Study on anemia and vitamin A and vitamin D nutritional status of Chinese urban pregnant women in 2010-2012 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and the nutritional status of vitamins A and D by analyzing hemoglobin, serum retinol, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Chinese urban pregnant women during 2010-2012.@*Methods@#Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling, 2 250 pregnant women from 34 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities were included in this study. Information was collected using a questionnaire survey. The blood hemoglobin concentration was determined using the cyanmethemoglobin method, and anemia was determined using the World Health Organization guidelines combined with the elevation correction standard. The serum retinol level was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was judged by the related standard recommended by the World Health Organization. The vitamin D level was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and vitamin D deficiency was judged by the recommendation standards from the Institute of Medicine of The National Academies. The hemoglobin, serum retinol, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were compared, along with differences in the prevalence of anemia, VAD, and the vitamin D deficiency rate (including deficiency and serious deficiency).@*Results@#A total of 1 738 cases of hemoglobin level, 594 cases of serum retinol level, and 1 027 cases of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were available for analysis in this study. The overall blood hemoglobin level (P50 (P25-P75)) was 122.70 (114.00-131.10) g/L; 123.70 (115.21-132.00) g/L for metropolis and 122.01 (113.30-130.40) g/L for middle-sized and small cities. The blood hemoglobin level of metropolis residents was significantly higher than that of middle-sized and small city residents (P=0.027). The overall prevalence of anemia was 17.0% (295/1 738). The overall serum retinol level (P50 (P25-P75)) was 1.61 (1.20-2.06) μmol/L; 1.50 (1.04-2.06) μmol/L for metropolis and 1.63 (1.31-2.05) μmol/L for middle-sized and small cities. The serum retinol level of metropolis residents was significantly higher than that of middle-sized and small city residents (P=0.033). The overall prevalence of VAD was 7.4% (47/639); 11.5% (33/286) for metropolis and 4.0% (14/353) for middle-sized and small cities. A significant difference was observed in the prevalence of VAD between metropolis and middle-sized and small city residents (P<0.001). The overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (P50 (P25-P75)) was 15.41 (11.79-20.23) ng/ml; 14.71 (11.15-19.07) ng/ml for metropolis and 16.02 (12.65-21.36) ng/ml for middle-sized and small cities. A significant difference was observed in the vitamin D level between metropolis and middle-sized and small city residents (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 74.3% (763/1 027); A significant difference was observed in the prevalence of serious vitamin D deficiency between metropolis (30.64%(144/470)) and middle-sized and small city residents (26%(267/1 027))(P=0.002). There were no significant differences between blood hemoglobin level and the prevalence of anemia, VAD, and vitamin D deficiency.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of anemia in Chinese urban pregnant women improved from 2002 to 2012. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women was generally more serious, while a certain percentage of women had VAD. The prevalence of VAD and serious vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women from metropolis was significantly higher than that of pregnant women from medium and small-sized cities.

Study on vitamin A nutritional status of Chinese urban elderly residents in 2010-2012 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To assess the vitamin A nutritional status of the Chinese urban elderly population by analyzing serum retinol level in 2010-2012.@*Methods@#Data were collected from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, serum samples from elderly residents aged ≥60 years old were obtained from 34 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire survey. The serum retinol concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was determined using the World Health Organization guidelines. A total of 3 200 elderly residents were included in the study. The serum retinol levels and prevalence of VAD and marginal VAD were also compared.@*Results@#The serum retinol concentration (P50(P25-P75)) of Chinese urban elderly residents was 1.83 (1.37-2.39) μmoL/L. Compared with middle-sized and small cities (1.91 (1.47-2.48) μmol/L), the retinol level of senior citizens in metropolis (1.70 (1.25-2.25) μmol/L) was significantly lower (P<0.001). The serum retinol levels of elderly male (1.89 (1.37-2.47) μmoL/L) was significantly higher than that of female (1.80 (1.36-2.28) μmoL/L) (P=0.001). The serum retinol concentration was 1.87 (1.42-2.43), 1.78 (1.32-2.33), and 1.71 (1.24-2.24) μmol/L for 60-69, 70-79, and ≥80 years olds, respectively. The retinol level in elderly people ≥70 years olds was significantly lower than that of 60-69 years olds (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of VAD among Chinese urban elderly residents was 4.22% (135/3 200); 6.00% (81/1 350) for metropolis residents and 2.92% (54/1 850) for middle-sized and small city residents. The overall marginal VAD rate of Chinese urban elderly residents was 8.19% (262/3 200); 10.51% (142/1 350) for metropolis residents and 6.49% (120/1 850) for medium-sized and small city residents. The prevalence of VAD and marginal VAD for males was 3.87% (61/1 577) and 8.24% (130/1 577), respectively (P<0.05). The prevalence of VAD according to age group was 3.65% (72/1 975), 4.96% (50/1 008), and 5.99% (13/217), respectively(P=0.097). The prevalence of marginal VAD according to age group was 6.99% (138/1 975), 9.82% (99/1 008), and 11.52% (25/217), respectively(P=0.05).@*Conclusion@#Chinese urban elderly residents showed various levels of VAD, although marginal VAD was quite common. As VAD was more common in metropolis residents and older residents, specific strategies should target these populations.

The vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese urban women of child-bearing age from 2010 to 2012 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese women of child-bearing age by analyzing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in 2010-2012.@*Methods@#Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using cluster sampling and proportional stratified random sampling, 1 514 women of child-bearing age (18-44 years old) from 34 metropolis and 41 small and medium-sized cities were included in this study. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, in accordance with the 2010 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies standards. We compared differences in vitamin D levels, specifically serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess.@*Results@#The overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of Chinese urban women of child-bearing age (P50 (P25-P75)) was 20.1 (15.1-26.3) ng/ml; minorities had a significantly higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 22.0 (15.9-27.5) ng/ml compared with women of Han nationality (19.8 (14.9-26.2) ng/ml) (χ2=7.02, P=0.008). The proportions of women with serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess vitamin D were 11.6% (n=175), 37.9% (n=574), 35.1% (n=531), and 0.3% (n=5), respectively. Only 15.1% (n=229) of women of child-bearing age had normal vitamin D nutritional status. No significant differences in vitamin D nutritional status were observed according to age, body mass index, city, nationality, educational level, marital status, or household income per capita (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Most Chinese urban women of child-bearing age have poor vitamin D levels and require vitamin D supplementation.

Study on the anemia status of Chinese urban residents in 2010-2012 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The level of blood hemoglobin and the anemia status of Chinese urban residents in 2010-2012 was analyzed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All the data in this study came from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. By using multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling method, 74 276 residents aged above 6 from 34 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities were included in this study. The concentration of blood hemoglobin was determined by cyanmethemoglobin method. Anemia was judged by the anemia standard recommended by WHO, combined with elevation correction standard. The level of blood hemoglobin, the prevalence of anemia and the 95%CI value were analyzed by using the complex sampling weighted processing, combined with the population figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 2010-2012, the level of blood hemoglobin of Chinese city population was(144.16 ± 0.78)g/L, (152.88 ± 0.94)g/L for male and(135.01 ± 0.71)g/L for female, while (145.65 ± 1.22)g/L for metropolis and (143.90 ± 0.89)g/L for small and medium-sized. The anemia prevalence of Chinese city population (pregnant women were not included) was 9.7%(95%CI: 9.4%-10.1%), 6.8%(95%CI: 6.4%-7.3%) for male and 12.8%(95%CI: 12.2%-13.4%) for female, while 8.5%(95% CI: 8.0%-9.0%) for metropolis and 10.0%(95%CI: 9.5%-10.4%) for small and medium-sized. The anemia prevalence of 18-44 women (15.4%, 95%CI: 14.3%-16.6%) was the highest among all the age-groups, and the average anemia prevalence of people more than 60 years-old (including) (12.5%, 95%CI: 11.8%-13.2%) was higher than the other age-groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The anemia prevalence of Chinese city population in 2010-2012 was obviously decreased in comparison of 10 years ago, while, more attention and improvement measures should be take upon women at reproductive age and the elder people.</p>

Dietary Exposure Assessment of Dioxin in Australia and Research Prospect in China / 环境与健康杂志

As a first-grade carcinogen,the dioxin had caused huge food safety and political crisis as well as economic losses, and posed unacceptable health risk to consumers in some European countries.The international community has commonly shown great concerns for the issue.Three specific researches on the dietary exposure risk of Australian consumers posed by dioxin have been undertaken in Australia since 2001.Reliable results of the research have been obtained.This paper outlined origin, development and the status of the Australian dioxin dietary exposure assessment.Prospecting for developing the dioxin dietary exposure assessment in China has been put forward based on the discussion of the Australian experience.