Research progress on the effective components of traditional Chinese medicine for improving AD-related cognitive impairment / 药学学报

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other aging-related diseases have become an important public health issue in China. However, current clinical drugs have failed to reverse the pathological process of AD. The holistic approach of traditional Chinese medicine offers advantages in improving cognitive function in AD through multiple molecular pathways, and may have potential for preventing AD. This paper summarizes the effects of classical traditional Chinese medicine and its active components in the improvement of AD-related cognitive dysfunction and describes the functional targets and related molecular mechanisms. This may have significance for the prevention and treatment of AD through multi-target intervention.

Interpretation of Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions / 中国中药杂志

Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions,a series of group standards,were proposed by Professor ZHANG Bing from Research Center for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and underwent centralized management by Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine. They were officially released on July 23 and implemented on July 31,2021. The series of group standards consist of six sections,including general principles,adverse drug events,contraindications,precautions,application for special populations,and warnings. The section of general principles is comprised of holistic and programmatic expressions,which explain the general technical requirements for revising the marketed Chinese patent medicine instructions. The other five sections focus on information collection,screening,transformation,and illustration of specific items,forming a standardized revision technical process. This series of standards is the result of multiple rounds of research and the suggestions of more than 200 experts in different professional fields of " medicine-pharmacy-management-law-enterprise" have been gathered therein to reach a consensus. With the purposes of establishing standardized technical specifications for the revision of safety information in the marketed Chinese patent medicine instructions,guiding marketing authorization holders in revising the instructions,filling the gaps in the research of Chinese patent medicine instructions,promoting the deve-lopment of pharmaceutical care and academic research,and encouraging the rational and safe medication of Chinese patent medicine,the series of group standards is of great significance.

Series of group standards of Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions / 中国中药杂志

Drug instructions,the statutory and technical documents recording effectiveness and safety information,are an important basis for guiding doctors,pharmacists,and patients to use drugs rationally,and their scientificity,standardization,and accuracy directly affect the medication safety of the public. The sections of adverse drug events,contraindications,precautions,warnings,and application for specific populations in drug instructions directly express safety information and measures for rational use of drugs. In the drug life cycle,marketing authorization holders( MAHs) need to update safety information in the instructions promptly to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical drug medication. At present,revising instructions is an important measure to control drug risks. In the drug life cycle,in order to standardize the revision of safety information in the instructions by MAHs and eliminate inexact terms such as " unclear",the Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions,a series of group standards,have been established under the guidance of Standardization Department,China Association of Chinese Medicine. Therefore,on the basis of the existing rules and regulations,the standardized technical procedures for revising instructions came into being to help clinical safe and rational medication of drugs,and implement the strategy of " Healthy China".

Simultaneous determination of six pyrrolizidine alkaloids in different parts of Emilia sonchifolia by UPLC-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to develop a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of six pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)--intermedine N-oxide(ImNO), lycopsamine N-oxide(LyNO), seneciphylline(Sp), seneciphylline N-oxide(SpNO), senecionine N-oxide(SnNO), and senkirkine(Sk) in different parts of Emilia sonchifolia. UPLC conditions are as follows: ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm), mobile phase consisting of 0.05% formic acid and 2.5 mmol·L~(-1) ammonium formate in water(A)-0.05% formic acid and 2.5 mmol·L~(-1) ammonium formate in acetonitrile(B) for gradient elution. MS conditions are as below: electrospray ionization(ESI) in the positive ion mode, multiple reaction monitoring(MRM), and the content of the six PAs was calculated with the external standard method. The results suggested the differences in the six PAs among different parts of E. sonchifolia. Sk was detected in all the four parts, with similar content. SnNO also existed in all the four parts, but the content in roots was significantly higher than that in other parts. Sp and SpNO were found in both roots and flowers, with the content higher in the former than in the later. ImNO and LyNO were only found in leaves, and the content was low. Among the six components detected, ImNO, LyNO, and SpNO were found and determined for the first time, which enriched the toxic components and laid a scientific basis for the quality and safety evaluation of E. sonchifolia.

