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Objective:To investigate imaging characteristics of papulopustular rosacea (PPR) by high-frequency ultrasound combined with color Doppler flow imaging.Methods:From August 2021 to August 2022, 30 patients with PPR were enrolled from the Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and 30 healthy volunteers served as controls. The 22-MHz high-frequency ultrasound combined with color Doppler blood flow imaging was performed to measure the skin thickness, echo and blood flow parameters at the cheek, and the ultrasound results were compared between the two groups. Comparisons between groups were conducted by using t test or chi-square test. The diagnostic value was analyzed using the area under the curve (AUC) in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:In the case group, there were 12 males and 18 females, and their ages ranged from 22 to 65 years (42.3 ± 12.8 years) ; in the control group, there were 10 males and 20 females, and their ages ranged from 24 to 62 years (41.0 ± 8.4 years) . The epidermal and dermal thicknesses at the cheek were significantly higher in the case group (132.64 ± 12.29 μm, 1 812.29 ± 85.52 μm, respectively) than in the control group (104.34 ± 14.45 μm, 1 671.77 ± 146.55 μm, respectively, both P < 0.05) . High-frequency ultrasound images showed that the case group was mainly characterized by irregular hypoechoic areas in the cheek dermis (80%) , while banded moderately echoic areas were common in the cheek dermis in the control group (90%) ; subepidermal low-echogenic bands and dermal irregular hypoechoic areas were more likely to appear in the case group than in the control group (93.33% vs. 43.33%, 80% vs. 10%, respectively, both P < 0.001) . Compared with the control group, the case group showed a significantly increased proportion of patients with abundant blood flow signals (93.3% vs. 10%, P < 0.05) , and significantly increased blood vessel diameters (1.60 ± 0.42 mm vs. 0.95 ± 0.32 mm, P < 0.05) ; there was no significant difference in peak systolic blood flow velocity and vascular resistance index between the two groups (both P > 0.05) . The AUC of high-frequency ultrasound combined with color Doppler flow imaging quantitative parameters (including epidermal thicknesses, dermal thicknesses, and blood vessel diameters) was 0.989 (95% CI: 0.970 - 1.000) for the diagnosis of PPR, and the sensitivity and specificity were both 96.7%, which were higher than those of single parameter-based diagnostic model. Conclusion:High-frequency ultrasound combined with color Doppler flow imaging can help improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of PPR, by accurately and non-invasively measuring skin thickness and blood flow parameters.
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Objective To investigate the cognition of colorectal cancer-related knowledge and influencing factors of patients with middle- and advanced-stage colorectal cancer in ethnic minority areas of Inner Mongolia. Methods According to the national population and the prevalence of colorectal cancer, 277 patients with colorectal cancer were selected by stratified and random sampling in Inner Mongolia. The patients were surveyed in Baotou, Chifeng, Bayannaoer, and other hospitals. The questionnaire included patients' basic information, cognition of colorectal cancer risk factors and screening knowledge, screening information, etc. Results Before suffering from the disease, the patients' knowledge of colorectal cancer (risk factors, early screening knowledge, treatment methods) was low. About 54.9% of patients were unaware of high risk factors for colorectal cancer, 75.8% of patients did not understand the knowledge of early screening of colorectal cancer, and 37.5% of patients did not underst and the treatment of colorectal cancer. The main influencing factors of colorectal cancer cognition were education level and occupation. Patients who work in institutions and enterprises and with higher education level had better cognition. Conclusion Patients with middle- and advanced-stage colorectal cancer in Inner Mongolia have poor knowledge and awareness of risk factors and screening of colorectal cancer before diagnosis. Education level and occupation are factors influencing colorectal cancer cognition, therefore, people with low knowledge rate of colorectal cancer and low education level as well as unemployed laid-off people should be given priority intervention.
