MiR-212 Attenuates MPP+-Induced Neuronal Damage by Targeting KLF4 in SH-SY5Y Cells

PURPOSE: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. MiR-212 has been demonstrated to exert protective effects in several neurological disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the role and underlying molecular mechanism of miR-212 in PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced SH-SY5Y cells were applied as a PD model in vitro. RTqPCR was used to measure the expression of miR-212 and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) mRNA. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein levels of KLF4, Notch1 and Jagged1. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Quantitative analysis of caspase-3 activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) was conducted with corresponding ELISA kits. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to evaluate the relationship between miR-212 and KLF4. RESULTS: MiR-212 was downregulated in MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Also, miR-212 alleviated MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage, embodied by increased cell viability, decreased caspase-3 activity, LDH release, ROS production, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression, as well as elevated SOD levels. KLF4 was a direct target of miR-212, and miR-212 repressed KLF4 expression in a post-transcriptional manner. Moreover, miR-212-mediated protection effects were abated following KLF4 expression restoration in MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells, represented as lowered cell viability and enhanced apoptotic rate. Furthermore, Notch signaling was involved in the regulation of miR-212/KLF4 axis in MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION: miR-212 might attenuate MPP+-induced neuronal damage by regulating KLF4/Notch signaling pathway in SH-SY5Y cells, a promising target for PD therapy.

Prediction of pelvic floor muscle function in stress urinary incontinence / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To explore the predictive effect of pelvic floor muscle function on stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods A total of 258 women in gynecological outpatients at Fuzhou General Hospital were evaluated the pelvic floor muscle function by intravaginal manometery,then all of outpatients were divided into urinary incontinence group and non-incontinence group, and compared pelvic floor muscle function and clinical characteristic to establish prediction model of SUI by classification tree and analyse the predictive role of pelvic floor muscle function for SUI. Results There were significant difference in body mass index [BMI;(22.8±2.9)vs(21.5±2.7)kg/m2, P<0.05], maximum newborn weight [ (3396 ± 424) vs (3284 ± 384) g, P<0.05] between urinary incontinence group (n=114) and non-incontinence group(n=144). However, there were no significant differences in age, parity and mode of delivery between two groups(all P>0.05). There were significant differences(all P<0.01)in maximum vaginal pressure [(21±7)vs(35±9)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)], average pressure [(13±7)vs(23±9) mmHg], fatigue [(-65±20)％ vs(-46±17)％] and collecting time [(1.0±0.6)vs(0.8±0.5)s] between two groups. Prediction model, which obtained by classification tree analysis with the affecting factors of SUI (including BMI, maximum vaginal pressure, fatigue and collecting time), suggested that the incidence of SUI was 88.6％(70 / 79), when maximum vaginal pressure ≤26.2 mmHg. While, when maximum vaginal pressure was greater than 28.2 mmHg, there was no occurrence of SUI(0/7). But it would increase, when BMI >22.6 kg/ m2. Conclusions The occurrence of SUI is related to the BMI and pelvic floor muscles function. It would increase the risk of SUI with vaginal maximum pressure(≤26.2 mmHg)and BMI(>22.6 kg/m2). While there is almost no SUI, while vaginal maximum pressure >28.2 mmHg. To select high-risk group of SUI and intervene early according to the prediction model, which may be make sense of reducing incidence of SUI.

Evaluation of transperineal sonography for lower urinary tract symptoms after pelvic floor reconstruction / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To evaluate transperineal sonography for lower urinary tract symptoms after pelvic floor reconstruction. Methods Eighty-three patients with severe pelvic organ prolapse received surgeries in Fuzhou General Hospital from September 2014 to September 2015, dividing into two groups:27 patients were selected to receive transvaginal mesh (TVM) pelvic floor reconstruction surgery with tension-free vaginal tape-Abbrevo (TVT-Abbrevo) incontinence surgery, named TVM+TVT-Abbrevo group;56 patients were selected to receive TVM pelvic floor reconstruction surgery only, named TVM group. The ultrasonic parameters at rest, on contraction and Valsalva condition respectively were observed and measured, including the bladder neck descent (BND), urethral rotation angle, retrovesical angle, levator urethra gap (LUG), the existence of bladder neck funneling, position of the tape, by using 2D and 3D transperineal ultrasound. Results The two groups were compared with the ultrasonic parameters before and after operation: two groups of patients with postoperative BND [(2.3 ± 0.5) versus (3.1 ± 0.7) cm, (1.6 ± 0.4) versus (3.6±0.4) cm] were significantly reduced, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.02, P<0.01). The two groups of LUG before and after operation [(3.62 ± 0.45) versus (3.26 ± 0.92) cm, (2.96 ± 0.47) versus (2.72 ± 0.38) cm] both had significant difference by maximum Valsalva (P<0.01, P=0.04). There was statistical significance difference of urethral rotation angle in TVM+TVT-Abbrevo group by maximum Valsalva (P=0.01). Observation of morphology:(1) 2 patients with difficulty in urination in TVM+TVT-Abbrevo group, ultrasound showed when the position of the bladder down the urethra discount;4 patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), ultrasound showed slings off or release. (2) One patient with difficulty in urination in TVM group, but ultrasound showed lower urinary tract anatomy were normal; 5 patients with SUI, ultrasound showed the position of the bladder neck were significantly lower in 3 patients, showing high mobility, and the other 2 patients had a larger urethral diameter, showing a tendency of natural deletion. Conclusions Anatomy of lower urinary tract could be clearly showed by transperineal sonography. This could provide imaging support for the diagnosis of lower urinary tract symptoms after pelvic floor reconstruction.

