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Dead heart is an important trait of pith-decayed Scutellariae Radix. The purpose of this study was to clarify the scientific connotation of the dead heart using multi-omics. Metabolomics and transcriptomics combined with multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were used to systematically compare the differences in chemical composition and gene expression among phloem, outer xylem and near-dead xylem of pith-decayed Scutella-riae Radix. The results revealed significant differences in the contents of flavonoid glycosides and aglycones among the three parts. Compared with phloem and outer xylem, near-dead xylem had markedly lowered content of flavonoid glycosides(including baicalin, norwogonin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, and wogonoside) while markedly increased content of aglycones(including 3,5,7,2',6'-pentahydroxy dihydroflavone, baicalin, wogonin, and oroxylin A). The differentially expressed genes were mainly concentrated in KEGG pathways such as phenylpropanoid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, ABC transporter, and plant MAPK signal transduction pathway. This study systematically elucidated the material basis of the dead heart of pith-decayed Scutellariae Radix with multiple growing years. Specifically, the content of flavonoid aglycones was significantly increased in the near-dead xylem, and the gene expression of metabolic pathways such as flavonoid glycoside hydrolysis, interxylary cork development and programmed apoptosis was significantly up-regulated. This study provided a theoretical basis for guiding the high-quality production of pith-decayed Scutellariae Radix.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Scutellaria baicalensis/química , Glucuronídeos , Multiômica , Flavonoides/químicaRESUMO
Starting with the relationship between mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings as food and metabolites, this study systematically compared the chemical components, screened out differential components, and quantitatively analyzed the main differential components based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA). Moreover, the in vitro enzymatic transformation of the representative differential components was studied. The results showed that(1) 95 components were identified from mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings, among which 27 components only exist in mulberry leaves and 8 components in silkworm droppings. The main differential components were flavonoid glycosides and chlorogenic acids.(2) Nineteen components with significant difference were quantitatively analyzed, and the components with significant differences and high content were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin.(3) The crude protease in the mid-gut of silkworm significantly metabolized neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid, which may be an important reason for the efficacy change in mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings. This study lays a scientific foundation for the development, utilization, and quality control of mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings. It provides references for clarifying the possible material basis and mechanism of the pungent-cool and dispersing nature of mulberry leaves transforming into the pungent-warm and dampness-resolving nature of silkworm droppings, and offers a new idea for the study of nature-effect transformation mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Animais , Bombyx , Morus/química , Ácido Clorogênico/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
The name, origin, place of origin, medicinal parts, harvesting and processing of lotus are verified by consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books, combined with modern literature, providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing lotus. According to textual research, the original base of lotus is Nelumbo nucifera since ancient times, rhizome (Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus), leaf (Nelumbinis Folium), seed (Nelumbinis Semen), embryo (Nelumbinis Plumula), receptacle (Nelumbinis Receptaculum), stamen (Nelumbinis Stamen) and other medicinal parts of N. nucifera can be used as medicine and have different clinical effects. Nelumbinis Semen was originally produced in Henan, and then gradually expanded to Jiangnan. Today, it can be cultivated and planted throughout the country, with Fujian, Hunan, and Jiangxi as the authentic production areas. After combing the medicinal parts of N. nucifera and the historical evolution of its processing, it is suggested that the dried and mature fruits of N. nucifera taking in autumn and removing the shell and Nelumbinis Plumula should be used in Qingxin Lianziyin. Nelumbinis Folium in Erdongtang should be harvested in summer and autumn, and the raw products was used as medicine and processed in accordance with the provision of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties, this article makes a systematic textual research on the name, origin, producing area, quality, harvesting and processing of Zisu (Perillae) in the famous classical formulas, so as to clarify the information of the drug in different historical periods and provide a reference for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The main origin of Perillae in the ancient literature was Perilla frutescens var. frutescens (purple leaf type), followed by P. frutescens var. acuta (purple leaf type), but not Baisu. Modern chemical composition studies also show that there are obvious differences between Perillae and Baisu, which provides a scientific basis for distinguishing them. Although they are often treated as a species in plant classification, P. frutescens var. frutescens (purple leaf type) is recommended in the development