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Objective:To explore the relationship between children's intelligence and urinary fluoride in Suojia Township of Miao, Yi and Hui Nationalities (referred to as Suojia Township), a coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou Province.Methods:In April 2019, 173 children aged 10 to 13 years old were selected from three schools in Suojia Township. According to whether they had dental fluorosis, the children were divided into case group ( n = 104) and control group ( n = 69). Middle segment urine samples of the children were collected and urinary fluoride level was determined by the method of ion-selective electrode. Combined Raven's Test-the Rural in China (CRT-RC2) was used for children's intelligence quotient (IQ) test. Linear regression analysis was used to observe the association between urinary fluoride and IQ, and the results were expressed by regression coefficient ( β) and 95% confidence interval ( CI). Results:Urinary fluoride level of case group was higher than that of control group [(2.14 ± 1.78) vs (1.53 ± 0.98) mg/L], and IQ was lower than that of control group [(92.33 ± 11.68) vs (100.38 ± 11.87) points], and the differences were statistically significant ( t = 2.58, 4.41, P < 0.05). The linear regression equation of urinary fluoride ( X) and IQ ( Y) of case group was Y = 96.99 - 2.86 X. For every 1 mg/L increase in urinary fluoride level, IQ decreased by 2.86 points ( β = - 2.86, 95% CI: - 5.48 - - 0.24). Conclusion:Long-term exposure to fluoride pollution from coal burning may damage children's intelligence, and children's IQ decreases with increase of fluoride level in urine.
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Objective:To investigate the association between relative mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis (abbreviated as coal-burning-borne fluorosis).Methods:From June 2018 to March 2019, using cross-sectional study, 482 patients with coal-burning-borne fluorosis were selected as the case group in Bijie City, a typical coal-burning-borne fluorosis area of Guizhou Province; meanwhile, 212 healthy individuals from Changshun County, a non-coal-burning-borne fluorosis area in Guizhou Province, were selected as the control group. Questionnaire survey and physical examination were used to collect general condition such as basic information and living habits of the two groups, peripheral venous blood samples were collected, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative mtDNA-CN in peripheral blood. The correlation between relative mtDNA-CN and coal-burning-borne fluorosis was analyzed by binary and unordered multi-class logistic regression.Results:There were significant differences in the body mass index (BMI), and the distribution of gender rario, marital status and education level between the control group and the case group ( t = 7.91, χ 2 = 5.11, 13.33, 34.32, P < 0.05). The relative mtDNA-CN in the control group was higher than that in the case group [median (quartile): 202 (138, 292) vs 131 (96, 217), Z = - 7.80, P < 0.001]. The results of binary logistic regression analysis [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)] showed that educational level [primary school: 0.572 (0.377 - 0.868), junior high school and above: 0.292 (0.174 - 0.493)], relative mtDNA-CN [131 - < 217: 0.265 (0.144 - 0.488), ≥217: 0.183 (0.100 - 0.335)] and BMI [1.222 (1.142 - 1.307)] were the influencing factors for the risk of coal-burning-borne fluorosis( P < 0.05). In subgroups with different BMI and educational levels, the relative mtDNA-CN was significantly negatively correlated with the risk of coal-burning-borne fluorosis( Ptrend < 0.05), and there was no interaction between mtDNA-CN and BMI and educational levels ( Pinteraction > 0.05). The results of unordered multi-class logistic regression analysis showed that the relative mtDNA-CN were significantly negatively correlated with the risk of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis ( Ptrend < 0.05). Conclusion:The higher the relative mtDNA-CN, the lower the risk of coal-burning-borne fluorosis, suggesting that mtDNA-CN may be a potential biomarker of coal-burning fluorosis.
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Objective To understand and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of female human papillomavirus and HPV vaccine in Chinese mainland. Methods We searched the relevant studies about the knowledge, attitude and behavior factors of HPV infection and HPV vaccine published in PubMed, MEDLINE, CNKI and Wanfang databases about Chinese mainland women from January 1, 1995 to January 31, 2021.Two researchers independently screened the literatures, extracted data and the literatures with quality score≥5 points.Chi square test was used to evaluate its heterogeneity.Begg' s test was used to evaluate publication bias. Results A total of 33 literatures were included, with a total number of 46013 people.The results showed that the total awareness rate of HPV in the population was 65.9%, the lowest rates were 16.0%, 41.2% and 14.4% in Northeast, rural areas and middle school students, respectively; while the highest rates of HPV were 77.4%, 56.3% and 71.0% in Central China, cities and towns and college students, respectively.The main source of HPV knowledge was the network/WeChat official account number (38.9%), and the lowest was family/friend (4.5%).The population's awareness rate of HPV vaccine related knowledge was 41.4%, the highest rates were 51.8% and 69.7% in East China and medical staff, respectively, while the lowest were 23.6% and 12.7% in Southwest and middle school students. Conclusion In order to achieve the total elimination of cervical cancer in China by 2030 as soon as possible, people should strengthen their awareness of HPV and HPV vaccine related knowledge.