Evaluation of transperineal sonography for lower urinary tract symptoms after pelvic floor reconstruction / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To evaluate transperineal sonography for lower urinary tract symptoms after pelvic floor reconstruction. Methods Eighty-three patients with severe pelvic organ prolapse received surgeries in Fuzhou General Hospital from September 2014 to September 2015, dividing into two groups:27 patients were selected to receive transvaginal mesh (TVM) pelvic floor reconstruction surgery with tension-free vaginal tape-Abbrevo (TVT-Abbrevo) incontinence surgery, named TVM+TVT-Abbrevo group;56 patients were selected to receive TVM pelvic floor reconstruction surgery only, named TVM group. The ultrasonic parameters at rest, on contraction and Valsalva condition respectively were observed and measured, including the bladder neck descent (BND), urethral rotation angle, retrovesical angle, levator urethra gap (LUG), the existence of bladder neck funneling, position of the tape, by using 2D and 3D transperineal ultrasound. Results The two groups were compared with the ultrasonic parameters before and after operation: two groups of patients with postoperative BND [(2.3 ± 0.5) versus (3.1 ± 0.7) cm, (1.6 ± 0.4) versus (3.6±0.4) cm] were significantly reduced, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.02, P<0.01). The two groups of LUG before and after operation [(3.62 ± 0.45) versus (3.26 ± 0.92) cm, (2.96 ± 0.47) versus (2.72 ± 0.38) cm] both had significant difference by maximum Valsalva (P<0.01, P=0.04). There was statistical significance difference of urethral rotation angle in TVM+TVT-Abbrevo group by maximum Valsalva (P=0.01). Observation of morphology:(1) 2 patients with difficulty in urination in TVM+TVT-Abbrevo group, ultrasound showed when the position of the bladder down the urethra discount;4 patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), ultrasound showed slings off or release. (2) One patient with difficulty in urination in TVM group, but ultrasound showed lower urinary tract anatomy were normal; 5 patients with SUI, ultrasound showed the position of the bladder neck were significantly lower in 3 patients, showing high mobility, and the other 2 patients had a larger urethral diameter, showing a tendency of natural deletion. Conclusions Anatomy of lower urinary tract could be clearly showed by transperineal sonography. This could provide imaging support for the diagnosis of lower urinary tract symptoms after pelvic floor reconstruction.

Re-treatments of recurrence after pelvic floor repair surgery / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To analyze re-treatments of recurrence after the pelvic floor repair surgery.Methods The protocol and the effect of re-treatments were investigated by reviewing and analyzing the clinical data of 81 recurrent patients (grade Ⅱ and above),who had received the pelvic floor repair surgery from January 2011 to January 2016.Pelvic organ prolapse quantitation system (POP-Q) and two questionnaires about quality of life [pelvic floor distress inventory-short form 20 (PFDI-20) and pelvic floor impact questionnaire short form (PFIQ-7)] were used to evaluate objective and subjective efficacy,respectively.Results Among 81 recurrent patients who were followed up for a median of 35 months (10-69 months),78 cases (with prolapse up to grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ) were treated by surgical operation with both objective cure rate and subjective satisfaction being 100％ (78/78);3 cases (with grade Ⅱ prolapse) were treated by pelvic floor electrical stimulation biofeedback,and 1 case among the three cases had the vaginal foreign body sensation,the subjective satisfaction was 2/3.The methods of surgical operation for the 78 recurrent patients included:total pelvic floor reconstructive surgery (55 cases;3 of which involve trachelectomy),anterior pelvic reconstructive surgery (2 cases),posterior pelvic reconstructive surgery (3 cases),Y-mesh sacral colpopexy (2 cases),colpocleisis (11 cases),vaginal hysterectomy combined posterior fornix forming (3 cases),and vaginal hysterectomy combined posterior pelvic reconstructive surgery (2 cases).Conclusion The extent of recurrence,the recurrent site and complications must be carefully considered and evaluated for re-treatments of recurrence after pelvic floor repair surgery,and then an appropriately individualized re-treatment protocol could be designed for each of the patients.

