Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis type E / 中华肝脏病杂志

Hepatitis type E virus (HEV) infection is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis in China, and its etiological diagnosis relies on laboratory detection. Therefore, this article introduces the HEV RNA, HEV antigen, anti-HEV IgM, and IgG detection methods and their diagnostic application value. In addition, it also discusses the current international diagnostic standard and HEV infection presentation.

Elimination of hepatitis B virus infection in children: experience and challenge in China / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious health issue because of its severe sequelae. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV is critical to eliminate chronic HBV infection. Here, we reviewed the progress toward the elimination of HBV infection in children in China in the recent decade. A universal hepatitis B vaccination program started from 2002 has been intensified, with the coverage of timely birth dose >95% of all newborn infants from 2012. Since 2011, China has taken a nationwide program to administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) with free of charge in all neonates of HBV-infected mothers, leading to a significant increment of timely use of HBIG. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was declined from around 10% among children in 1980s to 2 × 105 U/mL during the third trimester is increasing, which will further reduce MTCT of HBV. However, there are some challenges in the elimination of HBV infection in children, which need to overcome by the concerted efforts. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that China will achieve the goal set by the World Health Organization that the prevalence of HBsAg in children aged <5 years is ≤0.1% by 2030.

Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus infection in children aged 0-8 years in Nanjing / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and ages of the children in primary for better understanding the status of CMV infection in China with evidence-based medicine.Methods Total 837 children randomly selected from Nanjing Children's Hospital,from Jun.to Sep.in 2011,including 513 boys and 324 girls,aged from 1 day to 8 years,with mean age of 3.6 years old,were recruited.Serum samples were tested for CMV IgM,CMV IgG,and CMV IgG avidity index using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.Results Of the total serum samples from 837 children,690 cases were CMV IgG positive.The overall seroprevalence of CMV IgG was 82.4％,with 83.2％ (427/513 cases) and 81.2％ (263/324 cases) in boys and girls,respectively.There was no significant difference in the seroprevalence of CMV IgG between boys and girls (x2 =0.584,P =0.445).Of the 92 infants less than 6 months old,86 cases were CMV IgG positive,and the positive rate was 93.5％.The prevalence gradually declined in infants after 7 months old,fell to the lowest level of 66.7％ at age of 9 months,and then constantly maintained around 80.0％ from 1 to 8 years old (x2 =15.4,P ＜ 0.001).CMV IgM in 352 serum samples were tested,and 23 (6.5％) cases were CMV IgM positive.The positive rate peaked in infants at age of 2-3 months (7/12 cases,58.3％),then decreased over the age and none of the children older than 6 years were IgM positive (x2 =5.1,P ＜0.001).Furthermore,the CMV IgG avidity index assay was performed in all 23 cases of IgM positive individuals to estimate the primary CMV infection rate.The results showed low avidity index (＜ 30％) in 13 infants,the primary infection rate was 56.5％ (13/23 cases).Most subjects with primary infection (n =7,53.8％) were younger than 1 year old.Conclusions The current seroprevalence of CMV IgG in children in China was around 80.0％,lower than that in adults,and the primary CMV infection mostly occurred before 3 months of age.

Vaccination against hepatitis B: the Chinese experience / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To review the implementation of mass vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine and its critical role in prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in China.</p><p><b>DATA SOURCES</b>The data were mainly from PubMed, China Hospital Knowledge Database, and other popular Chinese journals published from 1980 to 2008. The search term was "hepatitis B vaccine".</p><p><b>STUDY SELECTION</b>Original studies conducted in China and critical reviews authored by principal investigators in the field of hepatology in China were selected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Chinese investigators started to develop hepatitis B vaccine in late 1970s. The first home-made plasma-derived vaccine became available in 1986, which has been completely replaced by the domestically produced recombinant (yeast or Chinese hamster ovary cell) vaccine since 2001. China health authority recommended vaccinating all infants in 1992. From then on, China has put tremendous efforts in implementation of mass vaccination. The overall coverage of hepatitis B vaccine in infants has increased steadily and reached more than 95.0% in urban and 83.0% - 97.0% in rural areas. The chronic HBV carrier rate in children < 10 years of age decreased from 10.0% before the mass vaccination to 1.0% - 2.0% in 2006, and that in general population decreased from 10.0% to 7.2%; overall, the nationwide mass hepatitis B vaccination has reduced more than 30 million of chronic HBV infections and HBV related severe sequlae.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Chinese successful experience in control of hepatitis B by mass vaccination offers an example for any unindustrialized country whoever is committed to control this disease.</p>

Characteristics of Electrocardiography in Pressure Overload-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Rats / 中华高血压杂志

Objective To analyze the electrocardiography(ECG)data of pressure overload-induced cardiac hy pertrophy rats.Methods Pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy was induced by abdominal aorta constriction. Echocardiogram and heart weight measurement demonstrated the occurrence of cardiac hypertrophy.Standardized ECG parameters of limb and chest were measured and statistically analyzed.Results Two weeks after hypertrophy models were established,echocardiogram showed greater LVPWTd,IVSTd,LVDd.ECG showed that left axis deviation and higher R waves in V_A,V_B,V_C(P