Analysis on YABBY Transcription Factor Family of Original Plant Cannabis sativa of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cannabis Fructus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the sequence characteristics，chromosomal location，gene structure，conserved motifs，phylogenetic evolution and differential gene expressions of the <italic>Cannabis sativa</italic> YABBY transcription factor family，in order to provide a molecular basis for in-depth study of <italic>YABBY</italic> gene function and theoretical support for the selection and breeding of superior hemp varieties. Method:The bio-informatics method was used to identify and analyze the <italic>CsYABBY </italic>gene family of the original hemp seed plant. PlantTFDB，ExPASy，MEME，CELLO，PLANTCARE and other online websites and TBtools，MEGA，DNAMAN and other software were used for prediction，visualization and analysis. Result:<italic>C. sativa</italic> contains 6 <italic>YABBY</italic> gene members distributed on 5 chromosomes，in which 5 members are localized in the nucleus and 1 in extracellular， they consist of 185-235 amino acids， and the isoelectric point is between 5.05 and 9.34， the molecular weight is between 20 582.45-26 282.7 Da. All of CsYABBY proteins contain two conserved domains， namely Zinc finger domain and YABBY domain. <italic>CsYABBY</italic> genes have multiple cis-acting elements，and their expressions differ in different tissues and cultivars. Conclusion:The expressions of CsYABBY may be affected by hormones and externally environmental factors. <italic>CsYABBY</italic> gene expressions are tissue-specific. In addition，YABBY transcription factor family may play an important role in regulating the development of <italic>C. sativa</italic> female flowers，and subfamilies YAB1 and YAB5 may be involved in the synthesis of cannabinoids.

Quality Analysis and Suggestion for Ginkgo Folium Tablets and Ginkgo Folium Capsules / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To conduct quality evaluation of Ginkgo Folium preparations by analyzing the national evaluation sampling test results， analyze the quality differences， and put forward suggestions for the improvement of quality standards and market supervision. Method:The contents of total flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones in Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules were determined according to the methods of determination in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （the first volume）， and the contents of free flavonoids （quercetin， kaempferide and isorhamnetin） and sophoricoside in Ginkgo Folium preparations were determined according to related supplementary testing method of Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules issued by National Medical Products Administration. The quality differences of Ginkgo Folium preparations from different batches and different manufacturers were compared according to the contents of total flavonol glycosides， terpene lactones， free flavonoids and sophoricoside in 328 batches of Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules manufactured by 48 enterprises. Result:Quality of 328 batches of Ginkgo Folium tablets and Ginkgo Folium capsules was in accordance with the standard， but the contents of terpene lactones and total flavonol glycosides were all distributed in a wide range， and the quality of samples varied greatly among different enterprises. Conclusion:It is recommended that each enterprise should optimize the production process and strictly control the raw materials to ensure the consistency between different batches of samples.

Progress of researches on symbionts in the management of mosquito-borne infectious diseases / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Mosquitoes are the main vectors of many infectious diseases, including malaria and yellow fever, which seriously threaten human health across the world. In addition to the use of chemical insecticides, genetic control is a new attempt to currently available interventions used for mosquito vector control. In terms of ecological safety, however, symbiotic control as a novel approach has been proposed for mosquito control. Since there are multiple symbiotic microflora inhabiting in a variety of tissues of mosquitoes, including the digestive tract, they may affect the transmission of mosquito-borne infectious diseases through affecting the lifespan, reproductive competence, and vector competence of the host. In this review, the interactions between symbionts in mosquitoes were summarized, and the research progress of mosquito-associated symbionts in the management of mosquitoborne infectious diseases was reviewed.

Identification and expression analysis of the C2H2 gene family in Cannabis sativa L / 药学学报