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Objective:To understand the current situation of children's fluorosis in the coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis areas (abbreviated as coal-burning fluorosis) in Suojia Miao, Yi and Hui Township (Suojia Township for short) in Liuzhi Tequ, Guizhou Province, and to provide scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies and measures.Methods:In 2019, the cluster sampling method was adopted to select children aged 8-12 years old from 6 primary schools in Suojia Township, Liuzhi Tequ, Guizhou Province to conduct a questionnaire survey to collect basic information, and perform dental fluorosis examination and indexing in accordance with the "Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis" standards. Immediate urine samples were collected from children in April and October, and urinary fluoride content was determined by ion selective electrode method.Results:A total of 1 381 children aged 8-12 years old were investigated, aged (9.84 ± 1.38) years old, including 679 boys and 702 girls. A total of 625 children with dental fluorosis were detected, and the detection rate was 45.26%; the dental fluorosis index was 1.00, and the prevalence intensity was moderate; the main score of dental fluorosis was extremely mild, accounting for 37.00% (511/1 381). The detection rates of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 to 12 years old were 35.10% (106/302), 35.83% (115/321), 47.96% (129/269), 55.23% (153/277), and 57.55% (122/212), respectively; the difference between different ages was statistically significant (χ 2 = 48.949, P < 0.01), and the detection rate of dental fluorosis in children increased with age(χ 2trend = 45.254, P < 0.01).The detection rates of dental fluorosis in boys and girls were 43.59% (296/679) and 46.87% (329/702), respectively, and there was no significant difference between different genders (χ 2 = 1.492, P > 0.05). In April and October, 123 and 107 urine samples of children aged 8-12 years old were tested. The geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.55 and 0.47 mg/L, respectively. The urinary fluoride level in April was higher than the normal range (< 1.40 mg/L). Conclusions:Suojia Township in Liuzhi Tequ of Guizhou Province is still a fluorosis area, and there is a big difference in urinary fluorine level in different months, which indicates that the residents in this area may have intermittent high fluorine intake, and prevention and control of endemic fluorosis should be further strengthened.
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Objective:To investigate the relationship between gene polymorphism of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and coal-burning endemic fluorosis in Guizhou Province.Methods:In 2018 and 2019, a case-control study was conducted in Bijie City, a typical coal-burning endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou Province, and 260 cases of coal-burning endemic fluorosis patients were selected as case group. According to the "Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis" (WS 192-2008), the case group was divided into severe group (130 cases) and mild group (130 cases). At the same time, 130 cases without dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis symptoms were chosen as control group in Changshun County, a non-coal-burning endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou Province. Whole blood genomic DNA was extracted, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR with TaqMan-MGB probe was utilized to type the OPG gene rs2460985, rs2073618, rs6469804 and rs6993813 four single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of all samples, and genetic model analysis was performed to compare the frequency distribution of its alleles, genotypes and constructed haplotypes in control, mild and severe groups. Results:By Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, the genotype frequencies of the four SNP loci all reached genetic balance in control, mild and severe groups ( P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the genotype frequency of OPG gene rs6469804 locus among the three groups (χ 2 = 10.615, P < 0.05), and the difference in the genotype frequency of this locus between the control group and the severe group was statistically significant (χ 2 = 6.784, P < 0.05). The results of genetic model analysis showed that in comparison between the control group and the severe group, the optimal genetic model of rs6469804 locus was the overdominant genetic model, the frequency distribution of genotypes AA + GG and AG in the control group and the severe group was statistically significant [odds ratio ( OR) = 1.94, 95% confidence interval ( CI): 1.16 - 3.23, P < 0.05], genotype AG was a risk factor for coal-burning endemic fluorosis. In comparison between the control group and the mild group, the optimal genetic model of rs2073618 locus was the recessive genetic model, the frequency distribution of genotypes GG + GC and CC in the control group and the mild group was statistically significant ( OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.08 - 9.30, P < 0.05), genotype CC was a risk factor for coal-burning endemic fluorosis. In comparison between the control group and the mild group, haplotypes C-C-G-T and T-G-A-C were risk factors for coal-burning endemic fluorosis (adjusted OR = 2.41, 1.98, 95% CI: 1.29 - 4.50, 1.22 - 3.23, P < 0.05); in comparison between the control group and the severe group, haplotype T-G-A-C was a risk factor for coal-burning endemic fluorosis (adjusted OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.14 - 3.07, P < 0.05). Conclusion:OPG gene rs6469804 locus genotype AG and rs2073618 locus genotype CC may be risk factors for coal-burning endemic fluorosis.
