerarin in NSSPE. Compared with solution, NSSPE and surfactants stabilized emulsion obviously increased transport rate K_a and apparent permeability coefficient P_(app) of puerarin in AP → BL direction, but there was no significant difference in BL → AP direction. It could be inferred that there were both passive and active transport mechanisms, as well as lipid raft/caveolin mediated endocytosis for absorption of NSSPE. The promoted oral absorption of puerarin in NSSPE was mainly related to the existing nanocrystal form which could promote dissolution, puerarin as well as Ligusticum chuanxiong oil which could promote drug transmembrane transport and inhibit drug efflux. It is the unique structure and composition of the compound NSSPE that promoted the oral absorption of puerarin.

Development and internal validation of China mortality prediction model in trauma based on ICD-10-CM lexicon: CMPMIT-ICD10 / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Models to predict mortality in trauma play an important role in outcome prediction and severity adjustment, which informs trauma quality assessment and research. Hospitals in China typically use the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) to describe injury. However, there is no suitable prediction model for China. This study attempts to develop a new mortality prediction model based on the ICD-10-CM lexicon and a Chinese database.@*METHODS@#This retrospective study extracted the data of all trauma patients admitted to the Beijing Red Cross Emergency Center, from January 2012 to July 2018 (n = 40,205). We used relevant predictive variables to establish a prediction model following logistic regression analysis. The performance of the model was assessed based on discrimination and calibration. The bootstrapping method was used for internal validation and adjustment of model performance.@*RESULTS@#Sex, age, new region-severity codes, comorbidities, traumatic shock, and coma were finally included in the new model as key predictors of mortality. Among them, coma and traumatic shock had the highest scores in the model. The discrimination and calibration of this model were significant, and the internal validation performance was good. The values of the area under the curve and Brier score for the new model were 0.9640 and 0.0177, respectively; after adjustment of the bootstrapping method, they were 0.9630 and 0.0178, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The new model (China Mortality Prediction Model in Trauma based on the ICD-10-CM lexicon) showed great discrimination and calibration, and performed well in internal validation; it should be further verified externally.

Research progress of Pickering emulsion drug delivery systems / 药学学报

Pickering emulsion is a new type of emulsion which is stabilized by the adsorption of solid particles on the interface of emulsion droplets. In recent years, its applications in pharmacy have attracted more and more attention because of its higher resistance to coalescence and better safety than traditional surfactant emulsions. The Pickering emulsion was first used for topical administration to reduce skin irritation of surfactants and promote transdermal absorption of drugs. Recently, new oral and injectable Pickering emulsions have also been reported, which can promote oral absorption of insoluble drugs, improve stability of drugs, control drug release, targeted-delivery drugs, and serve as the carrier for novel immunological adjuvants. All these studies show Pickering emulsion a promising drug delivery system. However, its development in pharmacy is still in its infancy. There are many factors influencing the preparation of Pickering emulsions. But there is no systematic analysis of these factors up to now. In this review, we gave an overview of Pickering emulsions from their application in pharmaceutical field, preparation and evaluation, focusing on the effects of solid particles, oil phase, preparation technology and interaction of various factors on the fabrication of Pickering emulsions. The challenges and future directions of this exciting and rapidly expanding research area were further commented on, in order to provide reference for the in-depth study of Pickering emulsion drug delivery systems.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of 147 cases of common connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the clinical and imaging features of common connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). Methods: We made a retrospective analysis of 147 cases of common CTD-ILD patients hospitalized in the Department of Rheumatology of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from June 2014 to December 2016. Their clinical data including general information, manifestations, blood gas analysis, pulmonary function test, lung high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were analyzed. Results: The average age of the 147 patients with common CTD-ILD was (56.2±12.3) years and the majority of the patients were women (72.1%). Skin lesions (51.7%) and fatigue (50.3%) were the most common clinical manifestations, which were higher than respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea (47.6%), expectotation (36.0%), and cough (32.0%). Nearly half (49.6%) of the patients had hypoxemia, and pulmonary function changes were mostly manifested as mixed ventilation dysfunction with diffuse dysfunction. Pulmonary imaging was characterized by ground-glass opacity (78.3%). The most common radiographic type was non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), accounting for 67.2%. During the follow-up period of 1-3.5 years, the mortality rate was 26.2%. PM/DM (66.7%) was higher than SSc (15.1%), RA (15.1%) and SS (3.0%). The main causes of death were infections (42.4%) and acute exacerbation of CTD-ILD (33.3%). Conclusion: The common CTD-ILD is predominant in women. The incidence of systemic symptoms such as skin changes and fatigue are higher than that of respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough and sputum. The mortality rate is high and the main causes are infections and acute exacerbation of CTD-ILD. Therefore, blood gas analysis, pulmonary function test and lung HRCT examination are helpful for diagnosis and treatment of CTD-ILD.

