Dysgeusia as Anti-GQ1b Antibody Syndrome with Brainstem Involvement: A Tractography Case Report / 대한연하장애학회지

Dysgeusia and dysphagia are rarely reported as the sole clinical symptoms of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome involving the cranial nerves (CN). According to previous reports, those exhibiting bilateral facial nerve palsy or ophthalmoplegia or both are followed by bulbar dysfunctions (CNs IX and X). This paper reports a case of a 22-year-old man showing dysgeusia with dysphagia and mild limb weakness. Fiberoptic endoscopy revealed signs of residues after swallowing. The nerve conduction study (NCS) in the limbs and conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging were normal. Further workup revealed a positive serum anti-GQ1b antibody. The diffusion tension weighted brain images with tractography revealed involvement to the bilateral corticobulbar and corticospinal tract at the brainstem level. Although his normal NCS and conventional brain MRI made the diagnosis difficult, it was confirmed to be a rare variant of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome showing corticobulbar and corticospinal tract involvement. The patient showed excellent recovery after dysphagia treatment.

Dysphagia as a Clinical Manifestation of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Case Report / 대한연하장애학회지

Swallowing can be affected by a variety of systemic diseases. The etiology of dysphagia in the geriatric population is usually overlooked due mainly to a presumed diagnosis of presbyphagia or difficulty in revealing the direct cause. On the other hand, dysphagia can be a meaningful clinical sign of premalignant systemic disease. A 78-year-old man, without any prior medical or family history, was admitted with the chief complaint of dysphagia with recent aspiration pneumonia. Instrumental swallowing tests revealed a severe degree of dysphagia due to decreased laryngopharyngeal sensation and weakness of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Extensive workup, including electromyography and laboratory tests, revealed severe sensorimotor peripheral polyneuropathy related to monoclonal gammopathy. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant precursor of multiple myeloma, which is characterized by the proliferation of monoclonal proteins. These conditions are often associated with peripheral polyneuropathy, ataxia, and sometimes even muscle weakness. Although dysphagia can occur in other systemic disorders, such as vasculitis or paraneoplastic syndrome-related malignancies, there are few reports of dysphagia related to MGUS. The patient was followed up for three years. The MGUS showed no further progression, but the patient showed no improvement, indicating a protracted clinical course and poor prognosis when dysphagia is related to MGUS.

Safe Needle Insertion Locations for Motor Point Injection of the Triceps Brachii Muscle: A Pilot Cadaveric and Ultrasonography Study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the location of the motor endplate zones (MoEPs) for the three heads of the triceps brachii muscles during cadaveric dissection and estimate the safe injection zone using ultrasonography.METHODS: We studied 12 upper limbs of 6 fresh cadavers obtained from body donations to the medical school anatomy institution in Seoul, Korea. The locations of MoEPs were expressed as the percentage ratio of the vertical distance from the posterior acromion angle to the midpoint of the olecranon process. By using the same reference line as that used for cadaveric dissection, the safe injection zone away from the neurovascular bundle was identified in 6 healthy volunteers via ultrasonography. We identified the neurovascular bundle and its location with respect to the distal end of the humerus and measured its depth from the skin surface.RESULTS: The MoEPs for the long, lateral, and medial heads were located at a median of 43.8%, 54.8%, and 60.4% of the length of the reference line in cadaver dissection. The safe injection zone of the medial head MoEPs corresponded to a depth of approximately 3.5 cm from the skin surface and 1.4 cm away from the humerus, as determined by sonography.CONCLUSION: Correct identification of the motor points for each head of the triceps brachii would increase the precision and efficacy of motor point injections to manage elbow extensor spasticity.