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Objective:To evaluate the role of SphK1/S1P signaling pathway in adiponectin-induced restoration of attenuation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by sevoflurane postconditioning in diabetic rats.Methods:Healthy clean-grade male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 250-300 g, in which diabetes mellitus was induced by combination of high-fat and high-sucrose diet and intraperitoneal injection of 1% streptozotoein in citric acid buffer 40 mg/kg, were studied.Ninety rats with diabetes mellitus were divided into 6 groups ( n=15 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group Sham), group I/R, sevoflurane postconditioning group (group S), adiponectin preconditioning group (group A), adiponectin preconditioning+ sevoflurane postconditioning group (group AS) and adiponectin preconditioning+ K6PC-5 (a specific SphK1 activator)+ sevoflurane postconditioning group (group AKS). Myocardial I/R was induced by 30 min occlusion of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion.At 15 min before ischemia, recombinant adiponectin 5.0 μg/g was injected intraperitoneally in A, AS and AKS groups, and K6PC-5 1 μg/g was injected via the tail vein in group AKS.In S, AS and AKS groups, 2.5% sevoflurane was inhaled for 5 min starting from the onset of reperfusion.Blood samples from the internal jugular vein were collected at the end of reperfusion for determination of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), percentage of myocardial infarct volume (by TTC staining) and expression of SphK1, S1P and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65) in myocardial tissues (by Western blot). Results:Compared with group Sham, the serum cTnI concentration and percentage of myocardial infarct volume were significantly increased, and expression of SphK1, S1P and p-NF-κB p65 in myocardial tissues was up-regulated in group I/R ( P<0.05). Compared with group I/R, no significant change was found in each parameter in group S ( P>0.05), and the serum cTnI concentration and percentage of myocardial infarct volume were significantly decreased, and expression of SphK1, S1P and p-NF-κB p65 in myocardial tissues was down-regulated in group A ( P<0.05). Compared with group S, the serum cTnI concentration and percentage of myocardial infarct volume were significantly decreased, and expression of SphK1, S1P and p-NF-κB p65 in myocardial tissues was down-regulated in group AS ( P<0.05). Compared with group AS, the serum cTnI concentration and percentage of myocardial infarct volume were significantly increased, and expression of SphK1, S1P and p-NF-κB p65 in myocardial tissues was up-regulated in group AKS ( P<0.05). Conclusion:SphK1/S1P signaling pathway is involved in adiponectin-induced restoration of attenuation of myocardial I/R injury by sevoflurane postconditioning in diabetic rats.
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Objective To investigate the effect of pre-treatment of ginkgo biloba extract from portal vein on oxidative stress in liver surgery.Methods Sixty cases of hepatic portal occlusion for hepatectomy surgery in patients (38 males, 22 females, ASA grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ, cardiac function Ⅰ or Ⅱ, Child-Pugh class A), were randomly divided into three groups (n=20 each): portal vein injection group (group P), jugular vein injection group (group J) and control group (group C).Patients in group P were injected with ginkgo biloba extract injection 5 ml slowly from portal vein after freeing the portal vein, patients in group J were injected with ginkgo biloba extract injection 5 ml slowly from the jugular vein after freeing the portal vein, while patients in group C were injected with normal saline 5 ml slowly from the jugular vein after freeing the portal vein.Venous blood samples were drawn from jugular vein at the following time points: pre-occlusion ten minutes (T0), 1 h (T1), 6 h (T2), 24 h (T3) after reperfusion respectively, and then detected the levels of ALT, AST, tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α), manlondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).Results Compared with T0, the serum levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α and MDA at T1-T3 were significantly increased,the activity of SOD was significantly decreased in all groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group C, serum levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α and MDA at T1-T3 were significantly decreased, the activity of SOD was significantly increased in groups J and P (P＜0.05).Compared with group J, serum levels of ALT, AST, TNF-α and MDA at T1-T3 were significantly decreased, the activity of SOD was significantly increased in group P (P＜0.05).Conclusion The pre-treatment of ginkgo biloba extract from portal vein can increase the SOD activity, inhibit the activation of Kupffer cells, reduce the release of TNF-α, enhance the ability of anti-oxidative stress and produce significant protective effect on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Objective To investigate the protective effects of tanshinone-IIA sodium injection post-conditioning combined with controlled low central venous pressure