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Objective To investigate the effect of high altitude hypoxia on chronic inflammation in rats.Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (Con),chronic inflammation group (CI),high altitude hypoxia group (HH),high altitude hypoxia+chronic inflammation group (HH+CI).Rats in CI group were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.5 mg/kg) through the caudal vein twice a week for 4 weeks.Rats in HH+CI group were treated just as CI group was,but together with HH group rats were settled in a hypoxic environment of 6000 m altitude for three days.Pathological changes in lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin eosin stain.The peripheral white blood cell count and classification were measured.The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in serum and lung tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Changes in IL-6 expression in rat lung tissues were observed by Western blotting.Results After LPS and high altitude hypoxia exposure,inflammatory cells infiltration and alveolar capillary expansion were observed in rats' lung tissue.Compared with Con group,not only the peripheral white blood cell count,but also the level of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum and lung tissue increased in CI and HH group(P<0.01).IL-6 expression levels observed by Western blotting were also increased in HH and CI group(P<0.01).High altitude hypoxia and chronic inflammation interacted(P<0.01).The peripheral white blood cell count was higher in HH+CI group than in other groups,and IL-6 and TNF-α expressions in lung tissue were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion An LPS-induced chronic inflammation model in rats is successfully obtained,and high altitude hypoxia could aggravate chronic inflammation.
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Objective To investigate the protective effect of rosiglitazone on the rats with high altitude pulmonary edema.Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly (random number) divided into 6 groups (n =6 each):control group (Control),hypobaric hypoxia model group (HH),rosiglitazone groups (RSG) which were administered with 3 different doses [RSG-L:5 mg/ (kg · d),RSG-M:10 mg/ (kg·d),RSG-H:20 mg/ (kg· d)],dexamethasone group [Dex,4 mg/ (kg· d)].Rats were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of rosiglitazone (RSG),dexamethasone (Dex) or vehicle (Control and HH) for 3 days before placed in simulated altitude of 6 000 m hypobaric hypoxia animal chamber where the temperature and pressure were constant.After 72 h in the chamber,each rat was anesthetized.The water content of lung was determined with wet/dry weight ratio.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was measured by bradford method.The contents of GSH was measured by micro-ezymed labeled method.The contents of MDA was measured by TBA method.The enzymatic activities of SOD was measured by WST-1 method.The changes of the TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-10 in serum were determined by ELISA.Light microscope was used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue.Results Compared with Control group,the wet/dry weight ratio of lung (5.08 ± 0.24) and total protein content of BALF (351.06 ± 44.55) μg/mL increased significantly (P ＜ 0.01) in HH group.There were red blood cells in the alveolar and interstitium,pink fluid exudation in the alveolar,the alveolar septum enhancement,and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration;the SOD activity (10.65 ± 0.94) U/mgprot and the content of GSH (1.63 ±0.20) μmol/gprot in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.01),the contents of MDA (2.1 5 ± 0.18) nmol/mgprot increased significantly (P ＜ 0.01),TNF-o (56.92 ± 2.87) pg/mL and IL-6 (217.80 ±48.01) pg/mL levels in serum were significantly increased (P ＜0.01),and IL-10 (76.85 ± 16.72) pg/mL level decreased (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the HH group,the wet/dry ratio of lung and total protein content of BALF in different doses of rosiglitazone group significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.01),the pathological changes of the lung tissue was significantly improved,SOD activity and the content of GSH in lung tissue was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01),the content of MDA decreased (P ＜ 0.01),The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.01),while the IL-10 level was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Rosiglitazone could protect the high altitude pulmonary edema by alleviating the oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Objective To obtain the recombinant corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) protein with soluble, high purity protein through optimizing prokaryotic expression condition and purifying glutathione thiol transferase (GST)-CRH protein. Methods To detect the expression of soluble CRH protein through grope of the host strain GST-CRH temperature of induction expression, the host strain concentration (OD600), IPTG concentration and induction time, the purification of GST-CRH was performed by GST-CRH agarose gel. Western Blot assay was used for the expression identification of the target protein. Results The optimal conditions for the induction of CRH protein were determined: temperature of 30 ℃, IPTG induced concentration 0.1 mmol/L, bacteria density (OD600) 0.8, the induction time of 8 hours, purified GST-CRH>95% fusion protein was obtained. Conclusion The optimal expression conditions of GST-CRH are obtained, and the soluble protein of high purity GST-CRH is also obtained.