of famous classical formulas, and Baisu should be avoided. Perillae is widely distributed, but its producing area did not record in most of the literature in the past dynasties, or the producing area is described as everywhere today. In the period of the Southern and Northern dynasties, the medicinal parts of Perillae included stems, leaves and seeds, and doctors in the Ming dynasty began to pay attention to the differentiation of different medicinal parts. The harvesting and processing methods of Perillae in the past dynasties are close to that of today. Perillae Fructus is mostly stir-fried and ground into medicine, Perillae Folium and Perillae Caulis are mainly simple cleansing. In production, we can refer to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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By referring to the materials of ancient materia medica, prescriptions and medical books, combining with modern literature, this paper made textual research on the name, origin, producing area, quality evaluation, harvesting and processing methods of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix in famous classical formulas, so as to provide a basis for the selection and use of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix in the development of famous classical formulas. Through textual research, it can be seen that Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix is the correct name in all dynasties, but it still has many aliases. The main strain of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix was Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholense, in addition, there are also L. tenuissimum, Sinodielsia yunnanensis, and Conioselinum vaginatum, L. sinense var. hupehense used in different regions. Since modern times, the textual examination of its scientific name is more complicated. Different foreign scholars have given many scientific names from their local observation, but most of them do not match the actual situation of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix in ancient China. It is probably because they did not collect the original plants of Chinese Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix and conduct accurate identification. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the L. sinense and L. jeholense was identified as the original plants through systematic investigation and arrangement of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix. Since modern times, L. sinense is distributed in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River and the south of the region, a small amount of production in Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi. L. jeholense is distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the north of the region, mostly produced in Liaoning and Hebei. The ancient harvesting period of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix was concentrated in January and February according to the lunar calendar with thick roots, dry, fragrant, heavy quality as the best. But now the collection of roots and rhizome more than concentrated in spring before seedling emergence and autumn when leaves were gone, and take the large, dry, yellow, strong, fragrant, less roots, residual short as the best. In the past dynasties, raw products were the main processing methods, and there were also roasting, grinding and so on. Based on the research results, it is suggested that the raw roots and rhizomes of L. sinense and L. jeholense should be used in the development of famous classical formulas.
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Through consulting the ancient herbal and medical books, combined with the field investigation, the name, origin, collection and processing of Dendrobium medicinal materials were researched, which provided a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this kind of herbs. Due to the wide distribution of D. officinale, the Dendrobium species represented by D. officinale and D. huoshanense, which are short, fleshy and rich in mucus, should be the most mainstream of Dendrobium medicinal materials in previous dynasties. Compared with Shihu, Muhu with loose texture, long and hollow is born on trees. According to the characteristic description, it should be D. nobile, D. fimbriatum and so on, of which D. nobile was the mainstream. The Chinese meaning of Jinchai was confused in the past dynasties, so it was not suitable to be treated as a plant name. The production areas of Dendrobium medicinal materials in the past dynasties have changed with the discovery of varieties, artificial cultivation and other factors. Lu'an, Anhui province, was the earliest recorded in the Han and Wei dynasties. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, it had been extended to Guangdong and Guangxi, and it was considered that "Dendrobii Caulis in Guangnan was the best". In the Ming dynasty, Sichuan and Zhejiang products were highly praised, and in the Qing dynasty, Huoshan products were highly praised. Dendrobium medicinal materials had been used as medicine by stems in all dynasties. The medicinal materials were divided into fresh products and dry products. The fresh products can be used immediately after removing the sediment from the roots. The dry products need further processing, most of them used wine as auxiliary materials for steaming, simmer to paste or decoction into medicine. D. officinale and D. huoshanense have special processing specifications since the middle of Qing dynasty, that is, "Fengdou". According to the research results, in Ganluyin, the effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials is mainly heat clearing, and D. nobile with bitter taste can be selected. The main effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials in Dihuang Yinzi is tonic, D. officinale or D. huoshanense can be selected.