C2H2 transcription factors play an important role in plant growth, development and the regulation of secondary metabolism. This article identifies members of the C2H2 gene family in Cannabis sativa L. at the genome level. Chromosomal location and linkage, evolutionary relationships, and identification of conserved motifs was determined from the C. sativa genome and transcriptome data using bioinformatics tools and on-line websites such as TBtools, MEGA software, NCBI, PlantTFDB, ExPASy, HMMSCAN, MEME, WoLFPSORT and PlantCARE. The results show that C. sativa contains 30 members of the C2H2 gene family (named CsC2H2-1-CsC2H2-30) distributed on 9 chromosomes. The encoded proteins range in length from 138 to 635 amino acids, and the theoretical isoelectric points range from 5.85 to 9.52. Molecular weights range from 15 909.48 to 68 445.53 Da. Transcriptome analysis showed that CsC2H2 was differentially expressed in the female flowers, bracts, leaves, and stems of the Diku variety and female flowers of nine different varieties of C. sativa. Quantitative real-time PCR verified that CsC2H2-1, CsC2H2-5, and CsC2H2-19 were significantly expressed in the female flowers and bracts of the Diku variety. This provides a theoretical basis for in-depth study of the function of the C2H2 gene family and the breeding of high-quality C. sativa varieties.

Genome-wide analysis of LBD(lateral organ boundaries domain) gene family in Cannabis sativa of traditional Chinese medicine hemp seed / 中国中药杂志

LBD(lateral organ boundaries)transcription factors play an important role in the regulation of plant growth, development and secondary metabolism. In order to explore the function of LBD genes in cannabis, the Cannabis sativa genome and transcriptome were used to identify the C. sativa LBD gene family, and analyzed their expression patterns. Our results showed that the cannabis LBD contains 32 members, which were divided into two major categories, seven sub-families. Class Ⅰ was divided into 5 sub-families, named Class Ⅰ_a to Class Ⅰ_e, while Class Ⅱ was divided into 2 sub-families, including Class Ⅱ_a and Class Ⅱ_b. Analysis showed that the number of amino acids encoded LBDs was between 172 and 356, and the isoelectric point was between 4.92 and 9.43. The mole-cular weight of LBD was between 18 862.92 Da and 40 081.33 Da, and most members are located in the nucleus. Chromosome positioning of LBD showed that 32 members were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes of C. sativa LBD transcription factor domain, gene structure and motifs are relatively conservative, and the characteristics of different class members are similar. The upstream promoter region of the gene contains a variety of cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and environmental factors, C. sativa LBD genes have different expression patterns in the stems, leaves, and flowers of ZYS varieties(low tetrahydrocannabinol, high cannabidiol). The members of the LBD gene family are mainly expressed in the flowers and stems of ZYS varieties, while members expressed in the leaves very few; Class Ⅱ members CsLBD21 and CsLBD23 are expressed in flowers and stems, and CsLBD8 and CsLBD18 are expressed in flowers, stems and leaves. These genes may participate in the growth and development of cannabis and affect the biosynthesis of cannabinoids. This study laid the foundation for the subsequently functional research of the cannabis LBD gene family.

Genome-wide Identification and Characterization of TIFY Gene Family in Medicinal Plant Cannabis sativa / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:The TIFY gene family will be identified and characterized from the whole genome level in Cannabis sativa，which will lay the foundation for gene function study on TIFY family genes and their regulation mechanism on the biosynthesis of cannabinoids and other secondary metabolites. Method:Using the existing genomic data of cannabis，the CsTIFY genes were identified through bioinformatics analysis tools such as NCBI，PlantTFDB，MEME and TBtools etc.，and physicochemical properties，phylogenetic trees，gene structures，chromosome locations and gene expression patterns were analyzed and visualized. Result:Fourteen TIFY family genes（CsTIFY1-CsTIFY14） were identified in Cannabis sativa，which belong to four subfamilies：TIFY，JAZ，ZML，and PPD. The CsTIFYs are composed of 365-1 369 bp nucleotides encoding 118-442 amino acid residues，and their isoelectric points are 4.64-9.96. The 14 CsTIFYs are unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes，and their proteins are all located in the nucleus. The promoter of CsTIFYs contain multiple abiotic stress responsive cis-acting elements，which indicated that CsTIFYs might involved in the regulation of different abiotic stresses. Transcriptome profiling revealed that CsTIFYs expressed differently in female flowers of 10 differently cannabis varieties，or in flowers，bracts，stems，and leaves of the same variety. Conclusion:Fourteen TIFY family genes were characterized from the whole genome level in C. sativa，and their phylogenetic evolutions and gene expression patterns were analyzed，indicating that CsTIFYs may play important regulatory roles in JA signal transduction，abiotic stress and cannabinoid biosynthesis. This study will provide valuable reference for gene function study of the TIFY family genes in cannabis and cannabis breeding.