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Objective To investigate the mechanism of oxidative damage caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced sepsis in rat brain.Methods The rats were randomly divided into control group and model group (low LPS group and high LPS group).Twenty-four hours after the modeling,the rats were sacrificed before their brain tissue was taken out and prepared for the test.The changes in malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC),hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)were detected.The expression level of JNK and Nrf2 protein in brain tissue was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group,the MDA,SOD,GSH-px,T-AOC,H2O2 and SDH level increased significantly in the model group,and the difference in expressions of JNK and Nrf2 was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion The LPS induced septic oxidative brain damage model in rats is successfully established,and the process may be regulated through the Nrf2 and JNK signal pathways.
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The study of brain-machine interfaces ( BMI) based on humans or animals is expected to improve the living conditions of patients with brain injury, nervous system disease and limb movement disorders.Considerable progress has been made over the past ten years, which is gradually being used to address the long-term and stability issues of BMIs technology.The result of study on safety and security of BMIs has led to the appearance of brain control animals.In this paper, the development of BMI technology and the application prospects of brain control animals are reviewed.
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Objective To prepare the anti-TLR4 C-terminal domain monoclonal antibody and investigate its effect in treatment of sepsis.Methods TLR4 C-terminal polypeptide (amino acid sequence:368-579,named as TLR4-C) was obtained through prokaryotic expression and Sephacryl S-100 gel purification,and then was used to immunize female Balb/c mice (6-8 weeks old).After cell fusion,antibody screening and purification,monoclonal antibody specific for the C terminal of TLR4 was obtained.Specificity of monoclonal antibody was detected by Western blot and cell immunofluorescence.In vitro antibody activity test,NR8383 was cultured for 1 h with adding antibody (100 μg/ml) and then 12 h after adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 ng/ml),and level of tumor growth factor (TNF)-α in the culture medium was tested by ELISA.In vivo septic animal experiment,40 SD rats were assigned to control antibody group (n =20) and anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody group (n =20) according to the random number table.Each group was rejected 50 mg/kg corresponding antibodies via caudal vein for 1 h,and then LPS (10 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection for 4 h.Blood samples from caudal vein of ten rats in each group were collect to test the serum level of TNF-α.The rest rats in each group were used to measure the animal survival rate within 72 h.Results Three highly specific anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibodies were obtained and could combined with TLR4-C and TLR4 holoprotein.In vitro cell activity study indicated only one monoclonal antibody could obviously inhibit the release of TNF-α.In vivo animal experiment showed serum TNF-α level in anti-TLR4-C antibody group was (1.54 ± 0.18) ng/ml,significantly lower than (0.51 ± 0.10) ng/ml in antibody control group (P ＜ 0.01).Animal survival rate in anti-TLR4-C antibody group was 70％,higher than 30％ in antibody control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Anti-TLR4-C monoclonal antibodies have great capacity to neutralize TLR4 and good protective effect on LPS-induced sepsis.
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BACKGROUND:Oligodendrocytes are mostly differentiated from oligodendrocyte precursor cel s. A suitable medium and cel seeding density have a significant impact on the process of the isolation of oligodendrocyte precursor cel s to obtain oligodendrocytes. OBJECTIVE:To explore the optimization of oligodendrocyte culture conditions. METHODS:Oligodendrocyte precursor cel s isolated from the newborn rats 48 hours after birth were cultured in DMEM/high glucose medium or DMEM/F12 medium using seeding densities of 2×104 cel s/cm2, 4×104 cel s/cm2, 8×104 cel s/cm2, 16×104 cel s/cm2, 32×104 cel s/cm2, and 64×104 cel s/cm2, respectively. Oligodendrocyte precursor cel s were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocytes at 72 hours after cel adhesion. Morphology of differentiated oligodendrocyte precursor cel s were observed under a light microscope, and the differentiation results were identified by immunofluorescence staining after 7-day induced differentiation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Morphology of oligodendrocyte precursor cel s were recognized when cultured in DMEM/high glucose medium or DMEM/F12 medium using seeding densities of 2×104 cel s/cm2, 4×104 cel s/cm2, and 8×104 cel s/cm2, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining showed that myelin basic protein-positive cel s were found after 7-day induced differentiation, and the positive cel number were 16.40±3.30, 49.95±2.33, and 76.95±4.86 in DMEM/F12 medium, and 12.65±2.53, 32.10±1.17, and 54.05±1.56 in DMEM/high glucose medium (P<0.05). These findings indicate that DMEM/F12 medium is more suitable for culturing oligodendrocyte precursor cel s compared with DMEM/high glucose medium to some extent. The number of differentiated oligodendrocytes was gradual y increased with the enhanced seeding density of oligodendrocyte precursor cel s, and the seeding densities from 4×104 to 8×104 cel s/cm2 were appropriate for the observation of cel morphology.