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In this study, name, origin, producing areas, harvesting time and processing methods of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma were systematically researched by consulting the literature of ancient herbs, medical and prescription books, so as to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formula containing this herb. According to textual research, the main base of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma was Alisma plantago-aquatica and A. orientale. A. canaliculatum and A. gramineum and other genera were sometimes used as the source of Alismatis Rhizoma, there was a confusion of medicinal varieties. The earliest producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma was in today's Henan province, and later Hanzhong, Shaanxi province, became the high-quality producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma. Since the Ming dynasty, its production area expanded to Fujian. In the Qing dynasty, Jian'ou in Fujian was the authentic production area of Alismatis Rhizoma. In the period of the Republic of China, Sichuan and Jiangxi were added to the production areas of Alismatis Rhizoma. Based on the research results, it is suggested that the dried tubers of A. orientale from Fujian and Jiangxi or A. plantago-aquatica from Sichuan should be used in the famous classical formulas. In ancient times, Alismatis Rhizoma was processed by wine, but most of the standards and specifications in modern times are no longer included the processing specifications of Alismatis Rhizoma with wine. Although salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma is commonly used in modern times, it didn't become one of the main processing methods until the Qing dynasty. According to the relevant national documents, it is suggested that Alismatis Rhizoma without clear processing requirements in famous classical formulas should be used as raw products, and the formulas with processing requirements should be selected as processed products such as salt and wine according to the meaning of the formulas.
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By consulting the ancient herbal and medical books, combined with modern literature, the name, origin, geoherbalism, harvesting and processing changes of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas were sorted out. According to the research, ancient doctors only approved three kinds of bamboo medicinal materials, namely, Jinzhu (䈽竹), Kuzhu (苦竹) and Danzhu (淡竹), and took bamboo leaves, made Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli (竹沥) for medicine. Bamboo medicinal materials with different origins have different properties, tastes and effects, after clinical optimization, it is gradually considered that Danzhu is the best source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli. According to the morphological description of the original plants and the attached drawings, it is considered that the Danzhu in ancient Chinese materia medica should be Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, which has been included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia as one of the genuine sources of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias. Therefore, It is suggested that P. nigra var. henonis can be added as the source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas, and the medicinal part is the dry middle layer of its stem. Ginger-processed can increase the anti emetic effect of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias, and the three formulas involving Bambusae Caulis in Taenias from The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas (The First Batch) all contain ginger, and the processing method of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias is not marked in the original formula, so it is suggested to use raw products in the three formulas of Jupi Zhurutang, Wendantang and Zhurutang.
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In this paper, the name, varieties, raw materials and manufacturing technology of maltose in the famous classical formulas were researched by consulting the herbal medicines, medical books, prescription books and modern literature of past dynasties, which provided the basis for the development and utilization of formulas containing maltose. Through textual research, it can be seen that the name of maltose has been derived from its shape, texture, preparation method, raw materials and producing area. In ancient times, maltose was mainly divided into soft and hard types according to the texture. Those who are wet and soft as honey are called "syrup" or "jelly", while those who are hard and white are called "malt" and "sugar". In modern times, they are mostly called malt sugar, only jelly is used as medicine, and malt is mostly used as food. Throughout the ages, medicinal maltose were made of Oryza sativa var. glutinosa as the raw material and Hordeum vulgare as malt, prepared by fermenting, decocting and concentrating. The maltose made from other cereals such as Setaria italica var. germanica, Panicum miliaceum is slightly inferior in quality. The 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia did not include maltose, but included malt sugar, a pharmaceutical excipient, which was a crystal powder with high purity. But maltose was included in the national food standard and the local processing specification. Based on the textual research results, it is suggested that malt syrup in GB/T 20883-2017 can be used as the reference for the development of formulas containing maltose, and O. sativa var. glutinosa, H. vulgare are clearly used as raw materials.