Application of MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging in spatial distribution of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants -- a case study of Lepdium meyenii root / 中国中药杂志

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging(MALDI-MSI) is a novel technique for in-situ distribution of various substances in tissue without labeling. This technique is increasingly applied to the study of medicinal plants owing to its high spatial resolution and its potential of in-situ analysis in small molecules. In this study, the structural information and their fragmentation patterns of the midazole alkaloids(1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium chloride and 1,3-dibenzyl-2,4,5-trimethylimi-dazolium chloride) and benzylglucosinolate in the medicinal plant Maca(Lepdium meyeni) root were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid phase combined with LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-HR-MS). The localization of these active ingredients in the cross-sections of Maca root was performed by MALDI-MSI. These results demonstrated that the two types of imidazole alkaloids had a similar distributed pattern. They were located more in the cortex and the periderm than those in the medulla of a lateral root, while the localization of benzylglucosinolate was concentrated in the center of the root rather than in the cortex and the periderm. The precise spatial distribution of various secondary metabolites in tissue provides an important scientific basis for the accumulation of medicinal plant active ingredients in tissues. In addition, this imaging method is a promising technique for the rapid evaluation and identification of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in plant tissues, as well as assisting the research on the processing of medicinal plants.

Advances in biosynthesis of indigo in plants / 中国中药杂志

Natural indigo, as one of the oldest dyes, is also a pivotal dye utilized in cotton fabrics today. A diversity of plants rich in indigo compounds belong to traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Indigo compounds have a variety of biological and pharmacological activities, including anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer activities. A substantial progress in indigo biosynthesis has been made lately. This paper summarizes the value of indigo from the aspects of cultural history, biosynthetic pathways and the medicinal activities of its related derivatives involved in the pathways. In addition, the latest research advancements in indigo biosynthetic pathways is demonstrated in this paper, which would lay the theoretical foundation for the exploration and utilization of natural indigo.

Quality Control of Salvianolic Acids Reference Extract / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To establish the quality control method for multi-index content determination and fingerprint of salvianolic acids. Method::Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm) column was adopted, with 0.1%formic acid-water as mobile phase A and 0.1%formic acid-acetonitrile as mobile phase B for gradient elution (0-30 min, 20%-21.5%B; 30-35 min, 21.5%-25%B; 35-45 min, 25%-40%B; 45-50 min, 40%-95%B). The column temperature was set at 30 ℃, the flow rate was set at 1 mL·min-1, and the detection wavelength was set at 288 nm. Relative correction factors of caffeic acid, salvianolic acid E, rosmarinic acid, lithosperic acid, salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid Y were determined by the concentration method. The content of each indicator component of the reference extract of salvianolic acid polyphenolic acid was determined and compared with the results of the monomer reference substance by the external standard method. At the same time, the fingerprint method was established. and the similarity evaluation was carried out on 10 batches of extracts. Result::Caffeic acid, salvianolic acid E, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid Y had a good linear relationship within the respective detection mass concentration ranges (r>0.999 9). The injection precision RSD was 0.1%-1.2%, the reproducible RSD was 1.2%-1.6%, and the recovery of the six components was 82.03%-98.68%. The stability of each component in the sample solution was good within 36 h. The relative correction factors for each indicator component were determined to be caffeic acid (2.92), salvianolic acid E (1.10), rosmarinic acid (1.61), lithosperic acid (1.07), salvianolic acid B (1.00), salvianolic acid Y (0.83). The effects of different methods, concentrations, instruments, columns, wavelengths were investigated, and the measured relative correction factors were found to be suitable. The results of the calibration factor method and the monomer standard reference substance method were less different. The HPLC fingerprints of the reference extract of salvianolic acids were established, and five common characteristic peaks were determined. The chromatographic peaks were confirmed according to the reference substance. The similarity of the fingerprints of the 10 batches of extracts was higher, and the quality difference was smaller. Conclusion::The multi-index content determination method and the fingerprint method established in this study are simple, rapid, accurate and reproducible, and can be used for quality control of Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma polyphenolic acid reference extract.