on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury during liver resection.Methods Eighty patients scheduled for liver resection, 46 males and 34 females, aged 30-65 years, BMI 20-26 kg/m2, ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, were randomly divided into four groups: tanshinone-IIA sodium post-conditioning (group D), tanshinone-IIAsodium post-conditioning combined with controlled low central venous pressure (CVP 1-5 cm H2O) group (group DL), controlled low central venous pressure (CVP 1-5 cm H2O) group (group L) and control group (group C) that took the static-compound anesthesia and maintained CVP 6-12 cm H2O, 20 cases in each group.The venous blood samples were drawn from internal carotid vein at different time point: pre-occlusion ten minutes (T0), post-occlusion 2 h (T1), 6 h (T2), 12 h (T3), 24 h after operation (T4), and then detected the levels of NF-κB, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), ALT and AST.The MAP was detected, HR and CVP were recorded.Results Compared with group C and group D, CVP were significantly lower at T0and T1in group L and group DL (P＜0.01).Compared with T0, levels of NF-κB, ICAM-1, ALT and AST in four group at T1-T4were significantly increased (P＜0.01).Compared with group C, levels of NF-κB, ICAM-1, ALT and AST in group DL, group L and group D at T1-T4 were significantly decreased (P＜0.05).Compared with group DL, levels of NF-κB, ICAM-1, ALT and AST in group D and group L at T1-T4 were significantly increased (P＜0.01).Conclusion Tanshinone-IIA sodium injection post-conditioning, combined with controlled low central venous pressure in patients with partial hepatectomy, can reduce the degree of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane post-conditioning on oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction during rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and to explore its cerebral protective mechanism.Methods Thirty-six health male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 12-14 weeks, weighing 220-260 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12 each): sham control group (group Sham), cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (group IR), sevoflurane post-conditioning group (group SPC).Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established, ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion 24 h.Rat middle cerebral artery was not occluded in group Sham.Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established in group IR.Group SPC was subjected to 2.6% sevoflurane for 15 min in the beginning of reperfusion.At the end of reperfusion, rats were cut off the head to take out the brain tissue.The expression level of Iba-1 and HO-1 proteins was measured by western blot.The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, IL-1β and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated.Results Compared with group Sham, the expression of cerebral cortex Iba-1 protein was higher than that in groups IR and SPC (P＜0.05), the expression of Iba-1 protein in group SPC was lower than that in group IR (P＜0.05).Compared with group Sham, the contents of ROS, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β were increased in groups IR and SPC (P＜0.05), but the activity of SOD and expression of HO-1 protein were decreased (P＜0.05).And the contents of ROS, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β in group SPC were less than those in group IR, the activity of SOD and expression of HO-1 protein in group SPC were higher than those in group IR.Conclusion Sevoflurane post-conditioning can mitigate the microglia activation, reduce cerebral oxidative stress and inflammation, thus protect rat cerebral against ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Objective To compare the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia and early rehabil-itation between the wound infiltration combined with intravenous analgesia and epidural analgesia after hepatectomy.Methods Forty-eight patients with liver carcinoma,37 males and 1 1 females,aged 40-65 years,ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,were randomly divided into two groups.Patients in group T were given 0.375% ropivacaine 30 ml for incision infiltration before closing the abdomen and intrave-nous analgesia.Patients in group E were given 0.2% ropivacaine 100 ml for epidural analgesia. Pareoxib sodium 40 mg was injected intravenously 30 min toward the end of the operation.Pain scores were assessed by VAS at postoperative 2,6,12,24 and 48 h.Postoperative activity distance was re-corded on 1st,2nd,3th day after surgery;the time first getting off bed and hospital stay were recor-ded.Finally,the complications were also recorded.Results Compared with group T,VAS scores at rest and in activity 12,24 and 48 h postoperatively were significantly lower (P <0.05 ).Compared with group E,postoperative activity distance on 1st,2nd and 3th day after surgery in group T were shorter.Furthermore,the time first getting off bed and the hospital stay in group T were shorter than those in group E (P <0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups had no sta-tistical significance.Conclusion The wound infiltration combined with intravenous analgesia is benefi-cial to early recovery and shorter hospital stay.
