Baicalin inhibits streptozotocin-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer' s disease rat model by TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of baicalin on the inflammatory response and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD 88)/nuclear factor kappa B (N F-K B) signaling pathway in Alzheimer' s disease (AD) rat model induced by lateral ventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Methods The AD animal model was constructed by lateral ventricular injection of STZ in SD rats, and divided into sham operation group, model group, low-dose (60 mg

Effect of processing with vinegar on efficacy of Curcuma longa in treatment of dysmenorrhea in rats with syndrome of liver depression and Qi stagnation / 中国中药杂志

This study compared the effects of Curcuma longa before and after processing with vinegar on the rat model of dysmenorrhea with the syndrome of liver depression and Qi stagnation to reveal the mechanism of vinegar processing in improving the role of C. longa in soothing liver and relieving pain. The rat model of dysmenorrhea with the syndrome of liver depression and Qi stagnation was established according to the Preparation of the Animal Model of Dysmenorrhea(Draft) and the chronic unpredictable stress me-thod. The changes in the body weight, organ indexes, writhing latency, writhing score, and serum levels of six liver function indicators, sex hormones, pain factors, and blood rheological indicators were measured to evaluate the efficacy of C. longa processed with vinegar or not in treating dysmenorrhea in the rats with syndrome of liver depression and qi stagnation. Compared with the model group, the C. longa group(processed with vinegar or not) showed slow weight loss, increase in writhing latency, and decrease in writhing response(P<0.05). The inhibition rates on writhing in raw C. longa, vinegar-processed C. longa, and positive groups were 33.780%, 64.611%, and 62.466%, respectively. The significantly higher inhibition rate of the vinegar processing group indicated that vinegar-processed C. longa demonstrated more significant therapeutic effect. The vinegar-processed C. longa group showed lower levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), direct bilirubin(DBIL), and total bilirubin(TBIL) and higher level of albumin(ALB)(P<0.05), which indicated that vinegar processing enhanced the therapeutic effect of C. longa on liver injury. The serum levels of estradiol(E_2) and oxytocin(OT) were lower in the vinegar-processed C. longa group(P<0.05), indicating that the vinegar-processed C. longa could regulate the sex hormone levels, reduce the activity of uterine smooth muscle and contraction of uterus, and alleviate the symptoms of dysmenorrhea in rats. Moreover, the vinegar-processed C. longa group showed lower interleukin-6(IL-6) and arginine vasopressin(AVP) levels and higher beta-endorphin(β-EP) level(P<0.05), which indicated that vinegar-processed C. longa regulated the levels of pain factors to exert the pain-relieving effect. Drug intervention decreased the whole blood viscosity low-cut, medium-cut and high-cut values, plasma viscosity, whole blood reduction viscosity low-cut and high-cut values, erythrocyte cumulative pressure, and equation K value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate(P<0.05), and the vinegar-processed C. longa group outperformed other groups. This result indicated that vinegar processing enhanced the function of C. longa in improving the local blood rheology. C. longa processed with vinegar can enter the liver to relieve the da-mage to the heart, liver, kidney, and uterus, repair the liver function, and recover the sex hormone levels and immune function by regulating the levels of sex hormones and pain factors and improving the blood rheology. It activates the pain-relieving mechanism to relieve the pain, protect the liver, and fight inflammation, which is consistent with the theory that vinegar processing facilitates C. longa entering the liver to sooth liver and relieve pain.

The directionality of measurement bias: a directed acyclic graph-based structural perspective / 中华流行病学杂志

Measurement bias (MB) has been described in causal structures but is still not entirely clear. In practice, the correctness of substitution estimate (SE) of effect is a prerequisite for causal inference, usually based on a bidirectionally non-differential misclassification between the measured exposure and the measured outcome. Based on a directed acyclic graph (DAG), this paper proposes a structure for the single-variable measure, where its MB is derived from the choice of an imperfect, "input/output device-like" measurement system. The MB of the SE is influenced both by the measurement system itself and by factors outside the measurement system: while the independence or dependence mechanism of the measurement system still ensures that the MB of the SE is bidirectionally non-differential; however, the misclassification can be bidirectionally non-differential, unidirectionally differential, or bidirectionally differential resulted from the factors outside the measurement system. In addition, reverse causality should be defined at the level of measurement, where measured exposures can influence measured outcomes and vice versa. Combined with temporal relationships, DAGs help elucidate MB's structures, mechanisms, and directionality.