Effect of modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction on hemorrhagic transformation after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in patients with super early cerebral infarction / 中国中药杂志

To study the effect of modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction on the hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous thrombolysis of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator(rt-PA) in patients with super early(onset time<4. 5 h) cerebral infarction. From March 2016 to July 2018,at the brain disease zone of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,212 cases of super early cerebral infarction were selected and divided into two group according to the randomized complete blocks designs: control group(106 cases) and traditional Chinese medicine group(106 cases). The control group was treated with rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis,while the traditional Chinese medicine group was treated with modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction in addition to the therapy of the control group. Both groups were treated for 14 days. Neurological deficit score,serum matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9),neuron specific enolase(NSE),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and plasma cellular fibronectin(c-FN) levels,the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation,clinical efficacy and adverse drug reactions before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. According to the findings,at the 14 thday after treatment,the rank sum test of the grade data showed that the clinical efficacy of the traditional Chinese medicine group was better than that of the control group(Z =-2. 033,P = 0. 042); on the basis of χ2 test,the total efficiency of the traditional Chinese medicine group was higher than that of the control group(χ2= 4. 895,P =0. 027); the hemorrhagic transformation rate of the traditional Chinese medicine group was lower than that of the control group within14 days of treatment(χ2= 3. 962,P = 0. 047). MMP-9 levels in the traditional Chinese medicine group were lower than those in the control group at the 3 rd,5 th,7 th,10 th,14 thd after treatment(t =-2. 474,-3. 022,-5. 163,-6. 998,-9. 821; P = 0. 014,0. 003,0,0,0). The improvement of c-FN,NSE,VEGF and NIHSS scores in the traditional Chinese medicine group was superior to that of the control group after 14 days of treatment(t =-2. 343,-3. 187,-2. 129,-3. 105; P = 0. 020,0. 002,0. 034,0. 002). No obvious adverse reactions of modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction were observed during 14 days of treatment. Modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction could reduce the expressions of MMP-9,c-FN,NSE and VEGF after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in patients with super early cerebral infarction,and decrease the hemorrhagic transformation rate after thrombolysis,with high safety.

Establishment of orthotopic implantation model of human U87-MG brain glioma cell line in nude mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish human U87-MG glioma model in nude mice brain and to observe the characteristics of the tumor growth. Methods Human U87-MG glioma cells were cultured in vitro. 5 μL of cell suspension containing 3.0 ×1010·L-1, 4.0×1010·L-1and 5.0×1010·L-1respectively was inocula-ted into the right caudate nucleus of 18 male nude mice brain un-der the guidance of stereotaxic apparatus, separately, whereas another 6 nude mice as the control group, were inoculated into the same volume of Hanks solution. The moving and survival state of rats with gliomas were observed. The examinations of the tumors formation, volumes, metastasis and histopathology were performed and the obtained brain samples were stained with HE and immunohistochemistry. Results All the tested rats of dif-ferent inoculation doses developed brain tumors without extracra-nial metastasis. The mean survival time of three groups was (46.50 ± 3.27) d,(38.50 ± 3.28) d and (30.67 ± 3.51) d,respectively. The tumors showed the similar morphological fea-tures and immunophenotype to human glioma. There was positive expression of GFAP and S-100 in the tumors. Conclusions The orthotopic implantation model of human U87-MG glioma, by in-oculating quantitative U87-MG cells stereotaxically into the brains of the nude mice, is successfully established with 100 yield of intracranial tumor and no extracranial growth extension. It resembles the histopathological and morphological features of human glioma,which can be used as a reliable animal model for the study of the tumorigenesis, pathogenesis, biological charac-teristics and therapy of glioma.

Research on chemical compositions in different processed products of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the chemical compositions of "antler powder" and "antler slice", two types of processed products of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (CCP) documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. With polysaccharides, crude protein, amino acids, fatty acids, mineral elements, biogenic amines, nucleosides and nucleobases as the evaluating indicators, the antler powder and antler slice processed with methods documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia were compared in this study. The results showed that as compared with the antler powder by directly "chopping into pieces, and grinding into fine powder", the crude protein, amino acids, biogenic amines, nucleosides and nucleobases contents were reduced by 5.01%, 4.35%, 5.90%, 27.62% respectively in antler slices processed with 40% ethanol; the polysaccharides and nucleosides contents were reduced by 24.53% and 21.07% respectively in antler slices processed with 50% ethanol; and the crude protein and nucleosides contents were reduced by 1.65% and 20.52% in antler slices processed with 60% ethanol. While the contents of fatty acids and mineral elements were not decreased in these three methods. Polysaccharide, crude protein, amino acids, and nucleosides contents in "antler slices" were less than those in "antler powder", most notably in polysaccharides and nucleosides. According to the comprehensive scores of principal component analysis (PCA), the decrease of active ingredient determined in this study was lowest in antler slice processed with 50% ethanol.