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Based on various ancient documents such as materia medica, prescription books, classics and history, combined with relevant research materials in modern times, this paper made a textual research on the name, origin, geoherbalism, harvesting time, processing methods of Chuanxiong Rhizoma, which provides a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research, the original name of Chuanxiong is Xiongqiong (芎䓖), which was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing , there are many aliases and trade names in the past dynasties. Since the Song dynasty, doctors all take Xiongqiong produced in Sichuan as the best medicine, so they take Chuanxiong as the rectification of name. In the early stage, the origin of Chuanxiong Rhizoma was relatively complicated, and the main origin was Ligusticum chuanxiong, which was a cultivated and domesticated species of Ligusticum. However, wild related plants of Ligusticum are still used as medicine. After the Ming dynasty, new cultivated varieties appeared in various places, such as Jiangxi L. sinense cv. Fuxiong, which gradually turned to self-production and self-marketing after the Republic of China. After several changes in the authentic producing area of Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Tianshui in Gansu province was highly praised in the Tang dynasty, and Dujiangyan in Sichuan province was the best place in the Song dynasty and later dynasties. Chuanxiong Rhizoma has been widely used in the past dynasties as raw products, and it has also been processed with excipients. For example, wine-processed products can enhance the effect of promoting blood circulation, promoting Qi circulation and relieving pain. There are other processing methods such as stir-frying and vinegar processing. Chuanxiong Rhizoma in the famous classical formulas can be selected according to this research conclusion.
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In this paper, the name, origin, producing area, quality evaluation, harvesting and processing methods of Scrophulariae Radix used in the famous classical formulas were researched by consulting related ancient materia medica, medical books and prescription books. The results showed that the name of Scrophulariae Radix originated from its shape and color. Scrophularia ningpoensis, one of the eight flavors of Zhejiang, has been highly praised in the past as a genuine base, and its authentic production area is Zhejiang. Quality of Scrophulariae Radix is best if it has a dry body, thin skin, thick branches, firm physique, black inner color, net basal part of stem, and no fine whiskers. In ancient times, the origin processing was divided into two types, including sun-dried after steaming and directly sun-dried. While it mostly used a combination of drying and sweating in modern times. Before the Ming dynasty, the processing of Scrophulariae Radix was mainly steamed. Occasionally, the stir-frying appeared. In the Ming dynasty and after the Ming dynasty, wine processing emerged such as hot wine mixed roasting, wine washing, wine steaming, because the ancients believed that wine could enhance its efficacy and reduce its cold property. In the Qing dynasty, the method of steaming and baking appeared in the water and fire system. According to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the processing of Scrophulariae Radix includes removing rhizome residues and impurities, washing, moistening, cutting into thin slices, and drying, or soaking slightly, steaming thoroughly, drying slightly, cutting into thin slices, and drying. Referring to the relevant national documents, it is suggested that raw products of Scrophulariae Radix should be used in Liangditang and Simiao Yong′antang.
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This paper made a systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the name, origin, producing area, harvesting and processing methods of Jujubae Fructus used in famous classical formulas by referring to the ancient literature, so as to provide a basis for the sampling and research of the formulas containing the medicinal materials. According to textual research, there are many names of Jujubae Fructus, most of which are named by characters or producing areas, which are called Dazao. Ziziphus jujuba has always been the mainstream variety in all dynasties, and Z. jujuba var. inemmis has also been used. Considering that the differences between the two are not obvious, we can use Z. jujuba and Z. jujuba var. inemmis as the origins of Dazao. The germplasm resources of Jujubae Fructus are rich, which are distributed all over the country. Qingzhou (now Shandong), Jinzhou (now Shanxi) Jiangzhou (now Shanxi), Puzhou (now Shanxi) have been recorded as authentic producing areas of Jujubae Fructus in the past dynasties, especially in Shandong. At the beginning of the 21st century, the planting of Jujubae Fructus in Xinjiang gradually developed, and now has a high market recognition, becoming an emerging production area of high-quality samples. Harvest period of Jujubae Fructus is mostly August in the past dynasties, and this is basically the same as today. The main processing method is simple cleansing and drying. Through textual research, it is suggested that Jujubae Fructus in famous classical formulas should be mainly from Shandong, Shanxi and other traditional high-quality producing areas, the processing method should follow the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia for simple cleansing and drying.