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BACKGROUND:Col agen and silk fibroin materials for construction of spinal cord scaffolds have been proven to repair or partial y repair damaged spinal cord nerve function. OBJECTIVE:To introduce partial characteristics of the col agen and silk fibroin and to review the recent progress and application as scaffolds in spinal cord tissue engineering. METHODS:A computer-based search of CNKI and PubMed databases (2003-01/2012-10) was performed for articles addressing the application of col agen and silk fibroin scaffolds in spinal cord injury with the keywords of“col agen, silk fibroin, scaffold, spinal cord injury”in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Col agen has low antigenicity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Col agen and its degradation products can cause no inflammatory reactions in the body, but have the disadvantages of rapid degradation and poor mechanical properties. Silk fibroin has good biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties, but its degradation is slow. The col agen and silk fibroin are compounded using an electrostatic spinning technology to improve the physical properties of the material on the basis of maintaining good biocompatibility. At present, fibroin or col agen materials in terms of nervous system repair have been studied, laying some foundation for spinal cord tissue engineering. Considering the similar characteristics and mechanics performance to the spinal cord tissue, col agen/silk fibroin composite materials are expected to become the ideal scaffold materials for spinal cord tissue engineering.
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BACKGROUND: Diffusion tensor imaging is a common technique applied for clinical studies of the brain, but it is rarely used for the diagnosis or prognosis of spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To establish a rat model of spinal cord injury using micrological techniques, and to evaluate spinal cord transection with diffusion tensor imaging technology, thus providing a good animal model for further intervention. METHODS: Twelve healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were applied to establish spinal cord injury models using precise microscopic techniques, and another six rats in the sham operated group served as controls. Spinal cord transection of experimental rats after modeling was observed using diffusion tensor imaging. Motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials were used to detect electrical physiological changes of rats.Neurological function changes of rats were evaluated using slope experiments and Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After experimental rats regained consciousness, their lower extremities exhibited complete paralysis, the tails cannot swing, accompanying urinary retention. Diffusion tensor imaging displayed the T10 segment of spinal cord was completely transected. Motor and sensory evoked potential waveform were not drawn compared than control group. At 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks after operation, the test angle of slope experiments was less than 30° and Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score was less than 10 points; as the time prolonged, lower limb irritating reflections of some rats were visible, but no initiative functional activity was found, local spinal cord structure were severely damaged. Precise microscopic techniques can successfully establish spinal cord injury model in rats, and diffusion tension imaging clearly visualizes the complete transection of the T10 spinal cord.
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Objective To investigate the biological significance of differentially expressed proteins from human primary lung adenocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis adenocarcinoma (LNM AdC) and without metastasis (non-LNM AdC) according to clinical diagnosis of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis,with bioinformatics approach.Methods Cytoscape software was used to analyze a functional enrichment analysis and a protein-protein interaction network from differentially expressed proteins from LNM AdC and non-LNM AdC.Results The top biological processes were related to glucose catabolic process,hexose catabolic process,monosaccharide catabolic process,alcohol catabolic process,and cellular carbohydrate catabolic process.The top molecular functions were related to phospholipase inhibitor activity,lipase inhibitor activity,calcium-dependent phospholipid binding,phosphlipase A2 inhibitor activity,and lipid binding.A protein-protein interaction network of differentially expressed proteins was generated with literature data.Conclusions This bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that glucose catabolic process,alcohol catabolic process,calcium-dependent phospholipid binding,phosphlipase A2 inhibitor activity,ACTB,ANXA1,ANXA2,ANXA3,VCP,NPM1,KRT1,and SUMO4 are significantly associated with a lung adenocarcinoma.These network data provide new insights into the metastasis mechanisms of human lung adenocarcinoma.