Value of pudendal nerve stimulation for predicting the stress urinary incontinence following pelvic prolapse surgery / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To seek the predictive value of pudendal nerve function that need preventive anti-incontinence surgery at the same time following pelvic prolapse surgery in severe pelvic organ prolapse (POP) patients. Methods Seventy women completed this study from January 2014 to June 2015 in Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, dividing into four groups: POP with or without coexisting occult stress urinary incontinence (OSUI) in preoperation, women with persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in postoperation, women without SUI in postoperation. The pudendal nerve function in preoperation was measured by using Solar Urodynamic Neuro Module, including pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML), and amplitude. Results There were statistical significance on bilateral PNTML between POP coexisting OSUI group and only severe POP group [(2.62±0.23) versus (2.40±0.26) ms in right of PNTML, (2.55 ± 0.21) versus (2.37 ± 0.30) ms in left of PNTML; all P0.05). Compared de novo SUI group with POP group in postoperation, de novo SUI group′s right of PNTML was significantly increased [(2.74 ± 0.16) versus (2.47 ± 0.26) ms; P<0.05]; and the right of PNTML was extending 2.5 standard deviation at least compared with the health′s [(2.10±0.20) ms]. Conclusions The PNTML of pudendal nerve of POP coexisting OSUI is severe than only severe POP, the velocity of nerve conduction is slowing, and PNTML extension has a predictive value for postoperative urinary incontinence. When the right of PNTML of preoperative POP increased by at least 2.5 standard deviations than health′s, the risk of SUI postoperative strongly increased, and a anti-incontinence surgery at the same time following pelvic prolapse surgery should be adviced.

Modified Prolift procedure without trachelectomy or hysterectomy for the treatment of advanced pelvic organ prolapse complicated with cervical elongation / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect and safety of a modified Prolift procedure, without preceding partial trachelectomy or hysterectomy for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) with coexistent cervical elongation. Methods Clinical data of 72 patients that underwent a modified Prolift procedure for POP with coexistent cervical elongation, between December 2008 and June 2012 in Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command was retrospectively analysed. A comparison was carried out between preoperative and postoperative parameters of pelvic organ prolapse quantitation system (POP-Q), and an objective evaluation was made according to the overall cure rate and recurrence rate. Pelvic floor distress inventory-short form 20 (PFDI-20) was used to investigate the subjective cure rate and improvement of symptoms. Results Patients were followed up at median 52 months (36-78 months). One bladder perforation and one rectum perforation occurred during the procedure. Four patients (6%, 4/72) had uterine prolapse at 9-19 months after the opertaion and had transvaginal hysterectomy laterly. The overall anatomical correction rate was 94%(68/72). Six patients (8%, 6/72) had mesh exposures at 3-9 months after the opertaion. Scores of PFDI-20 decreased sifnificantly after the procedure (118.2±25.2 vs 12.1±8.0 vs 12.5±9.5 vs 13.0±9.9, P<0.05). The patients′ satisfaction rate was 92% (66/72). Conclusion This modified Prolift procedure, without preceding partial trachelectomy or hysterectomy, could effectively and safely correct POP with coexistent cervical elongation.

Method and significance of ultrasonographic assessment of the uterine weight before pelvic floor reconstruction / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the accuracy of ultrasonographic assessment of the total uterine weight and the feasibility of using this method in the pelvic floor reconstruction.Methods Firstly,81 cases with hysterectomy due to benign uterine diseases or uterine prolapse were studied.The preoperative dimensions and gravities of corpus uteri and cervix were calculated by formulas,and were then compared with the postoperative measurements.Subsequently,46 cases with pelvic floor reconstruction and preserved the uterus were subjected to retrospectively analysis of uterine measurement parameters.Results There were no statistically differences between the preoperative and postoperative diameters of corpus uteri and cervix (P ＞ 0.05),and no statistically differences between the weight of corpus uteri and cervix estimated by the formulas [(87±55),(32±6) g] and the true weight [(88±57),(33±6) g; P＞0.05].In 46 cases that underwent the pelvic floor reconstruction by transvaginal mesh repair and preserved the uterus,42 cases were successful treated and the average weight of total uterus was (49 ± 13) g (95％CI:39.90-49.88 g) ; the 4 relapsed cases were treated with hysterectomy and the weight of total uterus were 85.24,82.69,92.67 and 120.06 g which were consistent with the weights estimated by the formulas (87.36,82.00,90.88,123.12 g ; all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The uterine weight might be a significant factor for uterus preservation in pelvic floor reconstruction,while ultrasonographic assessment can accurately estimate the uterine weight preoperatively.All these raised the feasibility of assessing uterine weight preoperatively in pelvic floor reconstruction.