Material basis and mechanism of Curcuma longa tuberous roots with and without vinegar processing in treating primary dysmenorrhea / 中国中药杂志

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the chemical components in Curcuma longa tuberous roots(HSYJ), C. longa tuberous roots processed with vinegar(CHSYJ), and rat serum after the administration. The active components of HSYJ and CHSYJ absorbed in serum were identified based on the secondary spectrum of database and literature. The targets of primary dysmenorrhea was screened out from database. The protein-protein interaction network analysis, gene ontology(GO) functional annotation, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed for the common targets shared by the drug active components in serum and primary dysmenorrhea, and the component-target-pathway network was constructed. AutoDock was used to conduct molecular docking between the core components and targets. A total of 44 chemical components were identified from HSYJ and CHSYJ, including 18 absorbed in serum. On the basis of network pharmacology, we identified 8 core components(including procurcumenol, isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ferulic acid, and zedoarondiol) and 10 core targets \[including interleukin-6(IL-6), estrogen receptor 1(ESR1), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2)\]. The core targets were mainly distributed in the heart, liver, uterus, and smooth muscle. The molecular docking results showed that the core components were well bound to the core targets, indicating that HSYJ and CHSYJ may exert therapeutic effect on primary dysmenorrhea via estrogen, ovarian steroidogenesis, tumor necrosis factor(TNF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1), IL-17 and other signaling pathways. This study clarifies the HSYJ and CHSYJ components absorbed in serum, as well as the corresponding mechanism, providing a reference for further elucidating the therapeutic material basis and clinical application of HSYJ and CHSYJ.

Effect on Danggui Shaoyao Powder on mitophagy in rat model of Alzheimer's disease based on PINK1-Parkin pathway / 中国中药杂志

This study investigated the mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao Powder(DSP) against mitophagy in rat model of Alzheimer's disease(AD) induced by streptozotocin(STZ) based on PTEN induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)-Parkin signaling pathway. The AD rat model was established by injecting STZ into the lateral ventricle, and the rats were divided into normal group, model group, DSP low-dose group(12 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), DSP medium-dose group(24 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), and DSP high-dose group(36 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)). Morris water maze test was used to detect the learning and memory function of the rats, and transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence were employed to detect mitophagy. The protein expression levels of PINK1, Parkin, LC3BⅠ/LC3BⅡ, and p62 were assayed by Western blot. Compared with the normal group, the model group showed a significant decrease in the learning and memory function(P<0.01), reduced protein expression of PINK1 and Parkin(P<0.05), increased protein expression of LC3BⅠ/LC3BⅡ and p62(P<0.05), and decreased occurrence of mitophagy(P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the DSP medium-and high-dose groups notably improved the learning and memory ability of AD rats, which mainly manifested as shortened escape latency, leng-thened time in target quadrants and elevated number of crossing the platform(P<0.05 or P<0.01), remarkably activated mitophagy(P<0.05), up-regulated the protein expression of PINK1 and Parkin, and down-regulated the protein expression of LC3BⅠ/LC3BⅡ and p62(P<0.05 or P<0.01). These results demonstrated that DSP might promote mitophagy mediated by PINK1-Parkin pathway to remove damaged mitochondria and improve mitochondrial function, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.