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OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel combined with cisplatin and fluorouracil for gastric cancer with liver metastases via indwelling hepatic arterial catheter. METHODS:56 gastric cancer patients with liver metastases were randomly divided into control group(28 cases)and observation group(28 cases). Control group received Paclitaxel injection 135 mg/m2,d1+Cisplatin injection 75 mg/m2,d1+Fluorouracil injection 750 mg/m2,d1-5,pumping administrated via central venous. Ob-servation group received Paclitaxel injection 135 mg/m2,d1+Cisplatin injection 75 mg/m2,d1+Fluorouracil injection 750 mg/m2,d1-5, administrated via indwelling hepatic arterial catheter. 3-4 weeks were a course,it lasted 8 courses at most. Magnesium isoglycyrrhiz-inate injection 200 mg/d was intravenously infused for liver protection in 2 groups during treatment. Clinical efficacy,serum car-cinoembryonic antigen (CEA),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels before and after treat-ment,and the incidence of adverse reactions in 2 groups observed. RESULTS:Short-term clinical efficacy in observation group was significantly higher than control group,with statistical significance(P0.05). After treatment,CEA,ALT and AST levels in 2 groups were significantly high-er than before,ALT and AST levels in observation group were significantly higher than control group,while CEA level in observa-tion group was lower than control group,with statistical significances(P<0.05). The incidences of bone marrow suppression,nau-sea,vomiting and fever in observation group were significantly lower than control group,with statistical significances (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Paclitaxel combined with cisplatin and fluorouracil has good efficacy for gastric cancer with liver metastases via indwelling hepatic arterial catheter,while it exists liver dysfunction.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of oxycodone for patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after hip arthroplasty in elderly patients.Methods Sixty patients of both sexes,aged 65-85yr,weighing 42-89 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or]Ⅱ,scheduled for elective unilateral hip arthroplasty under general anesthesia,were divided into 2 groups (n =30 each) using a random number table:morphine group (group M) and oxycodone group (group O).Parecoxib sodium 40 mg was injected intravenously at 30 min before induction of anesthesia,followed by induction and maintenance of anesthesia.PCIA pump was connected at the beginning of skin closure.PCIA solution contained morphine 0.6 mg/kg and tropisetron 10 mg diluted to 100 ml in normal saline in group M and oxycodone 0.6 mg/kg and tropisetron 10 mg diluted to 100 ml in normal saline in group O.The PCA pump was set up with a background infusion at 2 ml/h,a 0.5 ml bolus dose and a 15 min lockout interval in both groups.Visual analogue scale score was maintained ≤ 3,and postoperative analgesia lasted until 48 h after operation.When analogue scale score ≥ 4,pethidine 50 mg/kg was injected muscularly as rescue analgesic.The requirement for rescue analgesic and occurrence of adverse effects were recorded.Results Ten percent patients required rescue analgesics in group M,and no patients required rescue analgesics in group O.Compared with group M,the requirement for rescue analgesics and incidence of nausea,vomiting and pruritus were significantly decreased in group O (P＜0.05).Conclusion Oxycodone provides reliable efficacy for PCIA after hip arthroplasty in elderly patients with fewer adverse effects,indicating that oxycodone produces good analgesic efficacy for severe somatalgia.
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Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of pre-treatment with an Nrf2 inducer dh404 on renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.Methods Thirty SD rats were divided into three groups using completely randomized digital table,dh404 was dissolved in sesame oil and was given orally 1.5 mg/kg the night before procedures and 5 hours before procedures.Rats in group Sham received no treatment of ischemic reperfusion.In group IR and group dh404,the renal ischemia reper-fusion (IR)model was established,24 hours after IR,the levels of serum creatininc (Cr)and urea ni-trogen (BUN),the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)and the content of malonaldehyde (MDA)in serum were measured,and hematoxylin eosin(HE)staining observe the changes in renal structure,the levels of γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC)and modifier (GCLM)subunit, the expression of NF-κB,COX-2 and eNOS were measured.Results Compared with group Sham,the values of Cr,BUN in group IR and group dh404 were significantly higher (P <0.05).Compared to the group IR,the group dh404 Cr,BUN values significantly decreased after reperfusion for 24 h(P <0.05 ).Compared to group Sham,group IR SOD activity decreased,while the value of MDA increased(P <0.05 ).Compared to group IR,group dh404 had much higher SOD activity,while the value of MDA significantly decreased.Observed with optical microscopy,compared to group Sham, the renal tubular injury of group IR was obvious.Compared to group IR,group dh404 significantly reduced tubular injury.Compared to group IR,the levels of GCLC and modifier GCLM subunit were higher,while there were no significant differences of levels among NF-κB,COX-2 and eNOS. Conclusion Pre-treatment with an Nrf2 inducer dh404 can protect the kidney from IRI through possi-bly reducing IRI kidney oxidative stress.