Study on risk factors with the occurrence of the mesh exposure after pelvic floor reconstruction / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To study risk factors with the occurrence of the mesh exposure after pelvic floor reconstruction.Methods From Mar.2007 to Mar.2011,a retrospective study was made on the clinical data of 353 patients undergoing vaginal mesh pelvic floor reconstruction.The related complications of the mesh were surveyed,and risk factors associated with the mesh's exposure were studied by single factor and multiple factors logistic regression.Results It was found that the exposure rate was 9.6％ (34/353) after 1 year postoperative follow-up.Single factor analysis showed that patients who were not less than 70 years old,patients who were on their menopause stage,the occurrence of not less than three parturition,history of pelvic surgery,diabetes and smoking had a significant correlation (all P ＜ 0.05) with the occurrence of the mesh exposure after pelvic floor reconstruction.Multiple factors logistic regression analysis showed that patients who were not less than 70 years of age (OR =2.389),the occurrence of not less than three parturition (OR =2.688),the history of diabetes (OR =3.545),the history of pelvic surgery (OR =5.385) were the independent risk factors,and the operation experience was the protection factors (OR =0.134).Conclusions Mesh exposure is a common complication after pelvic floor reconstruction.Old age,multiple delivery,history of diabetes and history of pelvic surgery are the risk factors of mesh exposure.Preoperative full assessment and the quality of training contribute to reduce the incidence.

Effect of ovariectomy combined bondage stress on depression-like behavior and the hippocampal dentate gyrus progenitors in mice / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore whether synergistic action occurs in development of depression-like behaviors using ovariectomy combined bondage stress,and whether hippocampal neural progenitor state is changed following depression-like behaviors in mice.Methods Forty female C57B/L mice were divided into four groups randomly,which included ovariectomy,bondage stress,ovariectomy combined bondage stress and sham groups.Depression-like behaviors were evaluated by open field test,sucrose preference and forced swimming test after animals had been treated for 21 days.All animals were fixed by 4％ PA perfusion through left ventricle,then brain was removed,and coronal serials sections were made.Expression of Ki67 and DCX was tested by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence in subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus (SGZ).Results Body weight((18.70± 0.25) g vs (20.96±0.24)g),novelty-seeking behavior and sucrose preference decreased in ovariectomy combined bondage stress-group compared with those in sham group (P＜0.05),but forced swimming time increased in shame group((165.6±9.6)s vs (140.28±12.3) s).Likewisely,Ki67-positive cells((8.6±2.4)/section) and DCX-positive cells((4.2±1.4)/section) in SGZ decreased in ovariectomy combined bondage stress-group compared with those in sham group(Ki67:(16.7±2.5/section),DCX:(12.6±2.3/section) (P＜0.05).Unsimilarly,depressionlike behaviors had little change in ovariectomy-or bondage stress-groups compared with those in sham-group.Conclusion Ovariectomy combined bondage stress has synergistic action in development of depression,and inhibits the active state of progenitor in SGZ in mice.

Incidence and risk factors of voiding dysfunction after mid-urethral sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To analyze the risk factors of voiding dysfunction after mid-urethral sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence.Methods Clinical data of 573 consecutive patients undergoing midurethral sling surgery from January 2003 to December 2010 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.All relative risk factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Logistic analysis to identify risk factors of voiding dysfunction.Results Voiding dysfunction occurred in 28 patients,with an incidence of 4.9％ (28/573).Univariate analysis showed that age,previous pelvic surgery,pre-operative postvoid residuals,maximum flow rate,average urine flow rate,Valsalva leak point pressure,concomitant anterior pelvic repair and operator performing＜50 procedures were the relative risk factors (P＜0.05) for voiding dysfunction.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the maximum flow rate (Qmax) ≤ 15 ml/s (OR=3.782,P=0.003) was an independent risk factor for voiding dysfunction and surgery experience was its protection factors (OR=0.295,P=0.016).Conclusions Qmax ≤ 15 ml/s on preoperative urodynamic study is an independent risk factor for voiding dysfunction after mid-urethral sling procedure.Improving skill of surgery and strengthening technical training will help to reduce the incidence of this complication.