Development and Evaluation of Biocontrol Agents Against Panax ginseng Root Rot / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo develop safe and effective microbial agents against Panax ginseng root rot. MethodP. notoginseng endophytes were screened in plate confrontation tests， followed by morphological and molecular biological identification of antagonistic strains， optimization of strain fermentation conditions in a single factor test， and determination of optimal carriers and auxiliary agents of the microbial agent and their ratio using response surface methodology for formulating the production process. The prevention and control effects of the microbial agent were verified in the confrontation and pot culture experiments. ResultThe plate confrontation test yielded a strain named Fusarium pseudoanthophilum with significant resistance to root rot， and its antibacterial rate was 53.33%. According to the single factor test， the fermentation conditions of F. pseudoanthophilum were determined to be fermentation time 60 h， fermentation temperature 26 ℃， speed 120 r·min-1， and pH 6.5. The response surface optimization results showed that the number of viable bacteria reached the maximum （5.23×109 cfu·g-1） when the peat was 60.00 g， sodium carboxymethylcellulose 3.50 g， and sodium alginate 4.76 g. The influences of carriers and auxiliary agents on the number of viable bacteria were sorted by degree in a descending order as follows： peat>sodium carboxymethylcellulose >sodium alginate. The confrontation test results showed that when the microbial agent concentration was greater than 1.00 g·L-1， it had a significant inhibitory effect on the root rot pathogen F. oxysporum and the inhibitory rate was more than 42.3%. As demonstrated by the pot culture experiment， the inoculation of biocontrol agent for 28 d significantly reduced the incidence （66.99%） of root rot in P. ginseng seedlings and disease index （61.69%） and increased their leaf length （33.04%） and fresh weight （34.48%）. ConclusionF. pseudoanthophilum inoculant is efficient in preventing and controlling the root rot， making it worthy of further development and utilization.

Influence of electroacupuncture on ghrelin and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the influence of electroacupuncture (EA) on ghrelin and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (PI3K/Akt/eNOS) signaling pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).@*METHODS@#Eight Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as the healthy blood pressure (BP) control (normal group), and 32 SHRs were randomized into model group, EA group, EA plus ghrelin group (EA + G group), and EA plus PF04628935 group (a potent ghrelin receptor blocker; EA + P group) using a random number table. Rats in the normal group and model group did not receive treatment, but were immobilized for 20 min per day, 5 times a week, for 4 continuous weeks. SHRs in the EA group, EA + G group and EA + P group were immobilized and given EA treatment in 20 min sessions, 5 times per week, for 4 weeks. Additionally, 1 h before EA, SHRs in the EA + G group and EA + P group were intraperitoneally injected with ghrelin or PF04628935, respectively, for 4 weeks. The tail-cuff method was used to measure BP. After the 4-week intervention, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and pathological morphology of the abdominal aorta was observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of ghrelin, nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in the serum. Isolated thoracic aortic ring experiment was performed to evaluate vasorelaxation. Western blot was used to measure the expression of PI3K, Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and eNOS proteins in the abdominal aorta. Further, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted to measure the relative levels of mRNA expression for PI3K, Akt and eNOS in the abdominal aorta.@*RESULTS@#EA significantly reduced the systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) (P < 0.05). HE staining showed that EA improved the morphology of the vascular endothelium to some extent. Results of ELISA indicated that higher concentrations of ghrelin and NO, and lower concentrations of ET-1 and TXA2 were presented in the EA group (P < 0.05). The isolated thoracic aortic ring experiment demonstrated that the vasodilation capacity of the thoracic aorta increased in the EA group. Results of Western blot and qRT-PCR showed that EA increased the abundance of PI3K, p-Akt/Akt and eNOS proteins, as well as expression levels of PI3K, Akt and eNOS mRNAs (P < 0.05). In the EA + G group, SBP and DBP decreased (P < 0.05), ghrelin concentrations increased (P < 0.05), and the concentrations of ET-1 and TXA2 decreased (P < 0.05), relative to the EA group. In addition, the levels of PI3K and eNOS proteins, the p-Akt/Akt ratio, and the expression of PI3K, Akt and eNOS mRNAs increased significantly in the EA + G group (P < 0.05), while PF04628935 reversed these effects.@*CONCLUSION@#EA effectively reduced BP and protected the vascular endothelium, and these effects may be linked to promoting the release of ghrelin and activation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.