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Objective To investigate the effects of Saikosaponin A (SSA)on cognitive function and cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and expression of BDNF in mice after traumatic brain injury. Methods Sixty SD male mice were randomized into three groups:shame operation group (group S, n =20),trauma group (group T,n =20)and SSA treatment group (group A,n =20).Mice received an administration of SSA 5 mg/kg (group A)or equal volume saline (group S,group T)immediately and once daily for 5 consecutive days after trauma.The cognitive function was detected by Morris wa-ter maze test on day 1,3,7 and 14 after trauma.The hippocampal tissues were harvested after be-havioral tests and homogenized for measuring the levels of brain derived neurophic factor (BDNF)and cyclic AMP (cAMP)by ELISA as well as the levels of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)and phosphorylation-cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB)by western bolt. Results Compared with group S,the escape latency and swimming distance were significantly pro-longed in group T on day 1,3,7 and 14 and group A on day 1,3 after trauma (P <0.05 );while compared with group T,they were significantly shorter in group A on day 7,14 after trauma (P <0.05).Compared with group S,the levels of BDNF,cAMP,CREB and pCREB were significantly de-creased in group T(P < 0.05 ).Compared with group T,the levels of BDNF,cAMP,CREB and pCREB were significantly increased in group A (P <0.05).Conclusion SSA can significantly improve cognitive dysfunction in mice after traumatic brain injury,and the mechanism may be related to the activation of cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and up-regulation of BDNF.
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Objective To investigate the role of AKT/GSK3β/mTOR signaling molecule in myocardial protection of sevoflurane postconditioning.Methods Thirty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,installed in vivo myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model by left anterior de-scending coronary occlusion for 30 min.Rat hearts were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 13 ):sham control group (group Sham),purely ischemia-reperfusion group (group IR),sevoflurane post-conditioning group (group SPC).With the exception of group Sham,each group was subjected to oc-clusion for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion.Group SPC was subjected to sevoflurane postcondi-tioning:2.4% sevoflurane was inhaled for 1 5 min starting from the end of ischemia until 1 5 min after beginning of reperfusion,while 33% oxygen was inhaled in the other groups.At the end of 2 h reper-fusion,cardiac function was evaluated by two-dimensional echocardiography,myocardial infarction size was measured by using 1% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride triazole (TTC),myocardial ultra-structural alterations was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),cardiomyocytes ap-optosis was examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl nickend labeling (TUNEL),the expressions of p-AKT/t-AKT, p-GSK3β/t-GSK3β, p-mTOR/t-mTOR,Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was measured by Western blot.Results Compared with group Sham,cardiac function was deteriorated,myocardial in-farct size was increased,cardiomyocyte mitochondrial damage was increased,positive apoptotic car-diomyocyte was increased,the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regluated,and the expressions of p-AKT/t-AKT,p-GSK3β/t-GSK3β,p-mTOR/t-mTOR and Bax were up-regluated in group IR (P <0.05).Compared with group IR,cardiac function was improved,myocardial infarct size was de-creased,cardiomyocyte mitochondrial damage was decreased,positive apoptotic cardiomyocyte was decreased,the expression of Bax was down-regluated,and the expressions of p-AKT/t-AKT,p-GSK3β/t-GSK3β,p-mTOR/t-mTOR and Bcl-2 were up-regluated in group SPC (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning can mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury to in vivo rat hearts,decreased cardiomyocyte mitochondrial damage,inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and its mechanism was related to the activation of AKT/GSK3β/mTOR signaling molecule.
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Objective To explore the similarities and differences between finger photoplethysmogram (PPG) and CSI in monitoring the depth of anaesthesia in Chinese adults under general anaesthesia. Methods Ninety-three patients, ASA ⅠorⅡ, aged 20-67, under general anaesthesia were enrolled. Anaesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol. The initial TCI concentration of propofol was set at 0.5 mg·L-1 followed by increments of 0.5 mg·L-1 at 3-min interval until the score of Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAAS)reached 0. PPG and CSI were continuously monitored and their values were recorded every 2-4 seconds. MOAAS was recorded every 30 seconds to evaluate the sedation level in the study period. ResultsFor the periodfrom pre-induction to pre-intubation, the difference of photoplethysmogram amplitudevalues had statistical significance between level 4 and level 3, level 3 and level 2 of MOAAS (P<0.05). CSIvalues declined along with the decrease of MOAAS levels and were statistically different between every two neighboring levels of MOAAS (P < 0.05). Photoplethysmogram amplitude (PPGA) and pulse beat interval (PBI) values showed significant differences before and after intubation, pre- and post-incision (P < 0.05). Conclusions PPGA and PBI appear to be suitable to monitor the nociceptive component of balanced general anesthesia , while the CSI exhibits a good performance in monitoring the sedation or hypnotic component of balanced general anesthesia , thusthe combination of PPGA and CSI would benefit the monitoring of the adequacy of depth of anaesthesia.