Determination of the Memory Effect and Stability of Mercury by ICP-MS / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of adding gold when determing the memory effect and stability of mercury by ICP-MS, and determine the appropriate amount of gold. METHODS: ICP-MS method was used to determine the amount of mercury in the solution. The RF power was 1 550 W, flow rate of carrier gas was 1.05 L•min-1, plasma gas flow rate was 15.0 L•min-1, peristaltic pump speed was 0.2 r•s-1, and sampling depth was 8 mm. The integration time was 0.1 s. RESULTS: Mercury solution began to demonstrate obvious memory effect at the concentration of 0.4 ng•mL-1. It gradually became unstable and the coefficient of variation gradually increased after being placed at room temperature for more than 2 h in the absence of stabilizer. After adding gold, the mercury soulution was stable within 48 h, and the coefficient of variation was within 5%. When the ratio of gold to mercury was 2∶1, the memory effect of mercury was decreaed, and its stability was well guaranteed. There was no difference when the mercury standard solution was prepared with or without other elements. CONCLUSION: This study plays a reference role in the detection and analysis of mercury and provides technical support for the revision and improvement of relevant detection methods.

Quantitative Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Traditional Chinese Medicine by Colloidal Gold Immunochromatography / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE：To explore the feasibility of using colloidal gold immunochromatography for quantitative detection of aflatoxin B1 in traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS：Negative samples were used to investigate matrix interference by different levels of spikes.The rapid inspection performance was evaluated by examining the precision, sensitivity, linearity, repeatability and recovery rate. The sample was determined by rapid test method and verified by HPLC. RESULTS：High-concentration and low-concentration aflatoxin B1 reference materials were added to the negative sample matrix. After the measurement, it was found that there were matrix interferences in the samples such as tangerine peel and cassia seed, and the interference was greater when the concentration was increased. So high dilution factor was used to reduce the interference. The precision RSD of the rapid test method was 4.6% (n=10), the reproducibility RSD was 4.1% (n=6), and the recoveries of different samples were between 72.8% and 112.8%. The overall performance of the method was good. A total of 43 batches of 19 kinds of medicinal materials such as silkworm, cockroach and leeches were detected by two methods. The coincidence rate between the fast test and the HPLC test was 83.7%. Therefore, the results obtained by the two detection methods were considered to be approximate. CONCLUSION：Colloidal gold immunochromatographic rapid test method can be used for the quantitative detection of aflatoxin B1 in some traditional Chinese medicines, and provides technical support for the establishment and improvement of relevant rapid detection standard methods.

Study on application of salvianolic acids reference extract in quality control of Salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection / 中国中药杂志

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the salvianolic acids reference extract for quality control for Salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection. An Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18( 4. 6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) column was used with mobile phase consisting of 0. 1% formic acid-water and 0. 1% formic acid-acetonitrile in gradient elution procedure. The column temperature was 30 ℃; the flow rate was 1 m L·min-1; and the detection wavelength was 288 nm. The content of rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B in S. miltiorrhiza was determined by using the salvianolic acids reference extract as control substance. The content of caffeic acid,salvianolic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B,and salvianolic acid Y in the salvianolic acids for injection was also determined. The linear relationship between chemicals was good( r>0. 998 9),and the injection precision RSD was 0. 30%-0. 90%. The sexual RSD is between 1. 4% and 3. 0%,and the RSD of the reproducibility of the extract is between 2. 1% and 5. 2%. The recovery rate of the three components in S. miltiorrhiza was 96. 80%-99. 20%,and the recovery rate of the six components in salvianolic acids for injection was 88. 90%-107. 5%. The solution of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection were stable within 48 h. A total of 8 batches of S. miltiorrhiza and injection were determined by the reference extract,and the difference was smaller than that measured by the monomer control. This study preliminarily verified that the salvianolic acids reference extract can be used as a substitute for the monomer control for the quality control of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection.