Fetal congenital deformity resulting from ambient inhalable particulate matters: a case-control study / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between maternal exposure to airborne inhalable particulate matters (PM10) in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of fetal congenital deformity.Methods Relationship between exposure to airborne PM10 during the 1st,2nd,3rd and 1-3 months of gestation and the risk of fetal anomalies in 203 pregnant women with deformed fetuses,which paralleled to normal pregnant women with discrepancy of conception date ＜30 days (control),were retrospectively analyzed by a case-control study from May 14,2007 to April 30,2012 in Fujian Medical University and Fuzhou General Hospital.Multivariate Logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders including maternal age,gravidity and parity was performed for data analysis.Results According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,178 pregnant women with deformed fetuses and 356 controlled cases were enrolled.The average levels of PM10 exposed in pregnant women Withfetal cardiovascular anomalies during 1-3 months of gestation were significantly higher than in the controls [(73.80±11.55) μg/m3 vs (70.49±10.83) μg/m3] (t=2.066,P=0.040),but PM10 exposure in the 1st,2nd and the 3rd month of pregnancy were comparable between the observed and control groups [(74.00±17.34) μg/m3 vs (71.70±15.39) μg/m3,t=0.992,P=0.322;(75.15±16.80) μg/m3 vs (71.38±15.66) μg/m3,t=1.625,P=0.106; (70.28±15.84) μg/m3 vs (69.41± 15.84) μg/m3,t=0.383,P=0.702].There were no significant differences of PM10 exposure levels when compared between facial-cervical anomalies,neurologic anomalies and total anomalies and their corresponding controls (P＞0.05).Each increased quartile of the PM10 exposure levels was associated with an elevated risk of fetal cardiovascular anomalies by 1.218 folds (OR =2.218,95 ％ CI:1.232-3.994,P=0.008).Paired multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed,a positive correlation between PM10 levels at 1-3 months of gestation and fetal cardiovascular anomalies (OR =1.106,95％CI:1.035-1.183,P =0.003).Conclusions Maternal exposure to PM10 in the first trimester of pregnancy possibly exerts negative effects on fetal cardiovascular anomalies.

Inside-out versus transobturator-tape in the surgical management of female stress urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and complications / 中华全科医师杂志

To assess the effectiveness and safety ofinside-out (TVT-O) vs. outside-in transobturator-tape procedures (TOT) in the surgical management of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI).A total of 8 randomized controlled trials were retrieved from the literature and analyzed by metaanalysis with RevMan 5.0 software.Meta-analysis showed that no statistical differences existed in objective cure rate,objective failure,postoperative voiding dysfunction,groin/thigh pain and sling exposure in both procedures (P ＞ 0.05).These preliminary results suggest there is no evidence of significant differences in the efficacy and safety between TVT-O and TOT.

Study on modified Prolift for pelvic floor reconstruction in the prevention of stress urinary incontinence / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of modified Prolift pelvic floor reconstruction with improving the placement of Prolift-A in treatment of severe pelvic floor dysfunction and stress urinary incontinence (SUI).Methods From July 2008 to September 2010,170 cases with severe pelvic organ prolapse(POP) treated by modified Prolift pelvic floor reconstruction surgery in Fuzhou General Hospital were enrolled in this study.The Prolift-A was laid tension-free under the mid-urethra with the position of Prolift-A displaced from the neck of bladder to the mid-urethra.No concomitant tension-free urethra suspender via vagina was performed.Primary outcomes were assessed with POP quantitation ( POPQ) system to evaluate the postoperative anatomical replacement stage.Secondary outcome measure were:urogenital distress inventory 6 ( UDI-6),the incontinence impact questionnaire 7 ( IIQ-7 ) and the pelvic floor incontinence questionnaire 7 (PFIQ-7) to evaluate the impact on life quality at the follow-up of 1,6,12 months.Results At 6 and 12 months after surgery,168 cases and 163 cases were followed up.The anatomical cure rates were 98.8％ (166/168) at 6 months and 97.5％ (159/163) at 12 months,respectively.One case with bladder injury and 1 case with rectum injury were observed.Five cases with recurrence were observed,including 2 cases with anterior vagina prolapse,2 cases with uterine prolapse and 1 case with posterior vagina prolapse.Meanwhile,3 cases with hematoma and 7 cases with mesh erosion were observed.Quality of life of all patients were improved significantly by UDI-6,IIQ-7 and PFIQ-7 scoring system evaluation.Among 79 POP patients with SUI,the cure rate of SUI was 93.7％ (74/79).Of 5 cases with symptomatic SUI,2 cases were needed surgical intervention.Twenty-three cases were found with minimal SUI symptoms and subjective satisfaction without objective influence on quality of life.Seven patients presented dysuria after surgery,5 cases recovered urination with 10 days,1 case recovered with 1 months,and 1 case with 6 months by bladder drainage.Eleven cases with discomfort urination and 3 cases with slow urination were found.Conclusions The modified Prolift pelvic reconstructive surgery was safe and efficacy intervention in treatment of POP and prevention of SUI.