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To assess knowledge of and attitudes toward prophylactic HPV vaccines among the mainland Chinese population and to determine possible influencing factors in order to provide reference data for policymakers to develop HPV vaccination strate-gies in China. Methods: This large-scale national cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted from May 2009 to May 2012. The general population, medical personnel, and school students participated in the investigation. Participants’basic information, as well as their knowledge of and attitudes toward HPV vaccines were collected through questionnaires. Chi-square tests and Logistic re-gression were performed for the statistical analysis. Results: A total of 18,677 people responded effectively, with a median age of 32 (ranging from 15 to 79 years). In terms of vaccine awareness, only 24.5% had heard of prophylactic HPV vaccines and 14.1% knew that HPV vaccines can prevent diseases such as cervical cancer. The good news was that 83.5% of respondents were willing to vaccinate themselves, their partners, or their children. People who knew more about vaccines, the rural population, and female participants were more likely to hold positive attitudes toward vaccination (adjusted ORs were 2.81, 2.14, and 1.25, respectively). Those partici-pants who were reluctant to accept HPV vaccination were concerned mainly about the safety of the vaccines (64.7%). Furthermore, 66.3% of the respondents expected the maximum price of the HPV vaccine to be less than 300 RMB. Conclusions: Mainland Chinese people generally know little about HPV vaccines. However, most of them think positively about the vaccinations after learning about them. It is high time for the government to launch HPV and cervical cancer health education or promotional campaigns to eliminate concerns about HPV vaccine safety. Furthermore, discounted or free vaccines are needed.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of tumor necrosis factor( TNF)-α and its receptor( TNFR) signal transduction pathways in regulating cell apoptosis of alveolar macrophage( AM) in coal workers' pneumoconiosis( CWP).METHODS: Twenty-four coal workers with pneumoconiosis at stage Ⅰ were selected as CWP group and four observation subjects exposed to coal were chosen as observation group by using simple random sampling method. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of whole-lung lavage of two groups were collected. AMs were separated and purified. Then they were divided into 6 groups: a control group,a superoxide dismutase( SOD) group,a TNF/TNFR group,an anti-TNF-α antibody group,a Caspase-8 suppression group and a nuclear factor-κB( NF-κB) suppression group. The AMs of 6 groups with corresponding treatment were cultivated. After 24 hours,the cells were harvested and proteins extracted. The relative expression of TNF-α,TNFR1,TNFR2,Caspase-8,Caspase-3,NF-κB P50 and NF-κB P65 protein was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: The protein relative expression of TNF-α,TNFR2,Caspase-8,Caspase-3,NF-κB P50 and NF-κB P65 in CWP group was significantly higher than those in the observation group( P < 0. 05). The protein relative expression of TNF-α,TNFR1,Caspase-8,Caspase-3 and NF-κB P50 in the TNF/TNFR group and the anti-TNF-αantibody group was lower than that of the control group( P < 0. 05). The above indexes in the anti-TNF-α antibody group were lower than that of the NF-κB suppression group( P < 0. 05). The protein relative expression of TNFR1,Caspase-8and Caspase-3 in the TNF/TNFR group was higher than that of the SOD group and the Caspase-8 suppression group( P <0. 05). The protein relative expression of TNFR1,Caspase-8 and NF-κB P50 in the TNF/TNFR group was lower than that of the NF-κB suppression group( P < 0. 05). Among the CWP patients,the relative expression of TNFR2 and NF-κB P65 in the TNF/TNFR group was lower than that of the control group( P < 0. 05),and higher than that of the SOD group( P <0. 05). CONCLUSION: AM apoptosis mediated by TNF-α/TNFR/NF-κB signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the occurrence and development of CWP. The TNF-α/TNFR/NF-κB signal transduction pathways inhibited or blocked at different stages can affect the expression of proteins related to AM apoptosis.