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Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties, this article makes a systematic textual research on the name, origin, producing area, quality, harvesting and processing of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex used in the famous classical formulas, and clarifies its information of each link in different historical periods, so as to provide a reference and basis for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The results showed that the main varieties of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex were Magnolia officinalis or M. officinalis var. biloba. The main production areas are Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing and other places, forming the famous authentic medicine. The processing methods of the past dynasties are mainly cleansing and processing with ginger. In the formulas clearly marked with ginger processing, ginger-processed products is suggested to choose. If not clearly marked, raw or ginger-processed products can be used as needed.
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Through consulting the ancient and modern literature, this paper makes a textual research on the name, origin, producing area, harvesting and processing methods of Asini Corii Colla, so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing the medicinal material. Before the Tang dynasty, cow leather was the main source of Asini Corii Colla, and donkey was rare as an introduced species. From the end of Tang dynasty to Song dynasty, due to the development of doctors' understanding of the properties and effects of medicines, with the increase of the number of donkeys and the limitation of the use of cow leather, the source of Asini Corii Colla changed from cow leather to donkey skin. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the theory of medicine property was further developed, and all doctors basically agreed that black donkey skin and E-well water were two essential factors for making genuine Asini Corii Colla. Therefore, it is suggested that Asini Corii Colla should take Equus asinus as the authentic origin in the development of the famous classical formulas, attach importance to the quality of water source, take Liaocheng in Shandong province as the authentic producing area, and the processing should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Through consulting the ancient and modern literature, this paper makes a textual research on the name, origin, producing area, harvesting and processing of Poria, so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. The description of Poria and the characteristics of the attached figures in the Chinese herbal literature of the past dynasties are consistent with Poria cocos. The medicinal parts are dried sclerotia or P. cocos peel. Poria was originally produced in Taishan, Shandong province. In the Tang dynasty, along with the change of pine forest resources, producing area of Poria was transferred to Huashan area in Shaanxi province. In the Ming dynasty, the authentic producing area was transferred to Yunnan, and has continued to now. In ancient times, the processing methods of Poria were steaming, boiling, slicing, mashing and other subsequent processing after peeling. It is suggested that Poria in famous classical formulas should be sliced according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Through consulting the ancient herbal medicine, prescription books and medical books, combined with modern relevant literature, standards and other information, this paper made a textual research on the name, origin, producing areas, harvesting and processing methods of Astragali Radix according to different historical development periods, providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Astragali Radix. According to the textual research, the original name of Astragali Radix is Huangqi, and "Qi" originally refers to the medicinal material Zhimu. Some people began to mistake it for Huangqi in the Ming dynasty, and then gradually used Astragali Radix as a medicinal material. The mainstream basis of Astragali Radix can be determined as the dried roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus or A. membranaceus. In different historical periods, A. floridus, A. chrysopterus, A. emestii and other plants of Astragalus or even non-Astragalus were used as local Astragali Radix. The earliest production areas of Astragali Radix were Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu, and then gradually expanded to the northeast. Since the Song dynasty, Mianqi in Shanxi province has been regarded as the genuine variety. In the Qing dynasty, besides Shanxi province, Inner Mongolia was also regarded as a genuine place. In the Republic of China, Huangqi produced in northeast China was praised highly. It is mainly produced in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, northeast and other provinces. The main commodity is cultivated products, and the quality of wild imitation cultivation in Datong and Xinzhou is better than other places. There are many processing methods of Huangqi recorded in the materia medica and prescription books, most of which are raw products, and honey processing is the mainstream of processed products. Based on the current situation of resource cultivation and production, 11 famous classical formulas in The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas (The First Batch) containing Huangqi suggested that all use A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, especially those from Datong and Xinzhou in Shanxi Province. In addition to honey processing of Qingxin Lianziyin, it is suggested to use raw products for other formulas.