Compound radix angelicae sinensis injection improves oocyte and segmentation sphere injury resulted from subacute exposure to heavy diesel exhaust particles in female mice / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of compound radix angelicae sinensis injection on oocyte and segmentation sphere injured by subacute exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in female mice. Methods Two hundred and ten 21-day-old ICR female mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: the control group (group A), DEP group (group B), DEP+low-dose group (group C),DEP±middle-dose group (group D) and DEP+high-dose group (group E). There were 42 mice in each group. The mice were inoculated with 30 μ1 DEP suspension at 12.0 μg/μl (group B-E) or the same volume of vehicle (PBS, group A) on pharynx posterior wall by sample pipettor beginning at day 21 and repeated every 3 days for 4 times. The mice were sacrificed three days after the last exposure.Compound radix angelicae sinensis injection containing 75 (group C), 150 (group D) and 300 (group E)grams of crude drug, respectively, which was intraperitoneally administered for each mouse daily from the day of the first DEP inoculation till the day before sacrifice, consecutively for 12 days. The general conditions were observed, and the body weight and ovary/body weight ratio were tested. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in ovarian tissues were assayed. Rates of survival, germinal vesicle breakdown, extrusion of the first polar body and in-vitro fertilization, and quantity of mitochondrial DNA for oocytes were investigated.Ultrastructural changes of oocytes were observed. Results ( 1 ) No significant difference of the body weight was found among all the groups (P＞0. 05). The ovary weight, ovary/body weight ratio, ovary SOD and GSH content were significantly decreased in groups B [( 1.5 ± 0. 6) mg, ( 7.2 ± 2. 5) × 10-5 ,(192. 10±23.67) nU/mg prot and (262.40 ± 31.60) nmol/mg prot], and C [( 1.7 ± 0. 2) mg,(8.9±0.6)× 10-5, (198.92±24.27) nU/mg prot and (271.66±14.58) nmol/mg prot] and D [(2. 1±0. 2) mg, (9. 8±1. 1)×10-5, (214. 37±27. 19) nU/mg prot and (285. 93±9. 55) nmol/mg prot] as comparing to groupA [(3. 3±1. 5) mg, (15.4±7.3)×10-5, (292. 30 ± 40. 03) nU/mg prot and (367.98±24.59) nmol/mg prot (P＜ 0. 05 or P＜0.01); and significantly increased in group E [(3. 7±1.1) mg, (18. 7±5. 4)× 10-5, (279. 10±12. 63) nU/mg prot ]and (353. 59±10. 61) nmol/mg prot]comparing to group B (P＜0. 01). MDA content was signi-ficantly increased for groups B, C and D [(3. 88±0.35) nmol/mg prot, (3. 62 ± 0. 19) nmol/mg prot and (2. 63 ± 0. 34) nmol/mg prot] comparing to group A [(2. 18±0. 44) nmol/mg prot](P＜0. 05 or ＜0. 01, respectively); and significantly decreased for group D and E (2. 35±0. 37 nmol/mg prot) comparing to group B (P＜0. 01). (2) In all observed time points, oocyte survival rate in group B and C, extrusion rate of the first polar body and in-vitro fertilization rate in group B, C and D were significantly lower than in group A (P ＜ 0. 05 or ＜0. 01), and all those in group E were significantly higher than in group B (P＜0. 05). Rates of germinal vesicle breakdown were 100% in all five groups. (3) Logarithmic values of mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in group C, D and E were significantly lower than in group A; whereas significantly higher in group C and D than in group B (P＜0.01). (4) Normal appearance for oocytes in group A was seen. In groups B and C, a number of cytoplasmic organelles were dramatically degenerated in part of the oocytes and some necrotic oocytes were seen. Large body of mitochondria in the oocytes swelled and vacuolized in group D, while such changes dincished to a lesser extent and scope in group E. Conclusions Compound radix angelicae sinensis injection exerts a favorable curative and protective effect on oocyte and segmentation sphere injured by subacute DEP exposure in female mice.