Analysis of chondroitin sulfate content of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum with different processing methods and different parts / 中国中药杂志

The differences and the variations of chondroitin sulfate content in different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum(CCP) with different processing methods were investigated. The chondroitin sulfate from velvet was extracted by dilute alkali-concentrated salt method. Next， the chondroitin sulfate was digested by chondroitinase ABC.The contents of total chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A， B and C in the samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with freeze-drying processing is 14.13，11.99，1.74，0.32 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with boiling processing is 10.71，8.97，2.21，1.40 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. The content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP without blood is 12.47，9.47，2.64，0.07 g·kg⁻¹， respectively. And the content of chondroitin sulfate in wax，powder，gauze，bone slices of CCP with blood is 8.22，4.39，0.87，0.28 g·kg⁻¹ respectively. The results indicated that the chondroitin sulfate content in different processing methods was significantly different.The content of chondroitin sulfate in CCP with freeze-drying is higher than that in CCP with boiling processing.The content of chondroitin sulfate in CCP without blood is higher than that in CCP with blood. The chondroitin sulfate content in differerent paris of the velvet with the same processing methods was arranged from high to low as： wax slices， powder， gauze slices， bone slices.

An investigation on satisfaction of occupational health examination and diagnosis of occupational diseases in Zhejiang Province / 预防医学

Objective To investigate the employers' and employees' satisfaction of Zhejiang Province on occupation health examination and diagnosis of occupational diseases, and to guide and to standardize the occupation health examination and occupational disease diagnosis. Methods A random sample of 953 employers, 1791 workers with health examination and 135 workers with diagnosis of occupational diseases were selected in the survey, and the questionnaire about the Satisfuction on occupation health examination and occupation disease diagnosis were used in this survey. Results A total of 2879 questionnaires were sent out, in which 2841 valid questionnaires were returned, and the effective recovery rate was 98.68%. The recognition rates on comfortable environment, clear instructions process, workflow notification, and attention notification were all above 98%. The satisfaction rates for all items were above 86%, and the total satisfaction rate was 89.27% . The total satisfaction rates of workers with health examination, workers with diagnosis of occupational diseases and employers were 89.28%, 82.03%, and 90.22%, respectively. The recognition rates on clear instructions process and attention notification, and the satisfaction rates on service attitude, result information and overall satisfaction were significantly different between different types of respondents (P<0.05) . The results of pair wise comparison showed that the satisfaction rates of workers with diseases diagnosis on service attitude, results information and overall satisfaction were significantly lower than those of employers (P<0.05) . The overall satisfaction rate of workers with diagnosis of occupational diseases was lower than that of workers with health examination (P=0.011) . The recognition rates of workers with health examination on clear instructions process and attentions notification were lower than those of employers (P<0.016) . There was a significant difference in the overall satisfaction between respondents in different regions (P<0.01) . Conclusion The service of occupational health examination and occupational disease diagnosis services should be further improved. We should better learn the demands of employees and employers, improve service attitude, optimize service processes, shorten service time, and improve service quality and satisfaction.

Analysis on fatty acids of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum with different processing methods by gas chromatography / 中草药

Objective: To study the differences and the trends of fatty acids content in different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (CCP) with different processing methods. Methods: KOH-CH3OH esterification and n-hexane extraction were combined as the pretreatment method to obtain the fatty acid samples, and then the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: The fatty acids content in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP without blood were 16.00, 10.32, and 5.51 g/kg. The fatty acids contents in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP with blood were 14.81, 6.04, and 4.88 g/kg. The fatty acids contents in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP with boiling processing were 9.06, 6.20, and 4.23 g/kg. The fatty acids contents in wax slices, powder slices, and bee slices of CCP with freeze-drying were 9.46, 7.54, and 6.23 g/kg. Conclusion: The contents of fatty acids in CCP with different processing methods are different. The content of fatty acids in CCP without blood is higher than that in CCP with bloods, and the content of fatty acids in CCP with boilding processing is lower than that in CCP with freeze-drying. The trend of different parts of antlers with the same processing method shows decreasing one by one from wax slices to bee slices. The main saturated fatty acids in the antlers are palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0). The mono unsaturated fatty acids are mainly oleic acid (C18:1, cis-9). The content of γ-linolenic acid (C18:3, cis-9, 12, 15), twenty C two acid (C20:2, cis-11, 14), and four arachidonic acid (C20: 4, cis-5, 8, 11, 14) in polyunsaturated fatty acids are higher than others.