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Dendrobii Caulis are commonly used tonic Chinese medicinal materials with a long history of application. As demonstrated by pharmacological results, the chemical constituents and the extracts of Dendrobii Caulis have anti-inflammatory, antibacte-rial, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects, and can also regulate immunity, lower blood pressure, and regulate blood sugar. The active ingredients contained are widely concerned by scholars. This paper comprehensively summarized the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Dendrobium plants reported so far. The chemical constituents isolated from Dendrobium plants are mainly alkaloids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, fluorenones, coumarins, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes, lignans, steroids, phenols, and polysaccharides. This paper is expected to provide a reference for further research, development, and utilization of Dendrobium plants.
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Alcaloides , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Dendrobium , Flavonoides , Polissacarídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
ObjectiveThe prognosis of patients with advanced liver cancer is poor and there is no effective treatment so far. This paper observed the effect of hepatoma cells HepG2 exosomes on its own methylation and attempted to explore its mechanism.MethodsThere was experimental group and control group in the research. The medium has been changed when the cells grow to 60% in a DMEM culture dish with 10% serum. Cells in the control group were cultured in serum-free DMEM medium while the experimental group were cultured in serum-free DMEM medium added 100 L (0.5mg/mL) exosomes, and the supernatant was retained after incubation for 48h. HepG2 cells were cultured and exosomes were extracted by overspeed differential centrifugation, and identified by particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Western blot and other methods. The effect of exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 on cell proliferation was analyzed by scratch test. Fluorescence antibody staining was used to observe the change of automethylation level. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect mRNA expression levels of methyltransferase-related genes DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT1, and apoptosis-related genes Bax and BcI2.ResultsUnder inverted fluorescence microscope, red fluorescent exosomes could be seen entering the cell, surrounding the blue fluorescent nucleus or on the nucleus, indicating that DiI entered the cell membrane or cytoplasm. The area ratio of 6 and 12 h in the experimental group [(57.25±2.06, 83.92±3.17) %] was significantly higher than that in the control group [(28.32±1.22, 40.03±1.74) %] (P<0.05). The genes expressions of Bax, DNMT3A and DNMT3B in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The expression of BcI2 was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionThe exosomes of hepatoma cell HepG2 can enhance DNA methylation level by changing the transcriptional expression of DNMT3A, DNMT3B and other genes to affect the expression of apoptose-related genes Bax and BcI2, and to promote the proliferation and growth capacity of hepatoma cell HepG2.
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In this paper, through the collection and collation of ancient herbs, medical books and prescriptions, combined with modern literature, the historical changes of the name, origin, position, medicinal parts, collection, processing and processing of bluegrass were systematically combed and verified.It can be seen from the research that bluegrass was first used as medicine by the fruit, namely blueberry, which was originally Polygonum tinctorium. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, blueberry was rarely used, and it has been no longer used medicinally. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the medicinal parts extended to the stems and leaves, and most of them used juice as medicine.Since the Tang Dynasty, origin has been extended to Isatis indigotica, Baphicacanthus cusia, Indigofera tinctoria, Compositae plant Wulan, etc. In the Song Dynasty, the medicinal parts extended to the roots, and the "Banlangen" began to appear, and gradually became the main medicinal parts of blue medicinal materials, the main base of which was B. cusia. Since the Qing Dynasty, I. indigotica, a Cruciferae, has gradually become a genuine indigo root, while B. cusia has become a southern indigo root. It was the first mineral dye imported from abroad for thrush, and then used as medicine, also known as clam powder. Because it was found that it had the same effect with the extract of bluegrass, it was also named indigo naturalis in China, which has lasted till now. The main stream of Isatidis Folium in the past dynasties is the dry stem and leaf of Clerodendrum cyrtophylum. Since the Qing Dynasty, the stem and leaf of Isatis indigotica, P. tinctorium and other blue grasses have been gradually mixed as substitutes and gradually become the mainstream.
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China , Clerodendrum , Isatis , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Plantas MedicinaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents in the stems of Acanthopanax senticosus from Changbai Mountain area.