Knowledge Domain and Emerging Trends of Chinese Medicine in Management of Pediatric Asthma: A Scientometric Study / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the intellectual landscape and emerging research trends of Chinese medicine (CM) in the management of pediatric asthma through a scientometric study.@*METHODS@#Publications related to CM in the management of pediatric asthma were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection using relevant keywords. A scientometric study was performed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1,673 original articles and reviews from 1991 to 2019 were included in the analysis. The amount of annual publications had a gradual increase with time. USA was the major contributor both in country and institution analyses. Based on the co-citation, the published journals were grouped into 4 clusters. Keyword analysis indicated that the main hotspots were: (1) comprehensive management; (2) risk factors, mechanism, and prevalence; (3) prevention and treatment; (4) inflammation; and (5) environmental research. Lastly, we predicted that three emerging trends were quality of life promotion, immune response, and combination therapy.@*CONCLUSIONS@#CM research in the management of pediatric asthma will maintain the current trend of steady growth. This scientometric analysis may help scientists to identify the areas of interests and future directions in the field.

Efficacy of Lauromacrogol Injection for Ablation of Benign Predominantly Cystic Thyroid Nodules and Related Factors: A Prospective Study

Objective@#To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of lauromacrogol injection for ablation (LIA) of benign predominantly cystic thyroid nodules and its related factors. @*Materials and Methods@#A total of 142 benign predominantly cystic thyroid nodules (median volume, 12.5 mL; range, 0.4– 156 mL) in 137 patients (male:female sex ratio, 36:101; mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 49 ± 13 years) were treated with LIA after being confirmed as benign via cytology. The volume reduction rate (VRR) of the nodules and cosmetic score were evaluated during follow-up at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment and every 6 months thereafter. A VRR of ≥ 50% at the 12-month follow-up was considered to indicate effective treatment. The associations between the clinical factors and nodular ultrasound features, including the initial nodule volume, proportion of solid components, vascularity grade and ineffective treatment (VRR of < 50% at the 12-month follow-up), and regrowth were analyzed. @*Results@#All patients completed follow-up for at least 12 months. The average ± SD follow-up period was 32 ± 11 months (range, 12–54 months). The effective treatment rate was 73.2% (104/142), while the regrowth rate was 12.0% (17/142) at the last follow-up. Grade 2–3 intranodular vascularity in the solid components of the nodules was the only independent factor associated with ineffective treatment, with an odds ratio (reference category, grade 0–1) of 3.054 (95% confidence interval, 1.148–8.127) (p = 0.025). @*Conclusion@#LIA is an effective treatment for predominantly cystic thyroid nodules. Grade 2–3 intranodular vascularity in the solid components of nodules is the only independent risk factor for ineffective LIA.

Recent advances in isolation, identification, and culture of mammalian spermatogonial stem cells / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Continuous spermatogenesis depends on the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs, the only male reproductive stem cells that transmit genetic material to subsequent generations, possess an inherent self-renewal ability, which allows the maintenance of a steady stem cell pool. SSCs eventually differentiate to produce sperm. However, in an in vitro culture system, SSCs can be induced to differentiate into various types of germ cells. Rodent SSCs are well defined, and a culture system has been successfully established for them. In contrast, available information on the biomolecular markers and a culture system for livestock SSCs is limited. This review summarizes the existing knowledge and research progress regarding mammalian SSCs to determine the mammalian spermatogenic process, the biology and niche of SSCs, the isolation and culture systems of SSCs, and the biomolecular markers and identification of SSCs. This information can be used for the effective utilization of SSCs in reproductive technologies for large livestock animals, enhancement of human male fertility, reproductive medicine, and protection of endangered species.

Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir plus ribavirin for Child-Pugh B and Child-Pugh C hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis

Background/Aims@#Real-world studies assessing the effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) plus ribavirin (RBV) for Child-Pugh B/C hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis are limited. @*Methods@#We included 107 patients with Child-Pugh B/C HCV-related cirrhosis receiving SOF/VEL plus RBV for 12 weeks in Taiwan. The sustained virologic response rates at off-treatment week 12 (SVR12) for the evaluable population (EP), modified EP, and per-protocol population (PP) were assessed. Thesafety profiles were reported. @*Results@#The SVR12 rates in the EP, modified EP and PP were 89.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.5–94.2%), 94.1% (95% CI, 87.8–97.3%), and 100% (95% CI, 96.2–100%). Number of patients who failed to achieve SVR12 were attributed to virologic failures. The SVR12 rates were comparable regardless of patient characteristics. One patient discontinued treatment because of adverse events (AEs). Twenty-four patients had serious AEs and six died, but none were related to SOF/VEL or RBV. Among the 96 patients achieving SVR12, 84.4% and 64.6% had improved Child-Pugh and model for endstage liver disease (MELD) scores. Multivariate analysis revealed that a baseline MELD score ≥15 was associated with an improved MELD score of ≥3 (odds ratio, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.16–14.71; P=0.02). Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1 had more significant estimated glomerular filtration rate declines than patients with CKD stage 2 (-0.42 mL/min/1.73 m2/month; P=0.01) or stage 3 (-0.56 mL/min/1.73 m2/month; P<0.001). @*Conclusions@#SOF/VEL plus RBV for 12 weeks is efficacious and well-tolerated for Child-Pugh B/C HCV-related cirrhosis.

Researches about Motor Imagery-Stroke in Recent Ten Years: A Visual Analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

Results and Conclusion:The mean of articles published was 70.5 a year. Germany, USA, UK were the top countries of cooperative documents; Tübingen University, Keio University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University were the top institutions. The most cooperative articles were involved the team of Gharabaghi A. Motor imagery-brain computer interface, network, motor function, especially walking function, may be the focuses in the future. Objective:To summarize the research structure of motor imagery applied in stroke and identify the hotspots and development. Methods:Literatures about motor imagery applied in stroke collected in Web of Science core database between 2010 to 2020 were obtained, and analyzed with CiteSpace software to draw the relevant knowledge mapping of related countries, institutions, authors, and keywords, etc.

Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir plus ribavirin for Child-Pugh B and Child-Pugh C hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis

Background/Aims@#Real-world studies assessing the effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) plus ribavirin (RBV) for Child-Pugh B/C hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis are limited. @*Methods@#We included 107 patients with Child-Pugh B/C HCV-related cirrhosis receiving SOF/VEL plus RBV for 12 weeks in Taiwan. The sustained virologic response rates at off-treatment week 12 (SVR12) for the evaluable population (EP), modified EP, and per-protocol population (PP) were assessed. Thesafety profiles were reported. @*Results@#The SVR12 rates in the EP, modified EP and PP were 89.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.5–94.2%), 94.1% (95% CI, 87.8–97.3%), and 100% (95% CI, 96.2–100%). Number of patients who failed to achieve SVR12 were attributed to virologic failures. The SVR12 rates were comparable regardless of patient characteristics. One patient discontinued treatment because of adverse events (AEs). Twenty-four patients had serious AEs and six died, but none were related to SOF/VEL or RBV. Among the 96 patients achieving SVR12, 84.4% and 64.6% had improved Child-Pugh and model for endstage liver disease (MELD) scores. Multivariate analysis revealed that a baseline MELD score ≥15 was associated with an improved MELD score of ≥3 (odds ratio, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.16–14.71; P=0.02). Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1 had more significant estimated glomerular filtration rate declines than patients with CKD stage 2 (-0.42 mL/min/1.73 m2/month; P=0.01) or stage 3 (-0.56 mL/min/1.73 m2/month; P<0.001). @*Conclusions@#SOF/VEL plus RBV for 12 weeks is efficacious and well-tolerated for Child-Pugh B/C HCV-related cirrhosis.