Effects of different processing methods on content of crude protein and hydrolytic amino acids in Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum / 中草药

Objective: To compare the contents of protein and amino acids in different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (CCP) with different processing methods, in order to provide a guidance for the processing and comprehensive utilization of CCP. Methods: The techniques of Dumas combustion and cation-exchange chromatography were respectively adopted to determinate the contents of crude protein and 17 amino acids in different parts of CCP with different processing methods, and the difference was compared. Results: The content of crude protein in powder slices of CCP with blood was higher than that of CCP with blood (P 0.05). The crude protein content in wax slices of CCP with freeze-drying processing was less than that with boiling processing (P 0.05). The content of crude protein and TAA in wax slices of CCP is both significantly higher than that in powder slices, bee slices (P 0.05). Conclusio:n The difference is existed in content of crude protein and amino acids in CCP with different processing methods. The wax silices of CCP are significantly higher than that of powder slices and bee slices. And the difference in powder slices and bee slices is not significantly. The distribution of crude protein and TAA in different parts of CCP with freeze-drying processing is more uniform than CCP with boiling processing.

Analysis on biometric measurements of Lenstar 900 in difference degrees of axial myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AlM: To measure ocular biometric values with the degree of axial myopia and determine the relationship between the differences using the Lenstar 900. METHODS:Totally 413 myopes (826 eyes) were enrolled in this study and were divided into 3 groups: low myopia (myopia 6. 00 diopters, 222 eyes ). Central corneal thickness ( CCT ) , aqueous depth ( AD ) , lens thickness (LT), axial length (AL) were measured by Lenstar 900. The parameters were tested using analysis of variance and the relations among SE, AL, LT were analyzed. RESULTS: There were significant difference both in AL (F=206.16, P CONCLUSlON: Along with the diopters increasing in myopia, the axial length and aqueous depth continue to increase. Spherical equivalent ( SE) shows a significantly positive correlation with AD. AL shows positive correlation with SE, AD and CCT and negative correlation with LT. LT shows a significantly negative correlation with AD.

Prehospital road traffic injuries among the elderly in Beijing, China: data from the Beijing Emergency Medical Center, 2004-2010 / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a worldwide issue associated with increasing development and motorization. However, statistical studies do not include any analyses of Beijing's geriatric population. Using data from the Beijing Emergency Medical Center, we present the main characteristics of traffic injuries involving the elderly in Beijing. We also provide objective information for those concerned with the safety of traffic systems and the prevention of traffic injuries.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In a longitudinal, retrospective study, data were collected on 1706 victims aged 65 years and older who sustained traffic injuries in Beijing between 2004 and 2010. Personal information, time of injury event, emergency care response time, road user type, striking vehicle type, injury site, and severity of injury were analyzed using χ(2) tests and Logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The annual rate of traffic injuries was 21.80 per 100 000 elderly people in Beijing, and the morbidity rate decreased from 2004 to 2010 (P < 0.001). The mean age was (72.92 ± 5.67) years, and 911 (53.40%) of the victims were male. The majority of victims sustained head and lower limb injuries and were classified as being of medium severity. Traffic collisions occurred most frequently in the daytime excluding rush hours; these collisions included being hit by a car (85.64%) and pedestrian victim injuries (79.19%). Our statistical analysis found three factors for injury severity: abdominal injuries (P < 0.001), number of injury sites (P = 0.027), and head injuries (P = 0.034). The decline in traffic injuries is due to a decrease in victims aged 65-74 years and pedestrians; the severity of RTIs also decreased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study highlights the declining trend in traffic injuries among older adults in Beijing. However, traffic injuries remain a serious public health problem for the elderly and effective measures are required to reduce their incidence.</p>

Comparative genomic analysis of gene variations of two Chinese Yersinia pestis isolates from vaccine strain EV76 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate genomic variations of two Chinese Yersinia pestis isolates that were isolated from different plague foci obtained from vaccine strain EV76 from the Yunnan province of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A microarray containing 12 000 probes covering the entire genome of seven Yersinia pestis and two Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains, was used. PCR assays were performed to confirm microarray results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The gene variations detected included the absence of five genes related to the synthesis of betaine in both EV76 and another sequenced attenuated strain, KIM D27. Several genes related to phage-related membrane proteins were found to be absent in the Antiqua biovar Yunnan strain, 485, which was isolated from a rodent plague foci.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings provide initial insight into the distinct strains isolated from natural foci, within their genomic context, including Yunnan Y. pestis strains. This information will be used therefore to establish subsequent comparisons of these sequences with published complete genomes of other strains.</p>