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AIM: To find one kind of peptide that will conjugate with ouabain and inhibit its biological function, and provide a new treatment strategy for primary hypertension. METHODS: In this study, ouabain was used as a target to screen ouabain conjugated peptide (OCP) from Ph. D. -7 phage display peptide library. After 3 rounds of bio-panning, the products were identified by ELISA and DNA electrophoresis analysis and sequencing. Peptide was synthesized and analyzed the activity by radioligand binding assay. The inhibitory ratio of cell proliferation was measured by MTT and the cell morphology changing was measured by Hoechst 33342/PI staining. The expression of Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1-subunit and β1-subunit were detected by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The levels of the free intracellular Na~+ in EAhy926 cells were measured by laser confocal microscope. RESULTS: The ouabain conjugated peptide was found out, and it was occupied in 0.64(9/14). The analysis of protein showed that the obtained peptides had no homology with Na~+-K~+-ATPase. The amino acid sequence of synthesized peptide was Arg-Cys-Met-Thr-Ser-Arg-Ser. There was binding activity between OCP and ~3H-ouabain. The MTT assay showed that OCP could reverse the inhibition action of ouabain on vascular endothelial EAhy926 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The number of apoptotic cells had significantly decreased detected by Hoechst 33342/PI staining. The results of RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry showed that OCP could inhibit the up-regulated expression of Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1-subunit and down-regulated expression of Na~+-K~+-ATPase β1-subunit induced by ouabain in EAhy926 cells. CONCLUSION: The OCP could reverse the growth inhibition and death induction of ouabain in EAhy926 cells, which would provide the basis for studying the interaction between ouabain and Na~+-K~+-ATPase and explore novel anti-ouabain agents.
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The aging process of human colonic epithelium involves a slow decline in physiological vigor and an increasing susceptibility to age-related diseases, especially, colon cancer, but the molecular mechanisms of the aging and susceptibility of aged colonic epithelium to carcinogenesis is still unclear. Identification of aging related proteins in colonic epithelium will help to reveal the molecular mechanisms of colonic epithelial aging and age-related colonic diseases. Therefore, the total proteins of human normal colonic epithelial tissues from 10 young and 10 old men were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE), respectively. PDQuest software was applied to analyze 2-DE images, the differentially expressed protein spots of colonic epithelium between young and old groups were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF-MS), and the expression levels of partial identified proteins were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Well-resolved, reproducible 2-DE maps of human colonic epithelial tissues from young and old men were established, 17 aging related proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, and the differential expression levels of partial identified proteins were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results indicate that injury of mitochondrial function and decline of antioxidant capability are important reasons for the aging of human colonic epithelium, and four differential proteins (guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta subunit-like protein, stress-70 protein, 40 S ribosomal protein SA and chloride intracellular channel protein1) may be involved in susceptibility of aged colonic epithelium to carcinogenesis.
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The mechanism of how stroma plays an important role in tumor carcinogenesis is now a hotspot. To delineate the features of stromal protein between nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and normal nasopharyngeal mucosa(NNM), laser capture microdissection (LCM) was performed to purify stromal cells from the NPC and NNM, respectively. The protein expressed profiles of the stroma of NPC and NNM were compared using fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and 34 differential protein spots between tumor stroma and normal stroma were chosen to be identified by mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 20 differential proteins were identified, and three differential proteins (CapG, L-plastin and S100A9) were selectively further validated by Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis to confirm the results of 2D-DIGE. 2D-DIGE patterns of the stroma of NPC and NNM were established for the first time, the results suggested that differentially expressed proteins in the stroma of NPC and NNM may be useful for understanding the relationship between NPC cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Further studying of these proteins will be helpful to elucidate the mechanisms of NPC carcinogenesis and provide new thoughts on therapy of NPC through stroma.