Effect of airborne particulate matter exposure on pregnancy and fetal development in female mice / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate subacute exposure of airborne particulate matter (PM) on pregnancy and fetal development in female mice. Methods Forty female and forty male ICR adult mice group (A), small (B) , middle (C) , large (D) or overdose (E) PM challenge groups (n = 8 - 11), and were administered with 30 μl of phosphate buffered solution (A) or resuspended standard PM SRM 1649a at 0.09 (B), 0.52 (C), 1.85 (D) or 69.2 (E) μg/μl, once per trid from d 0 till d 19 of pregnancy via instillation onto the base of the tongue. Fetal mice were harvested by cesarean section at the time when spontaneous delivery occurred. Body weight of the pregnant mice, gestational days, intrauterine survival and growth, hepatic and pneumonic histopathological changes of the fetal mice were investigated. Lung/body and liver/body weight ratios were calculated. Expressions of mRNA and protein of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung and CYP1 A2 in the fetal liver were assayed. Results (1) All of the pregnant mice survived pregnancy throughout the entire experiment. Body weight of the pregnant mice was not significantly different among all the groups at gestational d 1 and 7 (P ＞ 0.05), but significantly lower in group E [(41.8 ± 5.8) and (48.9 ± 8.9) g] than in group A [(45.9 ± 1.8) and (56.2 ± 4.9) g] at gestational d 14 and 18 (P ＜0.05). The gestational days were significantly decreased in group E [(19.3 ± 1.3) d] when compared with group A [(20.5 ± 0.7) d; P ＜ 0.05] and were not significantly different among groups A, B, C and D (P ＞ 0.05). Lung/body and liver/body weight ratios of the fetal mice were significantly increased in group E [(1.21 ±0.18) and (4.68 ±0.21)%] as compared with groups A, B, C and D (P＜0.05). (2)Mortality rates of the fetuses were significantly higher in group E (23.0%) than in groups A (0.8%), B (0.9%), C (1.7%) and D (3.7%) (P ＜ 0.05), but were not significantly different among groups A,B, C and D (P ＞ 0.05) despite of an increasing tendency. (3) Pathological changes in the liver and lung of the fetuses were conspicuous in group E. The fetal liver injury was histopathologically evidenced by deranged tissue structure, degenerated parenchyma of hepatic cells, and mildly stained cytoplasm. Adipose degeneration was represented by clear-boundary intracytoplasmic vacuoles in most of the liver cells, and cell pyknosis with heavily stained cytoplasm was observed in some of the liver cells. Inflammatory cell infiltration and focal necrosis were occasionally found in the hepatic tissue. The fetal lung exhibited bronchiole with narrow lumina, vascular engorgement in the submucosal layer, interstitial and alveolar edema, thickened alveolar septum, granulocyte and lymphocyte infiltrations within the pulmonary alveoli and around the bronchioles. The above pathological changes were lesser in groups C and D, and were not or least found in groups A and B. (4) Protein expressions of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung and CYP1A2 in the fetal liver were significantly increased in group E (1.20 ± 0.40 and 2.55 ± 0.89) when compared with group A (0.77 ±0.36 and 2.08 ±0.31) (P ＜ 0.05). mRNA expressions of CYP1A1 in the fetal lung were significantly increased in groups C (0.36 ±0.12), D (0.41 ±0.08) and E (0.43 ±0.11) compared with group A (0.21 ±0.10), and significantly increased in groups D and E compared with group B (0.28 ±0.10,P＜0.05). mRNA expressions of CYP1 A2 in the fetal liver were significantly increased in groups C (0.37 ±0.13), D (0.36 ±0.14) and E (0.43 ±0.16) compared with group A (0.21 ±0.03), and significantly increased in group E compared with group B (0.24± 0.11, P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions PM elicited embryotoxigenicity and resulted in adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice by intrauterine exposure of overdose PM. The expressions of cancer-related genes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 were up-regulated in organs after the middle- and large-dose subacute exposure of PM, which may have a potential role on the future development.

Expression of decorin and transforming growth factor-β_1 mRNA and type Ⅰ collagen in the anterior vagina of women with pelvic organ prolapse / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To determine quantity of type Ⅰ collagen and mRNA expression of decorin and transforming growth factor (TGF)- β_1 in the upper portion of the anterior vagina in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods Transvaginat biopsies were obtained from the anterior vaginal wall in 27 POP(POP group) and 21 non-poP(control group). The concentration of type Ⅰ collagen was determined by ELISA technique. RT-qPCR was used to verify the mRNA level of decorin and TGF- β_1. Results The mean concentration of type Ⅰ collagen in the premenopausal women in POP group [(47.94 ± 6.82) mg/g total protein (TP)]was significantly lower than that in control group [(62.33±6.57) mg/g TP],in the postmenopausal women in POP group, it was (41.82±5.96) mg/g TP, significantly lower than that in control group[(61.21 ± 4.84)mg/g TP](P< 0.01). The mRNA expression of decorin was 1.61 ± 0.10 in POP group, significantly lower than that in control group 2.77±0.60 ,while that of TGF-β_1 was higher in POP greup10.86 ± 0.23 than that in control group 9.87 ± 0.92 (P < 0.05). In the postmenopausal women in two groups, there were no significant difference in the mRNA expression of decorin and TGF-β_1 (P > 0.05). Conclusions A decrease in quantity of type Ⅰ coUagen in the connective tissue of anterior vagina may compromise the tensile strength and an increase susceptibihty to prolapse. Deeorin might be involved in the pathogenesis in premenopausal women with POP. The pathogenesis of POP is muhifactorial.