Experimental study on the repair of tibial plateau defect / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of autograft bone, allograft bone, calcium sulfate bone cement, and calcium phosphate bone cement on the repair of tibial plateau defect in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We used autograft bone, allograft bone, calcium sulfate bone cement, and calcium phosphate bone cement to repair tibial plateau defect in rabbits. Gross and histologic observations, X-ray examination, and biomechanical test were conducted at 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks after operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>X-ray examination found that the bone density was evidently reduced in calcium sulfate group at 8 weeks after operation; there were no marked changes in other groups. The maximal load measurements showed that autograft and allograft groups were greater than calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate groups at 1 and 2 weeks after operation. However at 4 and 8 weeks after operation, no significant difference was found among the four groups. In autograft and allograft groups, there was no significant difference in biomechanical intensity at 2, 4, and 8 weeks, but it was significantly higher than that at 1 week. In calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate groups, the outcome was ranked in descending order as 1 week less than 2 week less than 4 week equal to 8 week. Histologic examination found a great amount of new bones at 8 week in both autograft and allograft groups. In calcium sulfate group, calcium sulfate was almost absorbed and there were numerous bone trabeculations. There was a large amount of unabsorbed calcium phosphate in calcium phosphate group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>At 1-2 weeks postoperatively, the biomechanical intensity is higher in autograft and allograft groups than calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate groups, but after 4-8 weeks, there is no significant difference among groups. At 1-2 weeks, the biomechanical intensity in all groups is increased, but at 4-8 weeks, there is no significant increase. The rates of absorption and bone formation are quicker in calcium sulfate group than calcium phosphate group.</p>

Expression of cytokines of interleukin-6 family in gingival fibroblasts by Toll-like receptor-2 / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether signaling through Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) can affect the expression of some cytokines in human gingival fibroblasts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The gingival fibroblasts were isolated and cultured in vivo, divided into blank control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) group and Escherichia coli (Ec) group. mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein expression levels were detected by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS16.0 software package.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>LPS from Pg could stimulate the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) mRNA and protein, which reached the peak (5.87 ± 0.83) at 10 h, and the expression level increased with the increase of the Pg concentration. IL-11 or oncostatin-M (OSM) mRNA expression was not affected by LPS. After treated with Pg for 48 h, the protein expression of IL-6 and LIF was up-regulated, (962 ± 57) ng/L and (47 ± 18) ng/L respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Signaling through TLR-2 controls the expression of cytokines of IL-6 family in human gingival fibroblasts.</p>

Comparison of Yersinia pestis genomes from a new natural foci in China / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective Measurement and analysis of the complete genome sequences of Yersinia Pestis from a new plague natural foci and adjacent foci in China, to know the genetic relationship among the epidemic strain isolated in Yulong (D 106004) and Jianchuan strains (D 182038) and the Tibetan strain ( Z 176003 ). Methods Three complete genome sequences were sequenced using the whole-genome shotgun and Solexa method and comparative genomics analysis was done among the three sequences. Genome comparative analysis among the coding sequences was done by BLAST software, SNPs finding was done by the program, genome rearrangements were analyzed using MAUVE software. Results All of the genomes of Yersinia pestis strains D182038, D106004 and Z176003 consist of a single circular chromosome and three virulence plasmids, pMT1, pCD1 and pPCP1. They had similar characteristics in chromosome and plasmid features, and there were no significant difference in coming sequence (CDS) of the cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COG) functional classification and the number of insertion sequence in the three strains (x2 =3.03, 0.257, all P ＞ 0.05). The comparative genomics results showed that the three bacteria had 2882 genes with 100％ homology, of 3636 genes predicted in D106004, 2994 were identical with D182038's and 3113 with Z176003's, and of which 240 had 90％ homology with D182038's and 200 with Z176003 's. Synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms(sSNPs) were 59 and 68, and non-synonymous SNPs(nsSNPs) were 104 and 203 between strains D106004 and Z176003/D182038. There were 11 segments rearrangements between D106004 and Z176003, which was less than 16 segments rearrangements between D106004 and D182038. ConclusionsThe three strains are highly homologous, the Yulong strain has more similarity with Tibet strain than with Jianchuan strain, the strain from Yulong foci may be evolved from Tibet foci.