Experience in surgical treatment of type Ⅱ odontoid fractures: A report of two cases and review of the literature / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Two cases of type Ⅱ odontoid fractures were reported to share our experience in surgery treatment of such cases. A 33-year-old woman with comminuted type Ⅱ odontoid fracture and a 42-year-old man with fracture end hardened type Ⅱ odontoid fracture received surgical treatment in our hospital. Though imaging examination suggested that these two patients were suitable for anterior screw fixation, we encountered difficulties during the operation. The two patients eventually underwent posterior C

Bioinformatics analysis and expression pattern of NAC transcription factor family of Angelica dahurica var. formosana from Sichuan province / 中国中药杂志

NAC(NAM/ATAF/CUC) protein plays an important role in plant growth and development, secondary cell wall formation and stress response. In this study, based on the sequencing data of Angelica dahurica, the NAC family was systematically analyzed using bioinformatics methods and its expression pattern was analyzed. Studies showed that 75 candidate genes had been selected from the NAC transcription factor family of A. dahurica, with the protein size of 148-641, all of which were unstable hydrophilic proteins. Most NAC proteins were localized in the nucleus, and had complete NAC domain. Phylogenetic analysis of NAC family proteins of A.dahurica and Arabidopsis thaliana showed that among the 17 subfamilies, NAC members were unevenly distributed in each subfamily, indicating that the evolution of species is developing in multiple directions. Among them, ANAC063 subfamily contained no NAC sequence of A. dahurica, which might be due to the functional evolution of the species. Analysis of protein transmembrane structure and signal peptide showed that NAC transcription factor could carry out transmembrane transportation, but its signal peptide function had not been found. Expression analysis showed that most transcription factors responded to abiotic stress and hormones to varying degrees, and the effects of hormones were obvious, especially ABA and IAA. In different organs of A. dahurica, most members of the NAC family had higher expression in root phloem, followed by root xylem. This study lays a foundation for further research on the function of A. dahurica NAC transcription factor and for solving the biological problems of A. dahurica.

The comparison of fully-covered self-expandable metal stent and plastic stent on the treatment of post liver transplantation anastomotic biliary stricture / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and safety of fully-covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) with plastic stent over the treatment of post liver transplantation anastomotic biliary stricture (AS).Methods:The clinical data of AS patients after liver transplantation admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2014 to April 2018 was collected for the retrospective study. According to different implanted stents, patients were divided into FCSEMS group and plastic stent group. The general information of the two groups of patients, surgical success rate, postoperative complications, the number of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the number of indwelling stents and other indicators were compared and analyzed.Results:A total of 54 patients were enrolled, including 41 males and 13 females, with a median age of 48 (34-65) years. A total of 23 cases were included in the FCSEMS group and 31 cases were included in the plastic stent group. The overall technical success rate of the operation was 98.3% (176/179). In the FCSEMS group, there were 21 patients recovered and 2 patients were relieved; in the plastic stent group, 29 patients were recovered, 1 case was relieved, and 1 case failed. There were no statistically significant differences in the efficacy and complication rate between the two groups (all P>0.05). The median stent indwelling time, ERCP times, and the number of indwelling stents in the FCSEMS group were 5.9 months, 2 times, and 1, respectively, and in the plastic stent group were 9.5 months, 4 times, and 8 respectively. There were statistical differences between the two groups (all P<0.05). Conclusions:FCSEMS for treatment of AS showed less duration of stenting, numbers of stents and endoscopic treatment sessions with the similar efficacy as plastic stents. It’s indicated that it’s necessary to pay attention to the probability of stent migration and pancreatitis.