Risk factors of hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after cerebral infarction. Methods The clinical and neuroimaging data of 100 patients (gender,age-matched)with cerebral infarction and hemorrhagic transformation from January 2005 to January 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. The following factors were listed for single factor analysis: the history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus,admission blood pressure,blood sugar,infarction size,alcohol,smoking,atrial fibrillation,hypercholesterolemia, combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet aggregation therapy. All the above factors were analyzed by chi-square test or t test, and Logistic regression analysis was used to screen out the related risk factors of HT from the potentially related factors. Results Atrial fibrillation (OR =5.483,95%CI:fibrillation,extensive cerebral infarction,blood sugar,high blood pressure at the beginning of the disease,combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet aggregation therapy are the major risk factors of HT. At the same time, the occurrence of HT is the result of the joint effect of multiple factors and multiple mechanisms.

Induced differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells into myoblasts / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study aimed to induce the differentiation of isolated and purified adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) into myoblasts, which may provide a new strategy for tissue engineering in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). ADSCs, isolated and cultured ex vivo, were identified by flow cytometry and induced to differentiate into myoblasts in the presence of an induction solution consisting of DMEM supplemented with 5-azacytidine (5-aza), 5% FBS, and 5% horse serum. Cellular morphology was observed under an inverted microscope. Ultrastructural changes occurring during the differentiation were observed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cellular immunohistochemical staining was applied to determine the expression of desmin protein in cells with and without induced differentiation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein expression, respectively, of sarcomeric and desmin smooth muscle proteins. The results showed that ADSCs were mainly of a spindle or polygon shape. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ADSCs did not express CD34, CD45, and CD106 but high levels of CD44 and CD90, which confirmed that the cultured cells were indeed ADSCs. After induction with a 5-aza-containing solution, morphological changes in ADSCs, including irregular cell size, were observed. Cells gradually changed from long spindles to polygons and star-shaped cells with microvilli on the cell surface. Many organelles were observed and the cytoplasm was found to contain many mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), and myofilament-like structures. Cell immunohistochemical staining revealed different levels of desmin expression in each phase of the induction process, with the highest expression level found on day 28 of induction. RT-PCR and Western blot results confirmed significantly higher desmin gene expression in induced cells compared with control cells, but no significant difference between the two groups of cells in sarcomeric protein expression. It was concluded that under specific induction setting, ADSCs can be induced to differentiate into myoblasts, providing a potential new option in stem cell transplantation therapy for SUI.

Effect of ginsenoside-Rg1 on the proliferation of paraurethral fascia fibroblasts derived from women suffering from stress urinary incontinence / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of ginsenoside-Rgl on paraurethral fascia fibroblastsmultiplication and the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of stress urinary incontinence(SUI) women in vitro. Methods Specimens of human paraurethral fascia were obtained from 4 SUI womenduring tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) or tension-free vaginal tape-obturator (TVT-O) procedure.Fibroblasts were isolated and cultured by outgrowth technique. After reaching confluency fibroblasts weresubcultured every 5 days and cells after passage number 3 to 5 were used for assessment. The paraurethralfascia fibroblasts were treated with ginsenoside-Rgl at different concentrations (5, 10, 20 μmol/L) andfibroblnsts without Rgl were used as controL The multiplication conditions of paraurethral fascia fibroblastswere respectively detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTr) assay and the expression of PCNA byhistochemistry. Results ( 1 ) Compared with the control group, the growth rate of cells treated with differentconcentrations of Rgl after 72h [ (29±5 )%, (40±5 )%, (26±4)% respectively ] was significantly higher(P<0.01). (2)Compared with the control group, the stimulatory effect of Rgl on fibroblast growth wassignificant at 24 h (P<0.01), and peaked at 72 hi (29±5)% ,(40±5)%, (26±4)% respectively, P<0.01]. (3)Compared with the control group(28.77% ), there was a significant increase of PCNA-positivecells (P<0.01) after 48 h treatment with different concentrations of Rgl (49.24%, 83.48%, 54.50%respectively). Conclusion The results indicate that, at least in vitro, fibroblasts from paraurethral fasciataken from women suffering from SUI are able to proliferate after