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Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine pretreat-ment on cardiac toxicity of bupivacaine in rats.Methods Forty eight adult male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=12):saline control group (group C),dexmedetomi-dine 5 μg/kg group(group D5),dexmedetomidine 10 μg/kg group(group D10)and dexmedetomidine 1 5 μg/kg group(group D1 5 ).A Ⅱ-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)was continuously monitored,the femoral artery was cannulated for direct measurement of MAP and the femoral vein was cannulated for infusion of drugs.Groups D5,D10 and D1 5 were received infusion of dexmedetomidine 5,10 and 1 5μg/kg respectively 1 5 minutes before administration of bupivacaine,while the equal volume of saline was given in group C,then all rats received infusion 0.75% bupivacaine at the rate of 2 mg·kg-1· min-1 until asystole occurred.The doses of bupivacaine and the times of bupivacaine-induced convul-sions,arrhythmia and asystole were recorded respectively,and the myocardial concentration of bupiv-acaine was observed.Results Compared with group C,the doses of bupivacaine and the times of bupivacaine-induced convulsions,arrhythmia and asystole were all increased in groups D5,D10 and D1 5 (P <0.05).Compared with group D5,the above parameters were increased in groups D10 and D1 5 (P <0.05 ).There was no statistical significance of the above parameters between groups D10 and group D1 5.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine pretreatment can raise the threshold toxic dose of bupi-vacaine,delay the time of occurrence of cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine,so that to prevent the cardiac toxicities of bupivacaine in rats,and it produces a dose-dependent protective effect within a certain dose range.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on postoperative synaptic structure in hippocampal CA3 region in aged rats.Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 20-22 months,weighing 550-650 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),operation group (group O) and SGB + operation group (group SGB).Group SGB received right SGB with 0.25％ bupivacaine 0.15 ml.Groups O and SGB underwent 30 min of exploratory laparotomy starting from 15 min after the end of administration.Y-maze test was performed on 1 day after operation in 6 rats chosen from each group for assessment of cognitive function.The frequency of standard training and standard time were recorded.Six rats were chosen from each group on 1,3 and 7 days after operation and sacrificed and the hippocampal CA3 region was isolated for microscopic examination and for measurement of synaptic structure.Results Compared with group C,the standard time was significantly prolonged,and the frequency of standard training was increased in groups O and SGB,the width of synaptic cleft was increased,the thickness of post-synaptic density was decreased,the length of active zones was shortened,and the curvature of the synaptic interface was decreased on 1,3 and 7 days after operation in group O (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant changes were found in each synaptic structure parameter in group SGB (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group O,the standard time was significantly shortened,the frequency of standard training was decreased,the width of synaptic cleft was decreased,the thickness of the post-synaptic density was increased,the length of active zones was prolonged,and the curvature of the synaptic interface was increased on 1,3 and 7 days after operation in group SGB (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which SGB improves the postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats may be related to inhibition of changes of synaptic structure in hippocampal CA3 region.
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Objective To investigate the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on the postoperative cognitive function in aged rats.Methods Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 18-20 months,weighing 500-700 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =16 each):control group (group C),operation group (group O),normal saline + operation group (group NS) and SGB + operation group (group SGB).Group SGB received right SGB with 0.25％ bupivacaine 0.15 ml,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in group NS.Groups O,SGB and NS underwent 30 min of exploratory laparetomy starting from 15 min after the end of administration.Morris water-maze test was performed at days 1-6 after operation in 10 rats chosen from each group.The escape latency and frequency of crossing the original platform were recorded.Two rats were chosen from each group at 1,2 and 3 d after operation and sacrificed and the hippocampi were removed for microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C,the escape latency wag significantly prolonged on 1-5 days after operation in groups O and NS,the escape latency wag significantly prolonged on 1 and 2 days after operation in group SGB,and the frequency of crossing the original platform was decreased in groups O,NS and SGB (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group NS,the escape latency wag significantly shortened,and the frequency of crossing the original platform was increased on 1-5 days after operation in group SGB (P ＜ 0.05).The number of hippocampal neurons was significantly larger at 2 and 3 d after operation in group SGB than in group NS.Conclusion SGB can improve the postoperative cognitive function in aged rats.