MSAP analysis of DNA methylation between pogoston-type and patchouliol-type of Pogostemon cablin / 中草药

Objective: To analyze the DNA methylations between two chemical types of Pogostemon cablin using MSAP technique. Methods: Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique was used to detect the DNA methylation degree of two chemical type and a total of 197 P. cablin samples. Results: The highest or higher values of the Shannon polymorphism index of the four types of MSAP locus information were produced in the five areas of Yangchun, Deqing, Gaozhou Datong, Lubu, and Guangning. It formed two branches with P. cablin Shipaiensis (Pogostone-type) and the rest (Patchouliol-type). The percentage of variation among the populations was 60.66%, which was far greater than that within the population. A total of 10 differential fragments were screened out, sequenced and analyzed, one of those belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family. Conclusion: The MSAP technique can be used to identify the different origins of P. cablin. The formation of different chemical types of P. cablinis closely related to its DNA methylation level, and further research is needed.

Trial of Chloroquines in the Treatment of COVID-19 and Its Research Progress in Forensic Toxicology / 法医学杂志

Chloroquines are the long-established prescription drug, which are often used clinically to treat malaria and connective tissue diseases. Since December 2019, corona virus disease 2019 （COVID-19） outbreaks caused by 2019 novel coronavirus （2019-nCoV） has occurred in China and many countries around the world. Due to the lack of drugs against COVID-19, the disease spreads rapidly and the mortality rate is relatively high. Therefore, specific drugs against 2019-nCoV need to be quickly screened. The antimalarial drug chloroquine phosphate which has already been approved is confirmed to have an anti-2019-nCoV effect and has been included in diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines. However, awareness of the risk of chloroquine phosphate causing acute poisoning or even death should be strengthened. The current dosage recommended in clinical treatment is larger than that in previous treatment of malaria and the period of treatment is longer. Many provinces have required close clinical monitoring of adverse reactions. This paper reviews the pharmacological effects, poisoning and toxicological mechanisms, in vivo metabolism and distribution, and forensic issues of chloroquine drugs, in order to provide help to forensic practice and clinical work.

Effects of high glucose exposure on permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells under the condition of high glucose exposure. Methods The bEnd.3 cell line was chosen to detect the value of trans- endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT).Hence, the characteristics of blood-brain barrier in cell model were identified.The permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells on high glucose exposure was evaluated by cell morphology, cell viability, intracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity and relative expression of ZO-1 and Occludin genes. Results The value of TEER, the activity of ALP and γ-GT increased gradually with increasing incubation time.The observation of cell morphology showed that the number of cells decreased significantly under high glucose exposure, and the adherence was unstable.Cell viability decreased with higher concentration of glucose or longer exposure time under high glucose exposure.The activity of lactate dehydrogenase was also decreased, and there were significant differences among the dose groups (P < 0.05).In addition, the expression levels of tight junction protein ZO-1 and Occludin were further detected.It was found that high glucose exposure inhibited the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin genes in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion The bEnd.3 cell line has the characteristics of blood-brain barrier.High glucose exposure inhibited the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 and Occludin. The results might be related to the change of the permeability in brain microvascular endothelial cells

Effects of high glucose exposure on permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells under the condition of high glucose exposure. Methods The bEnd.3 cell line was chosen to detect the value of trans- endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT).Hence, the characteristics of blood-brain barrier in cell model were identified.The permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells on high glucose exposure was evaluated by cell morphology, cell viability, intracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity and relative expression of ZO-1 and Occludin genes. Results The value of TEER, the activity of ALP and γ-GT increased gradually with increasing incubation time.The observation of cell morphology showed that the number of cells decreased significantly under high glucose exposure, and the adherence was unstable.Cell viability decreased with higher concentration of glucose or longer exposure time under high glucose exposure.The activity of lactate dehydrogenase was also decreased, and there were significant differences among the dose groups (P < 0.05).In addition, the expression levels of tight junction protein ZO-1 and Occludin were further detected.It was found that high glucose exposure inhibited the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin genes in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion The bEnd.3 cell line has the characteristics of blood-brain barrier.High glucose exposure inhibited the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 and Occludin. The results might be related to the change of the permeability in brain microvascular endothelial cells