Study on simultaneous determination of six arsenic species by HPLC-ICP-MS / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to establish a method for the determination of As B,As C,DMA,As( Ⅲ),MMA and As( Ⅴ) by using HPLC-ICP-MS. A Dioncx Ion PacTMAS7( 4 mm×250 mm) column was used for the HPLC-ICP-MS method. The mobile phase was 100 mmol·L-1 ammonium carbonate-1. 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium dibasic phosphate( gradient elution) at a flow rate of 1 m L·min-1. The injection volume was 10 μL. The linear relationships of As B,As C,DMA,As( Ⅲ),MMA,As( Ⅴ) were good with the concentration of10-500 μg·L-1. The average recovery rates( n = 6) were 105. 7%,100. 5%,102. 9%,105. 7%,100. 2%,92. 69%. The RSD were0. 50%,2. 4%,0. 93%,1. 3%,0. 89%,1. 5%. The precision and repeatability of this method were good. In this study,six forms of arsenic were separated effectively by this method. With methodological validation and sample determination,this method can be used to determine the morphological valence of arsenic in content determination.

Screening of multiple pesticide residues in Jinyinhua Formula Granules / 中国中药杂志

To evaluate the pesticide residue risk of Jinyinhua Formula Granules( made from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos) used in the market preliminarily,20 samples of Jinyinhua Formula Granules from 5 manufactures were collected randomly through the national evaluative sampling test program. Totally 262 pesticides( involving 270 chemical monomers) with monitoring significance to traditional Chinese medicinal materials were detected. Samples were extracted by high speed homogenate with acetonitrile as solvent. And their residues were analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS in MRM mode. No less than 2 groups of characteristic ion pairs were adopted for qualitative detection,and the calibration curve method was used for quantitative detection. The results showed that 20 pesticides were detected in 20 batches of Jinyinhua Formula Granules,with an average of about 9 pesticides detected in every batch,but no restricted pesticide was detected. The detected pesticides were all at the trace level,which was far lower than the limit of the general food standard. Therefore,the safety risk was low in Jinyinhua Formula Granules. In this study,a screening method for pesticide residues in Jinyinhua Formula Granules was established for the first time. The method was accurate and rapid,and the detection indicators were highly targeted. The results could provide theoretical reference for the prevention and control of pesticide safety risks in Jinyinhua Formula Granules and even traditional Chinese medicine formula granules.

Discussion on evaluation mode of proficiency testing for heavy metal and harmful element detection in medicines / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the evaluation model for the proficiency testing of heavy metal and harmful element residues in pharmaceuticals,and to provide reference for the proficiency testing program and proficiency testing result in the field of residue analysis. The proficiency test result of cadmium determination in honeysuckle as an example. The algorithm A,NIQR,and Horwitz function are used to calculate the assigned value and the standard deviation. Z was obtained at the same time. If | Z | ≤2,the result is satisfactory. If 2< | Z | <3,the result is questionable. If | Z | ≥3,the result is unsatisfactory. In addition,the median value is the assigned value,and deviation(D%) is used. If D% is not more than 16%,the result is satisfactory; if D% is more than 16%,the result is unsatisfactory. After analysis,in the results of questionable or dissatisfied laboratories calculated by algorithm A and NIQR,the deviation error of some data is within the scope of the standard. In the results of the satisfactory laboratory evaluated by the Horwitz function,some data deviation errors far exceed the standard range. The evaluation result of the D% meets the requirements. According to heavy metal and harmful element trace analysis methods,this study is the first to apply D% to the evaluation of the detection ability of heavy metals and harmful elements in pharmaceuticals. This method makes the evaluation result more reasonable,and has important reference significance for the evaluation of other proficiency test results.

Dexmedetomidine suppresses mechanical allodynia by inhibiting hyperpolarization-activated inward current / 生理学报

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on neuropathic pain in the chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion (CCD) rat model and the underlying mechanism. Pain behavioral tests were applied to observe the effects of DEX on mechanical allodynia in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Whole cell patch clamp was used to observe the influence of DEX on excitability and hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I) of C- and A-type dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The results showed that mechanical allodynia of CCD rats was significantly inhibited by DEX (P < 0.05). In C- and A-type DRG neurons from the CCD rats, DEX significantly increased rheobase and after hyperpolarizing potential, as well as decreased I current density. These results suggest that DEX could attenuate the neuropathic pain in the CCD rats, and the mechanism might be related to the depressed I current density and excitability of C- and A-type DRG neurons.